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1.
Water-use efficiency of irrigated winter maize under cool weather conditions of India 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Field experiments were conducted during 1993/94 and 1994/95 in the sub-humid tropic environment of northern India to identify suitable irrigation schedule(s) for winter maize (December to May). Based on plant growth stages, viz. knee-high, tasselling, flowering, silking, grain-filling and dough, which occurred, respectively, at 55, 75, 95, 105, 125 and 145 days after planting, the crop was subjected to six irrigation treatments, which were: no irrigation (I0); irrigation given at all the growth stages (I1); irrigation missed at knee-high (I2); at knee-high and dough (I3); at knee-high, flowering and grain-filling (I4); and at knee-high, flowering, silking and dough stages (I5). The change in profile soil water content, (W (depletion) of the entire crop-growing season was found to be in the order I0 >I5 >I4 >I3 >I2 >I1. Of the total net water use (NWU), about 87% was evapotranspiration and 13% deep percolation losses. The NWU was highest (472 and 431 mm) under I1 and lowest (223 and 240 mm) under the I0 treatment during the two cropping seasons. Compared to I1, NWU in I3 decreased by 23% and 12.3% and in I4 by 33.8% and 24.2% in the two cropping seasons. However, there was no statistically significant difference (at LSD, P=0.05) between yields of the I1 to I4 treatments during either year. The NWU was found to be in the order I1 >I2 >I3 >I4 >I5 >I0, whereas the water-use efficiency (WUE) based on NWU was found to be in the reverse order: I5 >I4 >I3 >I0 >I2 >I1. Maximum yield (5.14 t ha-1) with WUE of 1.39 kg m-3 was obtained under the I3 treatment. However, optimum yield (4.91 t ha-1) with high WUE of 1.54 kg m-3 was under I4. Accordingly, irrigation applications greater than 240 mm did not provide additional yield of winter maize. Frequent irrigations (I1) proved detrimental to grain yield of winter maize in the northern Indian plains, especially under cool weather conditions, where minimum temperature (6°C) can be accompanied by occasional frost. 相似文献
2.
A 3-year study was done in central California to determine the water requirements for growing faba bean (Vicia faba L.) as a winter cover crop using subsurface drip irrigation (SDI). Water was applied at 0, 50, and 100% of the estimated crop evapotranspiration (ETc) the first 2 years and 50, 100, and 150% ETc the third year, with drip laterals installed 0.30, 0.45, or 0.60 m deep. Rainfall was above normal the first year (>330 mm) and irrigation had no effect on crop production. Irrigation improved production and water-use efficiency the following years, however. Production was higher when drip laterals were located at 0.30 or 0.45 m than at 0.60 m depth, even though roots tended to be concentrated near the laterals (later in the season) regardless of depth. Overall, well-irrigated faba bean required 231-297 mm of water to produce 3.0-4.4 t haу of dry vegetative biomass. 相似文献
3.
Maize and berseem are among the most important crops in India and several other countries in the world. Irrigation is provided to these crops to get higher production; hence, determining the water requirements of these crops is important for irrigation planning. Improved water management of these crops requires accurate scheduling of irrigation, which in turn requires accurate measurement of crop evapotranspiration (ETc). Thus, the first objective of this study was to measure daily, weekly and seasonal ETc of maize and berseem directly from weighing type lysimeters. Experiments were conducted in a set of two electronic weighing-type lysimeters of 7.82 m3 to measure the hourly ETc of maize and berseem from June 1996 to April 1998 at Karnal, India. The average daily ETc of maize varied from <2.8 mm day-1 in the early growing period to >4 mm day-1 at development and reproductive stages. The peak daily ETc of maize was 7.7 mm day-1 and this occurred 9 weeks after sowing (WAS) at the silking stage of maize when leaf area index (LAI) was 5.5. The measured seasonal ETc of maize was 354 mm. In the case of berseem, the average daily ETc was 0.9 mm day-1 at the initial stage, achieved a peak value of 6.9 mm day-1 between 25 and 26 WAS during the fifth cut. The measured seasonal ETc of berseem was 480 mm. Precise information on the crop coefficient, which is required for regional-scale irrigation planning, is lacking for semi-arid climates such as those found in north India. Therefore, the second objective of this study was to develop crop coefficients (Kc) for maize and berseem from ETc measurements and weather data. The estimated values of Kc for maize by the Penman-Monteith method at the four crop growth stages; namely, initial, crop development, mid-season and maturity, were 0.55, 1.00, 1.23 and 0.64, respectively, and the corresponding values for berseem were 0.76, 0.82, 1.11 and 1.24, respectively. In the case of these two crops, actual Kc values determined from this study are different from those suggested by the FAO (Allen et al. 1998), indicating the need for generating these values at the local/ regional level. 相似文献
4.
