共查询到17条相似文献，搜索用时 334 毫秒
1.
草地作为半干旱区的主要植被类型之一,开展牧草对土壤水分变化响应机制的研究,对于该地区水资源的可持续利用和生态环境的建设均有重要意义。本文选取半干旱区4种典型牧草作为研究对象,在对其进行干旱及旱后复水处理模拟自然降水过程的基础上,分析牧草的形态、水分生理、光合生理等特征对土壤水分变化的响应,结果表明:①水分胁迫下牧草地上形态指标(单叶面积、地上干重)呈显著的下降趋势,而地下形态指标(地下干重、根冠比)则反之;复水结束后,牧草形态特征指标有明显的恢复,披碱草(Elymus nutans Griseb.)和黑麦草(Lolium multiflorum Lam.)出现了超补偿效应。②水分胁迫下牧草水分生理特征表现为明显的下降趋势,复水后逐渐恢复,复水14~21 d后基本恢复对照组水平。干旱条件下,2种豆科牧草能维持较高的水势,属于高水势延迟脱水型;而禾本科牧草属于低水势忍耐脱水型。③水分胁迫下,牧草光合生理特征也表现为明显的下降趋势,轻微水分胁迫能够暂时提高豆科牧草光合能力;豆科和禾本科牧草叶片光合特性对干旱的响应机制存在一定的差异,面对干旱胁迫,豆科牧草通过及时关闭气孔来减少水分散失,而禾本科牧草通过延缓气孔关闭牺牲叶片水分的方式维持正常生长。 相似文献
2.
为研究水分胁迫对棉花光合作用及相关生理指标的影响,揭示水分胁迫与棉花生理指标及光合作用之间的关系,采用盆栽称重控水法对新陆早19号进行干旱胁迫0、2、4、6、8 d及复水2 d处理,测定棉花叶片MDA、H_2O_2含量,SOD、POD、CAT等指标以及光合参数和叶绿素荧光参数的变化。结果显示:随着干旱胁迫的加强,棉花叶片活性氧含量、电导率和MDA含量增加,复水后除H_2O_2含量外,其它均降到对照值;在活性氧含量最高时,抗氧化酶CAT和SOD的活性最高,以清除棉花叶片内过量的活性氧;棉花功能叶片的光合作用、气孔导度、蒸腾速率随着干旱胁迫强度的增加逐渐下降,在干旱第8天达到最低,复水后恢复;光化学猝灭系数(qP)和光量子产量(Yield)随着干旱胁迫的加强而降低,复水后不能恢复。说明水分胁迫下棉花可通过提高抗氧化酶活性清除过量活性氧,通过调节气孔导度抑制棉花的光合作用,降低蒸腾速率。 相似文献
3.
干旱胁迫下砂生槐、锦鸡儿的生理生化特性与抗旱性 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
以西藏半干旱区的两种豆科灌木为研究对象,采用盆栽控水干旱胁迫手段,比较和分析了砂生槐、矮锦鸡儿在持续水分胁迫条件下的生理响应。结果表明：随着干旱胁迫时间推移,土壤含水量不断下降,2种灌木体内水分饱和亏缺值均呈上升趋势,从上升速率和变化情况来看,砂生槐的叶片保水能力优于矮锦鸡儿;叶绿素a＋b值和叶绿素a/b值综合比较结果... 相似文献
4.
沙冬青(Ammopiptanthus mongolicus)是我国西北荒漠区重要的防风固沙造林树种,当地高温、少雨的气候条件常会对其生长产生高温和干旱的双重胁迫,文中以沙冬青幼树为试材,通过人工气候箱调控气温(25℃、32℃、39℃和45℃),采用自然失水的方法(停止浇水0、3、6、9、12d),模拟研究荒漠区定植后的沙冬青幼树对夏季高温和干旱双重胁迫的生理及光合的响应过程,以期为该地区沙冬青定植后的水分管理提供理论依据。结果表明：当气温在25-39℃下,随土壤含水量降至10%,沙冬青叶绿素含量、净光合速率、气孔导度等指标小幅升高;土壤含水量小于6%时,沙冬青幼树叶片含水量、净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率、水分利用效率等指标明显降低;复水后上述指标均呈现恢复趋势。当气温升至45℃,沙冬青幼树叶片含水量、叶绿素含量、净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和水分利用效率随土壤失水逐渐降低;当土壤含水量为6%时,净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率接近0;复水后上述指标也未见恢复现象。此时,高温、土壤失水或复合胁迫都使沙冬青幼树无法正常生长。当气温从25℃升高至39℃时,沙冬青的生理及光合指标受水分的胁迫... 相似文献
5.
