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本文介绍了犊牛初乳期,常乳期的饲养管理,早期断奶及断奶后的犊牛日粮配合技术,为犊牛正常的培育提供了保障。通过预防、治疗,降低犊牛腹泻率,更好的控制犊牛死亡率,从而保证犊牛的健康成长。由提高犊牛成活率,进而提高养殖的生产效益和经济效益。 相似文献
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乌克兰列柯斯捷和帕里希雅地区后备犊牛饲养类型的传统结构为,日粮中应含有按营养价值25—30％的精料。然而多数农场乳用后备犊牛日粮中精料水平很低,不能保证动物完善平衡的饲养和高速生长,致使后备牛达不到要求的活重,产犊后体重低,结果年产乳量不超过2000—2500公斤。本试验的目的是研究后备犊牛日粮中最大限度加入植物性饲料,组织完善平衡饲养的可能性。在早期研究中已确定,干物质中粗纤维含量的变化,在其他营养物数量和比例同等的情况下,未发现对动物饲料采食量、日粮有机物的消化率和生产力构成不良影响(1985)。这是最大限度地加入富含粗纤维的植物性饲料.降低犊牛日粮精料成为可能的研究基础。选择黑白花品种,7—8月龄,平均活重161公斤的犊牛进行试验,按相似的原则编为三 相似文献
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代用乳是犊牛主要的液体饲料来源之一,与全乳和乳副产品相比不仅降低了犊牛生产成本,而且更适合犊牛饲养设备的操作和使用.在以代用乳为主要饲料来源培育犊牛过程中,代用乳中蛋白质的营养作用是决定饲养效果和经济性的关键性因素.本文对代用乳常用蛋白质的原料特性等方面做了简要综述. 相似文献
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日粮粗蛋白浓度对肉犊牛生长性能影响的研究较多。最新的研究表明,肉犊牛日粮中规定推荐的粗蛋白浓度,对应激严重的肉犊牛不可利用。 新墨西哥州立大学克莱顿畜牧研究中心的一项试验表明,应激肉犊牛日粮粗蛋白浓度有些差异。Grlyeam等人研究了日粮中不同CP浓度对牛的影响。 试验应用120头犊牛。经过19.5小时的运输,体重从428磅下降6.8％。 相似文献
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Kamphues J Stolte M Tschentscher A Rust P 《DTW. Deutsche tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》1999,106(11):466-470
In continuing investigations on effects of milk replacers with high ash and mineral contents (KAMPHUES et al., 1999a) on feces' quality and composition in calves in the present study the sulfate concentration (and its effects) in milk replacers and whey products were proved. In 13 samples of milk replacers the SO4 concentration varied between 2.4 and 6.7 g/kg dry matter, in 14 samples of dried whey products SO4- concentrations of 1.4 up to 41.8 g/kg dm were found. In general higher sulphur contents were caused by higher concentrations of sulfate. In feeding a milk replacer (6.7 g SO4/kg dm) about 20% of the consumed sulfate were excreted via feces (app. digestibility of about 80%). In experiments with elevated SO4 intake (in liquid diets: 560-1980 mg/l) the digestibility rate of sulfate decreased dose dependently (75-->65%). By analysis of milk replacers (used in previous experiments, TSCHENTSCHER, 1998) resulting in diarrhea in all treated calves unexpected SO4- concentrations were found of 16.3 and 10.2 g/kg dm. In feeding experiments (6 calves) by addition of Na2SO4 (85%) and MgSO4 (15%) sulfate concentration in the liquid diet was elevated from 560 mg to 1980 mg/l. Here the SO4 concentration in the diet and the dry matter content in calves' feces were correlated significantly (r = -0.86). Presented results on the SO4 concentration in milk replacers and the observed effects of sulfate intake on feces quality (i.e. dry matter content of feces) indicate by the first time that the SO4 content in milk replacers and dried whey products is an essential parameter when an estimation of milk replacers or whey products' quality is required. 相似文献
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Influence of dietary cation-anion balance during the dry period on the occurrence of parturient paresis in cows fed excess calcium. 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
W B Tucker J F Hogue G D Adams M Aslam I S Shin G Morgan 《Journal of animal science》1992,70(4):1238-1250
Our objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of a low dietary cation-anion balance (DCAB) in preventing milk fever and udder edema in dry cows consuming a high-Ca diet and to evaluate the effect of this diet on calves delivered by these cows. Seventy primiparous or multiparous cows and 50 pregnant heifers were offered alfalfa hay-based diets beginning 4 wk before their projected calving date. Diets contained 1.6% Ca and a DCAB of -3 or +9 mEq/100 g of diet DM. Blood and urine samples were collected weekly from 3 wk prepartum until 3 wk postpartum. Blood samples were collected from calves at parturition and weekly thereafter for 3 wk. Feeding a low vs high DCAB in a high-Ca diet for 3 wk prepartum did not reduce the incidence of milk fever; this lack of response may have been attributable to the relatively low DCAB of each diet and the small difference in DCAB between the two diets. Udder edema seemed to regress more rapidly postpartum for cows that had consumed the low DCAB during the dry period. Test diets fed to prepartum cows did not affect systemic acid-base status or plasma mineral content of their calves, although plasma Ca was somewhat lower for calves from cows consuming a low DCAB and was higher for calves from primigravid cows. Correlations of plasma mineral concentration of the cows with those of their calves were highest for plasma Ca (r = .75; P less than .001). We conclude that the prophylactic effects on the occurrence of milk fever of feeding a low DCAB during the dry period may be absent when diets contain greater than 1.6% Ca and DCAB is greater than or equal to -3. The cation-anion balance of the diet consumed by dry cows did not affect the acid-based status or plasma mineral content of their calves. 相似文献
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John Maas Peter H Robinson 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice》2007,23(2):269-79, vii
It is increasingly common to raise Holstein steer calves for entry to feedlot production systems rather than more traditional milk-fed veal production systems. Providing adequate nutritional support for the maintenance and growth of Holstein calves is essential in preparing them for a commercial feedlot environment. In this article, the dietary requirements of preruminant calves are reviewed and examples of evaluating milk diets for Holstein calves are detailed. The importance of the transition between milk feeding and grain-forage diets is discussed. Aspects of disease prevention, such as coccidiosis control and colostrum feeding, are also discussed. The reader will gain practical tools to use in preventive medicine programs involving Holstein steers being prepared for commercial feedlots. 相似文献
