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1.
当前,基于正积温的度日模型广泛应用于冰川消融研究中,该模型的核心参数是度日因子。根据印度河上游Sachen、Gharko、Barpu冰川2014-2016年的物质平衡和气温实测资料,计算得到消融期内各冰川研究区的度日因子,并分析了度日因子的时空变化特征及影响因素。研究结果显示:Sachen、Gharko、Barpu冰川度日因子均值分别为2. 83 mm·d^-1·℃-1、3. 74 mm·d^-1·℃^-1、3. 91 mm·d^-1·℃^-1;各冰川度日因子皆随着海拔升高而递增,海拔递增率分别为0. 003 7 mm·d^-1·℃^-1·m^-1、0. 007 4 mm·d^-1·℃^-1·m^-1、0. 004 1 mm·d^-1·℃^-1·m^-1;对于同一观测点而言,度日因子不是一个常数,会随着时间的变化而改变,冰川度日因子随着年际变化呈增加的趋势;度日因子受表碛影响显著,度日因子整体上随着表碛厚度的增加而递减。然而表碛厚度低于2 cm时,表碛的覆盖作用促进了冰川的消融,表碛覆盖区冰川度日因子大于裸露区冰川;冰川朝向的变化对度日因子产生了一定的影响,面向阳坡的冰川度日因子随海拔递增率大于阴坡。 相似文献
2.
基于冰川定位观测、野外考察、航空摄影、遥感影像和地形图分析方法,研究了1960-2009年中国天山8条冰川末端变化特征。结果表明：1960-2009年,在天山地区气温与降水呈上升趋势的背景下,8条冰川均处于退缩状态,退缩速率由西向东逐渐减缓,其变化幅度因气候环境、地理位置、冰川规模和冰川形态等的不同而存在明显的区域性与阶段性差异。其中,乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川1962-1973年冰川末端退缩速率为5.96 m•a-1,1973-1980年为3.28 m•a-1,1980-1993年为3.93 m•a-1,在1993年完全分离成东、西两支独立的冰川;博格达峰四工河4号冰川末端1962-1981年退缩速率为6 m•a-1,1981-2006年为8.9 m•a-1,2006-2009年为13.3 m•a-1。表碛覆盖的青冰滩72号冰川和74号冰川末端1964-2009年退缩速率分别为41 m•a-1和30 m•a-1,远较无表碛覆盖的庙儿沟平顶冰川退缩迅速（1972-2007年冰川末端退缩速率为2.32 m•a-1）。表面特征（表碛）亦是造成冰川变化差异的一个主要原因。 相似文献
3.
表碛覆盖型冰川在我国西部分布广泛，由于该类型冰川消融区域不同程度的被岩石碎屑所覆盖，消融状况与非表碛覆盖型冰川有较大差异，因此，开展表碛覆盖型冰川的消融模拟研究至关重要。本文以冰面气象数据为驱动，使用表碛覆盖型冰川能量平衡模型对天山托木尔峰青冰滩72号冰川表碛区进行能量和消融模拟。基于热传导过程和能量平衡方程，模型计算了表碛表面温度以及表碛层内部温度，并通过表碛内部温度估算下覆冰的消融量。结果表明：2008年夏季期间模型模拟的消融量为0.39 m w.e.，与消融花杆数据进行验证取得了较高的模拟精度（R2=0.92, RMSE=±0.03 m w.e.），表碛表面温度和内部10 cm深处温度的模拟值也与实测数据拟合较好（R2分别为0.91和0.60）。在表碛区的能量交换过程中，净短波辐射是唯一的能量收入项，感热通量是最大的能量支出项（49.7%），其次分别为传导热通量（消融耗热）（25.8%），净长波辐射（19.8%）和潜热通量（4.6%），降水热量不足1%。云量对表碛区的气象和能量特征有着显著的影响，阴天条件下表碛区的入射短波辐射峰值从晴天的854 W·m-2降至587 W·m-2，... 相似文献
4.