紫花苜蓿是我国重要的豆科牧草，具有较强的抗旱能力，而水分亏缺是影响其产量的主要逆境因子之一。通过大田试验对不同水分胁迫下紫花苜蓿的光合特性及产量进行研究，结果表明：①
土壤水分胁迫对紫花苜蓿光响应参数影响显著(P＜0.05)，随着水分胁迫的加剧，最大净光合速率、表观量子效率、光饱和点逐渐降低，暗呼吸速率、光补偿点逐渐升高，从而直接影响紫花苜蓿光合作用对弱光的吸收和转化效率。②
随着水分胁迫的加剧紫花苜蓿叶片的净光合速率(Pn)和蒸腾速率(Tr)呈显著的下降趋势，气孔导度(Gs)呈先下降后上升的趋势，表明轻度水分胁迫下气孔因素是Pn下降的主要因素，中度和重度水分胁迫下非气孔因素是Pn降低的主要因素。③ 当光合有效辐射(PAR)为1 200 μmol·m-2·s-1时，轻度水分胁迫的水分利用效率(WUE)显著大于充分灌溉的WUE (P<0.05)，表明适度水分胁迫可提高紫花苜蓿叶片的水分利用效率。④
轻度水分胁迫与充分灌溉干草产量之间无显著差异，表明轻度水分胁迫能达到高产节水的目的。 相似文献
6.
干旱胁迫对玉米叶片光响应及叶绿素荧光特性的影响 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
利用大型移动防雨棚开展玉米干旱胁迫及复水试验,通过分析玉米叶片光响应曲线和叶绿素荧光参数,揭示不同生育期干旱胁迫对玉米光合作用和叶绿素荧光的影响程度.结果表明:1)干旱胁迫后玉米净光合速率(Pn)显著降低;当光合有效辐射(PAR)过高时受到强光抑制作用Pn略低,干旱胁迫后受光抑制影响较对照明显;干旱胁迫对玉米光合能力的影响表现为:拔节期＞乳熟期＞苗期;复水10d后光合作用略有恢复,但恢复较缓慢.2)不同发育期受到干旱胁迫后均表现为实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)、光化学淬灭系数(qP)下降,非光化学淬灭系数(qN)升高的趋势,但拔节期叶绿素荧光参数对土壤干旱胁迫的响应比苗期、乳熟期更加敏感,下降和升高幅度更大;复水后,叶绿素荧光参数虽略有恢复,但短期内难以达到正常水平. 相似文献
7.
水分胁迫对冬小麦叶片水分生理生态过程的影响 总被引：40，自引：1，他引：40
在不同的土壤水分条件下对冬小麦叶片水分生理因子进行了连续的测定，结果表明水分胁迫使作物光合、蒸腾的日变化进程提前，上午胁迫处理作物气孔导度大于非胁迫处理作物的气孔导度，这有助于胁迫处理的作物利用有限的土壤水分；蒸腾速率比光合速率对水分胁迫反应更为敏感，更易受气孔调节的影响。在不同的生育期，作物气孔阻力与0－40cm土层的土壤含水量相关性最大，可用二次曲线来拟合，0－40cm土层土壤含水量在0．25m^3m^-3左右时，气孔开度最大，此时气孔阻力为最小。 相似文献
8.
土壤干旱对冬小麦幼苗生长和叶片生理特性的影响 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：7
采用盆栽试验对不同土壤干旱下冬小麦幼苗生长和生理特性进行了初步研究。结果表明,幼苗株高、叶面积、叶干重、茎干重、根干重、总生物量、叶水势、叶片相对含水率均随土壤水分的减少而呈降低趋势;根冠比、叶片水分饱和亏、可溶性糖含量、脯氨酸含量、质膜透性、MDA含量以及叶片SOD、POD活性均呈增加趋势。这说明,在干旱胁迫下,冬小麦幼苗一方面通过改变生物量分配策略,较多地提高根比重,以利于根系吸水增加抗旱性;另一方面,通过改变叶片的生理特性以提高抗旱性。 相似文献
9.