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Some aspects of the gastrointestinal microflora of veal calves fed different rations: a pilot study 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The gastrointestinal microflora of veal calves reared on different diets was studied because the nature of this microflora affects the quality of veal as a result of contamination of carcass surfaces with intestinal contents during slaughter. Diet A consisted of a milk substitute, diet B of milk substitute + straw pellets and diet C of milk substitute + straw pellets + concentrates. In the rumen fluid of calves reared on diet A significantly higher counts of Gram-negative bacteria but lower counts of thermotrophic enterobacteriaceae were found than in calves reared on diets B or C. As for the faecal flora, diets B and C seem to result in significantly lower counts of Gram-negative bacteria and thermotrophic enterobacteriaceae. In 46% of the faecal specimens and 62% of the specimens of rumen fluid from calves fed on milk substitute only, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated in mean counts of 4.1 log cfu/g and 5.2 log cfu/g respectively. P. aeruginosa could not be isolated from any specimen from calves receiving straw pellets. These results indicate that the inclusion of straw pellets in the diet of veal calves may increase the bacteriological safety and keeping quality of veal. 相似文献
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J.M. Castro-Montoya R.A. García R.A. Ramos J.M. Flores E.A. Alas E.E. Corea 《Tropical animal health and production》2018,50(4):837-843
Two trials with multiparous dairy cows were conducted. Experiment 1 tested the effects of increasing forage proportion in the diet (500, 600, and 700 g/kg DM) when a mixed sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and jackbean (Cannavalia ensiformis) silage was used as forage. Experiment 2 studied the substitution of sorghum silage and soybean meal by jackbean silage or fresh cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) forage in the diet. All diets were iso-energetic and iso-proteic. In each experiment, 30 cows were used and separated into three groups. In experiment 1, there were no differences in dry matter intake (DMI), milk yield (MY), or apparent total tract digestibility (aTTd) among the three diets, but milk fat content increased with increasing forage proportion, even though the similar neutral detergent fiber of all diets. Nitrogen use efficiency was highest in the diet containing 600 g forage/kg DM, and some evidence was observed for a better profitability with this forage proportion. In experiment 2, feeding legumes increased DMI despite no effects on aTTd. Milk yield increased in line with DMI, with a larger increase for the fresh cowpea. Nitrogen use efficiency and milk composition were not affected by the diets. The increased MY and lower feed costs increased the economic benefits when feeding legumes, particularly when feeding fresh cowpea. Feeding fresh cowpea or jackbean silage to dairy cows appears to be an alternative to soybean as protein source, ideally at a forage proportions of 600 g/kg DM, without altering milk yield and quality and increasing the farm profitability. 相似文献
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Polioencephalomalacia (PEM) was induced in calves by feeding a semipurified, low-roughage diet of variable copper and molybdenum composition. Two formulations resulting in Cu-insufficient and Cu-sufficient forms of the diet were fed (n = 10 and 4 calves, respectively); both diets induced PEM. Clinical signs of disease developed as early as 15 days after transition to the experimental diets and included impaired vision, decreased response to external stimuli, and abnormal gait. Grossly evident cerebrocortical lesions consisted of laminar areas of cavitation and/or autofluorescence seen under UV illumination. Hepatic Cu concentration was decreased in calves fed the Cu-insufficient diet, but not below normal range. During the course of feeding either diet, rumen pH decreased, rumen volatile fatty acid concentrations increased, rumen and blood lactic acid concentrations increased, and rumen and plasma thiamine concentrations increased. The thiamine pyrophosphate effect on erythrocyte transketolase activity was unaltered in calves of either diet group. This nutritionally induced form of PEM does not appear to be related to Cu deficiency or reduction in plasma or rumen thiamine concentration. 相似文献
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A trial was performed in which 273 piglets received a liquid milk diet between the 12th and 30th day of age. This was compared with a liquid experimental diet, in which 60% of the milk was replaced by fish meal and wheat. Both diets were given as sole feed under practical feeding conditions. The experimental diet produced a weight increase of 81,9% relative to that of the milk diet; milk consumption was 53.7% the required amount of dry matter 117.4%, milk consumption per kg of weight gain 61.5% and expenditure on feed per kg of weight gain 78%. The general growth development of the piglets was quite good irrespective of the different rates of weight increase. The weight gains after 30 days were 6.6 kg+/-1.5 kg for the experimental diet and 7.0 kg+/-1.2 kg for the milk diet. Losses among the piglets amounted to 0.7% and 2.9%. On the basis of the results of the present trial and of previous experiments the authors believe that under practical conditions of feeding 50% of the milk contained in a liquid milk diet fed to piglets that are 12 to 30 days of age could be replaced by wheat and fish meal. 相似文献