近年来内陆水体CO2释放受到广泛关注,为揭示黄土高原地区内陆水体CO2的释放特征,于2018年7月和10月及2019年3月和6月利用LI-7000 CO2分析仪对窟野河及代表性水库开展了高频次的水体CO2分压(pCO2)和水-气界面CO2交换通量(FCO2)观测,并分析其时空变化规律。结果表明:窟野河水体pCO2和FCO2(分别为996μatm和94.5 mmol·m-2·d-1)均高于水库(分别为752μatm和10.3 mmol·m-2·d-1)。FCO2季节性差异明显:对于河流而言,表现为秋季最高(165.7 mmol·m-2·d-1),春季最低(42.9 mmol·m-2·d-1);对于水库而言,变化趋势则完全相反,表现为春季最高(16.6 mmol·m-2·d-1),秋季最低(-5.4 mmol·m-2·d-1)。生物地球化学活性更强的支流FCO2(107.4 mmol·m-2·d-1)高出干流(66.5 mmol·m-2·d-1)约50%;同时,位于中下游黄土丘陵区的水库FCO2(16.4 mmol·m-2·d-1)显著高于位于上游呼鄂丘陵区的水库FCO2(1.2 mmol·m-2·d-1)。整体来看,流域水体pCO2受碳酸盐体系影响最大,有机碳分解作用次之;流速是控制水-气界面气体交换速率的关键因素。在年尺度上,窟野河的河流与水库水体均为大气持续碳源。窟野河平均CO2释放量与我国长江及国外温带河流相近,但低于黄河中游的其他支流。 相似文献
5.
采用集合经验模态分解(EEMD)以及M-K突变检验方法,基于敦煌市1971—2020年太阳总辐射、相对湿度、总云量和沙尘日数等气象资料,分析了敦煌市太阳总辐射演变的多时间尺度特征,探讨了影响敦煌市太阳辐射的关键气象因素。结果表明：(1)1971—2020年敦煌市年太阳总辐射上升趋势显著,线性气候倾向率为49.6 MJ·m-2·(10a)-1,多年平均年辐射量为6354.0 MJ·m-2,属于太阳能资源最丰富区。年辐射在1970年代最少,2010年代最大。敦煌市太阳辐射四季分明,辐射量夏季>春季>秋季>冬季,分别以32.5、13.4、2.9 MJ·m-2·(10a)-1和1.1 MJ·m-2·(10a)-1的速率增加。近50 a敦煌市太阳总辐射以2.9 a和7.1 a的年际变化和16.7 a的年代际变化占主导地位。(2)月太阳辐射变化呈“单峰型”,从3月开始急剧增加,5月达峰值,6月开始逐渐下降,12月达全年最低值。太... 相似文献
6.
乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川东西支变化特征研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
利用乌鲁木齐河源区气温、降水资料以及1号冰川变化数据,分析了1号冰川东支和西支冰川变化特征的异同,并运用物质和能量平衡理论对1号冰川加速消融和特征变化进行解释。研究表明:1号冰川东支和西支冰川变化特征的差异是由各自冰川形态、海拔、地形、面积规模等不同所导致的,而气温升高和太阳短波辐射吸收率增加是1号冰川加速消融和特征变化的两个重要原因。 相似文献
7.
30 a来长江源区冰川变化遥感监测 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
根据地形图、航空相片和Landsat ETM+数字影像,采用比值阈值法对青藏高原东北部长江源区1969/1971-1999/2002年间的冰川变化进行了研究;同时,选取覆盖同一区域（格拉丹东峰北坡）的Landsat MSS (1973年)、Landsat TM (1992年)以及2景2005/2006年获取的1B级ASTER数字遥感影像,进一步分析源区冰川的连续变化规律。结果表明：① 研究区的冰川平均退缩了108.3 m,冰川面积减少了5.3%,其中,色的日峰地区的面积变化率最大,冰川面积减少12.9%;唐古拉山北坡冰川相对处于稳定状态,面积仅减少了4.3%。② 格拉丹东峰北坡冰川面积变化速率不均匀,1969-1973年冰川面积变化最快,平均变化量为-1.16 km2·a-1,1973年后冰川变化有所减缓,1973-1992年和1992-2002年平均变化量均为-0.59 km2·a-1,而2002年后冰川面积变化又有所加快,平均变化量为-0.95 km2·a-1。③ 沱沱河、五道梁和治多3个气象站的气温和降水变化显示,暖季气温升高是导致研究区冰川退缩的主要因素,此外,气温升高的快慢可能是引起上述3个区域冰川变化差异的重要原因之一。 相似文献
8.