以天然生长于祁连山自然保护区隆畅河自然保护站的濒危植物蒙古扁桃(Prunus mongolica)去内果皮的种子为材料,以不同渗透势PEG-6000溶液模拟干旱条件,研究了种子萌发和幼苗生长对干旱胁迫的响应特征。结果表明,随着干旱胁迫程度的加剧,蒙古扁桃种子吸胀速率、萌发率、萌发指数、活力指数、苗高和根长、组织饱和含水量等指标均表现出明显降低的趋势,而幼苗初生芽干重、根干重和根冠比均呈先升后降的趋势。蒙古扁桃种子对水势变化既敏感又抗旱,种子能够萌发的最低渗透势阈值为-0.65 MPa。干旱胁迫未能萌发的种子复水后萌发率较高。分析认为,蒙古扁桃种子萌发和幼苗生长对干旱胁迫的响应特征对种的延续具有重要意义,但在人工栽培时保证
土壤墒情应是保障建植成功的关键措施。 相似文献
10.
干旱和复水对两种葡萄砧木叶片光合和叶绿素荧光特性的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用盆栽称重控水法，干旱胁迫处理1103P和101-14M两种砧木，处理21 d后复水，分别测定干旱处理0、7、14、21 d及复水第7、14 天，葡萄砧木叶片光合和叶绿素荧光参数。结果显示：干旱胁迫后，1103P和101-14M的净光合速率(Pn)均逐渐降低，101-14M的Pn降幅大于1103P，短时间干旱胁迫引起两种砧木Pn降低的主要因素是气孔限制，而长时间干旱胁迫后Pn降低主要是非气孔限制。随着干旱胁迫的持续，1103P和101-14M的初始荧光产量(Fo)呈增加趋势，但101-14M的增幅大于1103P，说明干旱胁迫后101-14M的光反应中心受损害程度大于1103P;复水后1103P和101-14M两种砧木的Pn值逐渐增加，复水第7天，二者分别为对照的83.20%和66.31%,复水第14天，分别为对照的107.30%和88.43%; 复水后1103P和101-14M两种砧木的Fo值呈现逐渐降低趋势，复水后第7天，1103P和101-14M 的Fo值为对照的102.95%和109.60%，复水后第14天，1103P和101-14M Fo为对照的101.56%和101.81%，说明复水后1103P和101-14M两种砧木受损的光合反应中心得到了修复，光合速率也逐渐恢复，1103P复水后恢复生长的能力高于101-14M。 相似文献
11.
干旱-复水条件下氮素对高粱光合特性及抗氧化代谢的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
采用盆栽试验，以持绿性品系高粱B35和非持绿性高粱品系三尺三为试验材料，设置两个施氮处理（每盆0和6 g尿素），在灌浆期干旱-复水条件下测定光合特性及抗氧化代谢指标。结果表明，氮素显著提升B35和三尺三在干旱胁迫下净光合速率（Pn）、胞间CO2浓度（Ci）和蒸腾速率（Tr），提高了光系统II（PSII）反应中心活性；干旱胁迫下，施氮显著提高磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶（PEPCase）活性，施氮使B35和三尺三PEP羧化酶分别提高了29.17%和25.66%, 而二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶（RuBPCase）活性对氮素不敏感。与三尺三相比，氮素对B35的光合能力的促进作用更加明显。干旱胁迫下氮素显著提升了超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化物酶（POD）活性，B35和三尺三的SOD活性分别提高了25.56%和17.07%，POD活性分别提高了48.97%和76.62%。B35抗氧化酶的活性均高于三尺三。同时，氮素降低了B35和三尺三丙二醛（MDA）含量。复水后，氮素显著提升B35和三尺三Pn、Tr和PEP羧化酶活性，Pn升高幅度分别为33.66%和60.01%，Tr升高幅度分别为36.59%和41.57%，PEP羧化酶活性升高幅度分别为23.47%和18.64%，同时显著降低了初始荧光值（Fo），Fo降低幅度分别为18.50%、10.98%。施氮有利于提高复水后的B35和三尺三抗氧化酶活性，降低细胞膜脂过氧化程度。复水后，与三尺三相比，B35的光合特性和抗氧化酶活性较高。两个施氮处理的B35产量均高于三尺三，氮素使B35和三尺三生物产量分别增加9.73%和10.08%，籽粒产量分别增加24.47%和21.79%。氮素调节气孔导度及光系统Ⅱ活性，降低干旱对光合机构的损伤；复水后，氮素通过提高光系统Ⅱ活性，提高光合酶活性，光合性能提升。干旱及复水条件下，施氮提升抗氧化酶活性，减轻膜脂过氧化的损伤。氮素有利于干旱及复水条件下B35和三尺三光合特性及抗氧化酶系统能力的提升。 相似文献
12.