Water use of Thompson Seedless grapevines was measured with a large weighing lysimeter from 4 to 7 years after planting (1990-1993). Above-ground drip-irrigation was used to water the vines. Vines growing within the lysimeter were pruned to four and six fruiting canes for the 1990 and 1991 growing seasons, respectively, and eight fruiting canes in the last 2 years. Maximum leaf area per vine at mid-season ranged from 23 to 27 m2 across all years. Reference crop evapotranspiration (ETo) averaged 1,173 mm between budbreak and the end of October each year, with a maximum daily amount of approximately 7 mm each year. Maximum daily vine water use (ETc) was 6.1, 6.4, 6.0, and 6.7 mm (based upon a land area per vine of 7.55 m2) for 1990, 1991, 1992, and 1993, respectively. Seasonal ETc was 718 mm in 1990 and ranged from 811 to 865 mm for the remaining 3 years of the study. The differences in water use among years were probably due to the development of the vine's canopy (leaf area), since they were pruned to differing numbers of fruiting canes. These differences were more pronounced early in the season. Soil water content (SWC) within the lysimeter decreased early in the growing season, prior to the initiation of the first irrigation. Once irrigations commenced, SWC increased and then leveled off for the remainder of the season. The maximum crop coefficient (Kc) calculated during the first year (1990) was 0.87. The maximum Kc in 1991, 1992, and 1993 was 1.08, 0.98, and1.08, respectively. The maximum Kc in 1991 and 1993 occurred during the month of September, while that in 1992 was recorded during the month of July. The seasonal Kc followed a pattern similar to that of grapevine leaf area development each year. The Kc was also a linear function of leaf area per vine using data from all four growing seasons. The decrease in Kc late in the 1991, 1992, and 1993 growing seasons, generally starting in September, varied considerably among the years. This may have been associated with the fact that leafhoppers (Erythroneura elegantula Osborn and E. variabilis Beamer) were not chemically controlled in the vineyard beginning in 1991. 相似文献
5.
Irrigation water is a limited resource, and therefore irrigation practices must be rationalized for high water-use efficiency. Little is known about the influence of stored water in deep soils on the water needs and the post-sowing irrigation requirements of crops. A 3-year field experiment was conducted to determine the effects of combinations of light and heavy pre-sowing irrigations with two post-sowing irrigation regimes on yield, root growth, water use and water-use efficiency of wheat on a deep alluvial sandy loam soil. Post-sowing treatments consisted of (i) five 75-mm irrigations at five growth stages, and (ii) irrigations based on pan evaporation, i.e. at IW/PAN-E ratio of 0.75 (75 mm of irrigation water were provided as soon as the open-pan evaporation minus rainfall since previous irrigation was 100 mm).The latter regime required 175 mm less water than that with irrigation at growth stages. Profile water utilization was inversely related to post-sowing irrigation water. Where pre-sowing irrigation was light, post-sowing irrigations based on pan evaporation yielded significantly less than those based on growth stages. With heavy pre-sowing irrigation, irrigation based on the pan evaporation yielded as much as five irrigations at growth stages. The former decreased the mean water application by 153 mm and increased the water-use efficiency by 26%. Irrigation based on pan evaporation stimulated greater utilization of stored water by increasing the rooting density in deeper layers.It is indicated that for higher water-use efficiency and yield, wheat should be sown after a heavy pre-sowing irrigation, and post-sowing irrigation should be based on 0.75 pan evaporation. 相似文献
6.