基于第5次国际耦合模式比较计划（CMIP5）提供的气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）数据和气溶胶单因子历史试验降水数据，采用线性趋势分析、相关分析、经验正交分解（EOF）方法，从时间和空间维度上分析了自工业革命以来中国AOD的变化及其对降水的影响。1860—2000年，中国区域的AOD整体呈显著增加的趋势（P<0.001），AOD的增加趋势以胡焕庸线为界呈现出“东高西低”的空间分布格局，并在1945年以后AOD的增加趋势〔0.380 7·(100a)-1〕显著大于1945年以前的趋势〔0.029 0·(100a)-1〕。在气溶胶单因子驱动试验中，中国有89.1%区域的降水呈显著减少的趋势（P<0.001），其中东南部、四川盆地以及青藏高原东南部是降水减少最明显的区域，西北地区降水减少趋势较弱，并在1962年以后降水的减少趋势〔118.04 mm·(100a)-1〕显著大于1962年以前的趋势〔26.67 mm·(100a)-1〕。气溶胶主要通过抑制弱降水显著降低了降水事件发生的频率与降水强度，降低速率分别为3.160 d·(100a)-1、0.162 4 mm·d-1·(100a)-1。研究工业革命以来气溶胶对降水的气候效应，为更好的应对区域气候变化问题提供科学依据。 相似文献
9.
综合目视解译和计算机自动解译的方法,将冰川解译的传统方法及面向对象图像特征提取方法应用于喀纳斯河源的冰川边界提取中,并对提取出的单条冰川逐一分析。研究发现：面向对象的图像特征提取方法能较好的提取具有特征类型的地物;目视解译的方法虽然费时费力,但适用于任何类型冰川的提取;传统比值阈值、雪盖指数法、监督分类与非监督分类在无表碛覆盖,积雪覆盖较少的纯冰区效果明显。对阿尔泰山喀纳斯河源区的40条冰川进行解译,对多种方法进行比较,得到喀纳斯河源地区精确的冰川边界。结果表明：喀纳斯河源区冰川总体上呈退缩趋势,1959-2011年冰川面积共减少了23.43 km2。 相似文献
10.
祁连山北大河流域冰川变化遥感监测 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
基于1956年地形图和2003年ASTER影像数据,在RS和GIS技术支持下,确定了1956年和2003年的冰川边界,对祁连山北大河流域冰川近47 a来的变化进行了研究。结果表明：该流域372条冰川面积在47 a间共减小了33.56 km2,平均每条减小0.09 km2,变化率-15.42%,冰川末端累计退缩51 015 m。分析显示,小冰川比大冰川消融的更快。对研究区附近气象站近年来的年平均气温、夏季平均气温和年降水量进行分析,认为气温升高是北大河流域冰川快速萎缩的主要原因。与中国西部其他冰川进行对比研究发现,北大河流域冰川消融速率比新疆要快,但较黑河流域及其他子流域要慢,初步推测是由冰川所在区域的气候及冰川自身因素共同作用的结果。 相似文献
11.