利用投影寻踪分类模型评价玉米旱后生理补偿效应 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
根据模拟干旱试验结果，建立了作物旱后生理补偿效应的投影寻踪分类模型（PPCMode）。采用基于实码的加速遗传算法，对旱后复水玉米的多项生理指标的权重进行了优化。通过多维指标的降维处理，得到了不同生理指标的最佳投影方向和投影值。模型结果表明光合速率、气孔导度对补偿效应的影响最大，与传统综合分析法结论一致，表明该模型具有合理性。模型避免了主观因素对评价结果的影响，为节水灌溉条件下作物旱后补偿效应分析和评价提供了一种新的方法。 相似文献
13.
Comparison of photosynthesis and antioxidative protection in Sophora moorcroftiana and Caragana maximovicziana under water stress 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This study aims to investigate the protective roles of photosynthetic characteristics and antioxidative systems in the desiccation tolerance of Sophora moorcroftiana and Caragana maximovicziana as they adapt to arid environments. A variety of physiological and biochemical parameters in the leaves of two Leguminosae species were monitored for 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 d of drought stress. Soil water content decreased from 38.58% to 7.33% after exposure to 28 d of water stress. The photosynthetic carbon-assimilation rates of the two Leguminosae plants decreased for non-stomatal limitation with processing water stress. The malondialdehyde content and cell membrane relative conductivity of the two species increased significantly from 1 to 21 d and then decreased. S. moorcroftiana showed higher superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activities than C. maximovicziana during the 28 d treatment period. However, the catalase activities and proline content of C. maximovicziana were higher than those of S. moorcroftiana before the water stress treatment reached 21 d. Nine physiological and biochemical parameters were selected to comprehensively evaluate the two species’ drought-resistance by the membership function values(MFV). The mean MFV indicated that S. moorcroftiana has a relatively stronger drought defense capability than C. maximovicziana. S. moorcroftiana mainly uses carbon-assimilation rate and osmotic adjustment to combat water deficiency. 相似文献
14.
以干旱敏感型芜菁(WJC106)和抗旱型芜菁(WJC129)为试验材料,采用盆栽自然干旱方法,研究干旱胁迫对不同抗旱类型芜菁苗期丙二醛含量、相对电导率、抗氧化酶活性、渗透调节物质、光合荧光以及叶片气孔形态特征的影响。结果表明：干旱胁迫显著增加芜菁苗期丙二醛含量和相对电导率,WJC106的增幅分别为59.71%和27.05%,WJC129分别为54.52%和20.06%,其细胞膜受损程度较大。WJC129有较强的调节能力,在干旱胁迫下其抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质的含量显著高于WJC106。干旱胁迫下WJC106和WJC129脯氨酸增幅分别为85.22%和88.97%,可溶性蛋白增幅分别为32.51%和58.26%,脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白起主要渗透调节作用。干旱胁迫除对芜菁有效光量子产量影响不明显之外,对叶绿素含量、光合及荧光参数均造成负面影响,其中WJC106受影响较大,WUE下降了71.5%,而WJC129光合及荧光各项指标相对比较稳定,WUE反而增加了18.2%。干旱胁迫使两个不同抗旱类型的芜菁苗期叶片气孔变小,保卫细胞变薄,气孔开度和气孔张开率显著减小。在干旱胁迫下,抗旱型芜菁的气孔开... 相似文献
15.
WANG Chunyuan 《干旱区科学》2021,13(7):744-758
Drought is one of the most significant natural disasters in the arid and semi-arid areas of China. Populations or plant organs often differ in their responses to drought and other adversities at different growth stages. At present, little is known about the size- and leaf age-dependent differences in the mechanisms of shrub-related drought resistance in the deserts of China. Here, we evaluated the photosynthetic and physiological responses of Artemisia ordosica Krasch. to drought stress using a field experiment in Mu Us Sandy Land, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China in 2018. Rainfall was manipulated by installing outdoor shelters, with four rainfall treatments applied to 12 plots (5 m×5 m). There were four rainfall levels, including a control and rainfall reductions of 30%, 50% and 70%, each with three replications. Taking individual crown size as the dividing basis, we measured the responses of A. ordosica photosynthetic and physiological responses to drought at different growth stages, i.e., large-sized (>0.5 m2) and small-sized (≤0.5 m2) plants. The leaves of A. ordosica were divided into old leaves and young leaves for separate measurement. Results showed that: (1) under drought stress, the transfer efficiency of light energy captured by antenna pigments to the photosystem II (PSII) reaction center decreased, and the heat dissipation capacity increased simultaneously. To resist the photosynthetic system damage caused by drought, A. ordosica enhanced its free radical scavenging capacity by activating its antioxidant enzyme system; and (2) growth stage and leaf age had effects on the reaction of the photosynthetic system to drought. Small A. ordosica plants could not withstand severe drought stress (70% rainfall reduction), whereas large A. ordosica individuals could absorb deep soil water to ensure their survival in severe drought stressed condition. Under 30% and 50% rainfall reduction conditions, young leaves had a greater ability to resist drought than old leaves, whereas the latter were more resistant to severe drought stress. The response of A. ordosica photosynthetic system reflected the trade-off at different growth stages and leaf ages of photosynthetic production under different degrees of drought. This study provides a more comprehensive and systematic perspective for understanding the drought resistance mechanisms of desert plants. 相似文献
16.