In some situations, potential water savings or relatively steep slopes make furrow irrigation a useful management practice for rice (Oryza sativa L.). Furrow-irrigated and flooded rice were compared in a field study conducted during three growing seasons: 1990, 1991, and 1992, at the University of Arkansas Northeast Research and Extension Center, Keiser, Ark., USA on a Sharkey silty clay soil. Excessive levee seepage greatly affected the water-use data for flooded rice production; however, there appeared to be potential for water savings on the Sharkey soil with furrow irrigation. Yields for flooded production consistently exceeded those for furrow-irrigated, with 3-year averages of 7.04, 6.02, and 5.88 Mg ha-1 for flooded and two furrow-irrigated treatments, respectively. The yield difference appeared due to greater individual grain weight for the flooded treatment. Attempts to compensate for the yield reduction through additional nitrogen applications were unsuccessful. These results are consistent with findings of reduced rice grain yield associated with sprinkler irrigation. Furrow irrigation at an estimated 19 mm soil water deficit had a 3-year average of 11 kg ha-1 of rice produced per mm of irrigation water applied. 相似文献
7.
The growth and herbage and oil production of East Indian lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus) in response to different levels of irrigation water (IW) [0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9, 1.1, 1.3 and 1.5 times cumulative pan
evaporation (CPE)] were evaluated on deep sandy soils at the research farm of the Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic
Plants, Lucknow, from 1991 to 1993. In general, an increment in the level of irrigation increased the plant height up to 0.7
IW:CPE ratio. The response of irrigation levels on tiller production of lemongrass differed with the season of harvest. Maximum
tillers/clump during the 2nd, 3rd, 6th and 7th harvests were in response to irrigation levels 0.9, 0.5, 0.7 and 0.7 IW:CPE
ratio, respectively. Oil content had an inverse relationship with the levels of irrigation, specially during the 1st, 2nd,
5th and 6th harvests. Significantly higher herb and essential oil yields were recorded at 0.7 IW:CPE ratio, irrespective of
season of harvest. The maximum total herb (22.79 t/ha in first year and 33.11 t/ha in second year) and oil (146.2 l/ha in
the first year and 205.3 l/ha in the second year) yields were recorded at 0.7 IW:CPE ratio. The quality of oil with respect
to the major chemical constituents (Citral-a, Citral-b and geraniol) was not changed. At the optimum level of irrigation (0.7
IW:CPE ratio) the water used by lemongrass was 118.2 cm for first year and 123.8 cm for the second year. Water-use efficiency
was found to be higher (1.66 l oil/ha-cm) in the second year than the first year (1.23 l oil/ha-cm). For optimum yield potential
of lemongrass on deep sandy soils of sub-tropical climate, the crop received 17 irrigations in the first year and 14 irrigations
in the second year of harvests. Irrigations were made during the dry winter and summer months.
Received: 15 April 1999 相似文献
8.
Comparison of water status indicators for young peach trees 总被引：12，自引：1，他引：12
We measured a series of physiological and physical indicators and compared them to xylem sap flow, to identify the most sensitive and reliable plant water status indicator. In the growing season of 1998, 4-year-old peach trees (Prunus persica Batsch cv. 'Suncrest', grafted on 'GF 677' rootstock) were studied under two irrigation treatments, 25 l dayу and no irrigation, and during recovery. Trials were conducted near Pisa (Italy) in a peach orchard situated on a medium clay loam soil and equipped with a drip-irrigation system (four 4 l hу drippers per tree). Measurements of leaf water potential (ƒW), stem water potential (ƒS), and leaf temperature (Tl) were taken over 5 days (from dawn to sunset) and analyzed in conjunction with climatic data, sap flow (SF), trunk diameter fluctuation (TDF) and soil water content (SWC). Physiological indicators showed substantial differences in sensitivity. The first indication of changes in water status was the decrease of stem radial growth. TDF and SF revealed significant differences between the two irrigation treatments even in the absence of differences in pre-dawn leaf water potential (pdƒW), up until now widely accepted as the benchmark of water status indicators. Irrigated trees showed a typical trend in SF rate during the day, while in non-irrigated plants the maximum peak of transpiration was anticipated. Measurements of water potential showed ƒS to be a better indicator of tree water status than ƒW. Tl was found to have poor sensitivity. In conclusion, we found the sensitivity of the indicators from the most to the least was: TDF >SF rate >SF cumulated = pdƒW=ƒS>mdƒW>Tl. 相似文献
9.