PENG Jiajia 《干旱区科学》2022,14(4):455-472
Glaciers are known as natural 'solid reservoirs', and they play a dual role between the composition of water resources and the river runoff regulation in arid and semi-arid areas of China. In this study, we used in situ observation data from Urumqi Glacier No. 1, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, in combination with meteorological data from stations and a digital elevation model, to develop a distributed degree-day model for glaciers in the Urumqi River Basin to simulate glacier mass balance processes and quantify their effect on streamflow during 1980-2020. The results indicate that the mass loss and the equilibrium line altitude (ELA) of glaciers in the last 41 years had an increasing trend, with the average mass balance and ELA being -0.85 (±0.32) m w.e./a (meter water-equivalent per year) and 4188 m a.s.l., respectively. The glacier mass loss has increased significantly during 1999-2020, mostly due to the increase in temperature and the extension of ablation season. During 1980-2011, the average annual glacier meltwater runoff in the Urumqi River Basin was 0.48×108 m3, accounting for 18.56% of the total streamflow. We found that the annual streamflow in different catchments in the Urumqi River Basin had a strong response to the changes in glacier mass balance, especially from July to August, and the glacier meltwater runoff increased significantly. In summary, it is quite possible that the results of this research can provide a reference for the study of glacier water resources in glacier-recharged basins in arid and semi-arid areas. 相似文献
12.
Mountain glaciers are highly sensitive to climate change. In this paper, we systematically analyzed and discussed the responses of glaciers to climate change during 1960-2017 in western China by the methods of least squares and correlation analysis. Results show that the maximum temperature, minimum temperature, average temperature, and precipitation significantly increased in western China at the rates of 0.32°C/10a, 0.48°C/10a, 0.39°C/10a, and 11.20 mm/10a, respectively. However, the wind speed, hours of sunshine, snowfall, and snowy days displayed decreasing trends at the rates of -0.53 m/(s?10a), 3.72 h/10a, -2.90 mm/10a, and -0.10 d/10a, respectively. The annual percentage of glacier area decreased by approximately 0.42%, and the average glacier area decreased by 2.76 km2/a. Meanwhile, glacial shrinkages were greater in the Altay Mountains, Tanggula Mountains, and Qilian Mountains than in the other mountainous regions. Glacier accumulation decreased while melt volume increased at a rate of 2.7×104 m3/a. The area of melt volume was 1.3 times that of the glacier accumulation area. The glacier mass balance (GMB) decreased substantially at a rate of -14.0 mm/a, whereas the equilibrium line altitude (ELA) showed an increasing trend at a rate of 0.5 mm/a. After 1997, the mass was smaller than -500.0 mm, indicating a huge loss in glaciers. Furthermore, relationships between ELA and GMB and various climatic factors were established. Temperature and precipitation demonstrated a significantly negative correlation, whereas wind speed and snowy days had significantly positive correlations with GMB. Snowy days also exhibited a remarkably negative correlation with ELA. The strong warming trend and less snowy days were thought to be the main factors leading to glacial melting, whereas the increase in precipitation, and reductions of sunshine hours and wind speed might slow glacial melting. 相似文献
13.
ZHOU Zuhao 《干旱区科学》2020,12(3):357-373
Glaciers are a critical freshwater resource of river recharge in arid areas around the world. In recent decades, glaciers have shown evidence of retreat due to climate change, and the accelerated ablation of glaciers and associated impacts on water resources have received widespread attention. Glacier variations result from climate change, so they can serve as an indicator of climate change. Considering the climatic differences in different elevation ranges, it is worthwhile to explore whether different responses exist between glacier area and air temperature in each elevation zone. In this study, we selected a typical arid inland river basin(Sugan Lake Basin) in the western Qilian Mountains of Northwest China to analyze the glacier variations and their response to climate change. The glacier area data from 1989 to 2016 were delineated using Landsat Thematic Mapper(TM), Enhanced TM+(ETM+) and Operational Land Imager(OLI) images. We compared the relationships between glacier area and air temperature at seven meteorological stations in the glacier-covered areas and in the Sugan Lake Basin, and further analyzed the relationship between glacier area and mean air temperature of the glacier surfaces in July–August in the elevation range of 4700–5500 m a.s.l. by the linear regression method and correlation analysis. In addition, based on the linear regression relationship established between glacier area and air temperature in each elevation zone, we predicted glacier areas under future climate scenarios during the periods of 2046–2065 and 2081–2100. The results indicate that the glaciers experienced a remarkable shrinkage from 1989 to 2016 with a shrinkage rate of –1.61 km2/a(–0.5%/a), and the rising temperature is the decisive factor dominating glacial retreat; there is a significant negative linear correlation between glacier area and mean air temperature of the glacier surfaces in July–August in each elevation zone from 1989 to 2016. The variations in glaciers are far less sensitive to changes in precipitation than to changes in air temperature. Due to the influence of climate and topographic conditions, the distribution of glacier area and the rate of glacier ablation first increased and then decreased in different elevation zones. The trend in glacier shrinkage will continue because air temperature will continue to increase in the future, and the result of glacier retreat in each elevation zone will be slightly slower than that in the entire study area. Quantitative glacier research can more accurately reflect the response of glacier variations to climate change, and the regression relationship can be used to predict the areas of glaciers under future climate scenarios. These conclusions can offer effective references for assessing glacier variations and their response to climate change in arid inland river basins in Northwest China as well as other similar regions in the world. 相似文献
14.