Keiichi KIMURA 《干旱区科学》2022,14(8):867-876
Shrub species are used in restoration projects on dryland for their facilitation effects, which include environmental improvements and protection from herbivore feeding. Facilitation effects on forage grasses are potentially important in improving grazing capacity on rangelands. However, the morphology-dependent performance of benefactor plants in facilitating forage species growth and supplementation under moderate grazing intensity remains unclear. Here, our main purpose was to measure facilitation performance in terms of the survival of a native forage grass, Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn. (Gramineae)., in accordance with the growth conditions of a sand-fixing benefactor shrub, Caragana microphylla Lam., in the Hulun Buir Grassland, northern China. Six study sites with patches of A. cristatum and C. microphylla were established at the foot of fixed sand dunes. At each site, five quadrats were set in places where C. microphylla coverage was 100% and A. cristatum grew among the shrubs (shrub quadrats), and another five were set where A. cristatum grew alone without C. microphylla (grass quadrats). We measured the morphological traits of C. microphylla and A. cristatum in all 60 quadrats, along with the soil water content and soil temperature. The data were compared between the shrub and grass quadrats by generalized linear mixed-effect models to assess the shrub's facilitation effects. We also used such models to elucidate the relationship between the average height of C. microphylla and the morphological traits of A. cristatum in the shrub quadrats. The maximum height, average grazed height, and the number of seed heads of A. cristatum were greater in the shrub quadrats than in the grass quadrats. The soil surface temperature was lower in the shrub quadrats. The maximum height and seed head number of A. cristatum were positively associated with the average height of C. microphylla. These results suggest that the grazing impact and heat stress were smaller in shrub quadrats than in grass quadrats, and that the degree of this protective effect depended on the shrub height. The shrub canopy seemed to reduce the increase in soil temperature and keep the grass vigorous. Livestock likely avoided grazing grasses in the C. microphylla patches because of the shrub's spiny leaves; only the upper parts of the grass stems (including the seed heads) protruding from the shrub canopy were grazed. The sand-fixing shrub thus moderates the grazing impact and soil temperature, and contributes to vegetation restoration and grazing system sustainability. 相似文献
17.
Gas exchange, biomass partition, and water relationships of three grass seedlings under water stress
BINGCHENG XU FENGMIN LI LUN SHAN YONGQING MA NOBUMASA ICHIZEN JIN HUANG 《Weed Biology and Management》2006,6(2):79-88
Three grass species, switchgrass ( Panicum virgatum ), foxtail millet ( Setaria italica ), and Old World bluestem ( Bothriochloa ischaemum ), referred to as introduced, traditional, and indigenous species, respectively, in the Loess hilly gully region on Loess Plateau in China, were grown in a growth chamber. Water was withheld to let the soil gravimetric moisture content (SGMC) decline gradually from 14.92% for 15 days. The gas exchange characteristics, leaf water conditions, root and shoot growth, and water use efficiency (WUE) of the three grasses were compared. The SGMC of foxtail millet declined faster than that of switchgrass and Old World bluestem, and it maintained higher leaf water potential at a lower soil water content, indicating that it might have greater drought tolerance. During the process of soil drying, the stomatal conductance (Gs), photosynthesis rate, and transpiration rate (Tr) of foxtail millet and Old World bluestem declined linearly, whereas those of switchgrass declined parabolically. The Gs of each grass was significantly different between the stressed and well-watered (WW) conditions. When the SGMC declined to ≈ 11.0%, 9.5%, and 8.6%, respectively, the leaf water potential was significantly different between the two growing conditions, showing the appearance of non-hydraulic and hydraulic signals. As a result of greater stomatal adjustment ability and a smaller Gs, foxtail millet had a high WUE. Among the three grasses, switchgrass had a high Tr and root/shoot (R/S) ratio under both WW and stressed conditions, and water stress significantly improved its R/S ratio. The results showed that foxtail millet seedlings have the best drought adaptability in the flexible soil–water environment, whereas switchgrass seedlings have the worst, but a high R/S ratio might be advantageous under drought conditions once the seedlings are established. 相似文献