The Karakoram Mountains are well known for their widespread surge-type glaciers and slight glacier mass gains.On the one hand,glaciers are one of the sensitive indicators of climate change,their area and thickness will adjust with climate change.On the other hand,glaciers provide freshwater resources for agricultural irrigation and hydroelectric generation in the downstream areas of the Shaksgam River Basin(SRB)in western China.The shrinkage of glaciers caused by climate change can significantly affect the security and sustainable development of regional water resources.In this study,we analyzed the changes in glacier area from 2000 to 2016 in the SRB using Landsat TM(Thematic Mapper)/ETM+(Enhanced Mapper Plus)/OLI(Operational Land Imager)images.It is shown that the SRB contained 472 glaciers,with an area of 1840.3 km2,in 2016.The glacier area decreased by 0.14%/a since 2000,and the shrinkage of glacier in the southeast,east and south directions were the most,while the northeast,north directions were the least.Debris-covered area accounted for 8.0%of the total glacier area.We estimated elevation and mass changes using the 1 arc-second SRTM(Shuttle Radar Topography Mission)DEM(Digital Elevation Model)(2000)and the resolution of 8 m HMA(High Mountain Asia)DEM(2016).An average thickness of 0.08(±0.03)m/a,or a slight mass increase of 0.06(±0.02)m w.e./a has been obtained since 2000.We found thinning was significantly lesser on the clean ice than the debris-covered ice.In addition,the elevation of glacier surface is spatially heterogeneous,showing that the accumulation of mass is dominant in high altitude regions,and the main mass loss is in low altitude regions,excluding the surge-type glacier.For surge-type glaciers,the mass may transfer from the reservoir to the receiving area rapidly when surges,then resulting in an advance of glacier terminus.The main surge mechanism is still unclear,it is worth noting that the surge did not increase the glacier mass in this study. 相似文献
15.
以水稻簇矮病株或带毒昆虫的榨出液,注射于Nephotettix cincticeps体内,依其日后对稻苗的侵染力,测得水稻簇矮病毒(RBSV)的致死温度为60~70℃,稀释限点为10-4~10-5(病叶榨出液)或10-3~10-4(带毒虫榨出液),体外存活期为4~5天(在4℃下)或2~3天(在22℃下)。 相似文献
16.
近年来祁连山中段冰川变化 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
基于遥感和实测的方法,对近50 a来祁连山中段,包括黑河流域和北大河流域的冰川变化特征进行了分析。研究表明：1956-2003年,祁连山中段所研究的910条冰川面积共缩小了21.7%。其中,黑河流域冰川面积缩小了29.6%,北大河流域冰川面积缩小了18.7%。小冰川面积变化较大冰川要大,其对气候变化的敏感性较强。由于祁连山中段东西跨度较大,气候和地形等因素的不同,直接造成了冰川变化的区域差异。近期野外考察发现,位于黑河上游的葫芦沟流域,1956-2010年冰川面积缩小了30.1%,近7 a冰川面积缩小的比率达到前期的近5倍,且其中的十一冰川由于消融严重,已经完全分离成2条独立的冰川。雪冰融水径流是该流域中重要的水源,在稳定河川径流、调节其年际变化和年内分配方面发挥着重要作用。 相似文献