Soil evaporation from drip-irrigated olive orchards 总被引：1，自引：3，他引：1
Santiago Bonachela Francisco Orgaz Francisco J. Villalobos Elías Fereres 《Irrigation Science》2001,20(2):65-71
Evaporation from the soil (Es) in the areas wetted by emitters under drip irrigation was characterised in the semi-arid, Mediterranean climate of Córdoba (Spain). A sharp discontinuity in Es was observed at the boundary of the wet zone, with values decreasing sharply in the surrounding dry area. A single mean value of evaporation from the wet zone (Esw) was determined using microlysimeters. Evaporation from the wet zones of two drip-irrigated olive orchards was clearly higher than the corresponding values of Es calculated assuming complete and uniform soil wetting (Eso), demonstrating the occurrence of micro-scale advection in olive orchards under drip irrigation. Measurements over several days showed that the increase in evaporation due to microadvection was roughly constant regardless of location and of the fraction of incident radiation reaching the soil. Thus, daily evaporation from wet drip-irrigated soil areas (Esw) could be estimated as the sum of Eso and an additive microadvective term (TMA). To quantify the microadvective effects, we developed variable local advective conditions by locating a single emitter in the centre of a 1.5 ha bare plot which was subjected to drying cycles. Esw increased relative to Eso as the soil dried and advective heat transfer increased evaporation from the area wetted by the emitter. The microadvective effects on Es were quantified using a microadvective coefficient (Ksw), defined as the ratio between Esw and Eso. A model was then developed to calculate TMA for different environmental and orchard conditions. The model was validated by comparing measured Esw against simulated evaporation (Eso+TMA) for different soil positions and environmental conditions in two drip-irrigated olive orchards. The mean absolute error of the prediction was 0.53 mm day-1, which represents about a 7% error in evaporation. The model was used to evaluate the relative importance of seasonal Es losses during an irrigation season under Córdoba conditions. Evaporation from the emitter zones (Esw) represented a fraction of seasonal orchard evapotranspiration (ET), which ranged from 4% to 12% for a mature (36% ground cover) and from 18% to 43% of ET for a young orchard (5% ground cover), depending on the fraction of soil surface wetted by the emitters. Estimated potential water savings by shifting from surface to subsurface drip ranged from 18 to 58 mm in a mature orchard and from 28 to 93 mm in a young orchard, assuming daily drip applications and absence of rainfall during the irrigation season. 相似文献
10.
Field experiments were carried out over a 2-year period on a loamy soil plot under corn in Montpellier (south-east France). The effectiveness of improved irrigation practices in reducing the adverse impact of irrigation on the environment was assessed. Different irrigation and fertiliser treatments were applied to identify the best irrigation and fertilisation strategy for each technique (furrow and sprinkler) to ensure both good yields and lower NO3- leaching. No significant differences in corn yield and NO3- leaching were found for the climatic scenario of 1999 between sprinkler and furrow irrigation during the irrigation season. Following the rainy events occurring after plant maturity (and the irrigation season), differences in N leaching were observed between the treatments. The study shows that both the fertiliser method, consisting of applying a fertiliser just before ridging the furrows, and the two-dimensional (2D) infiltration process, greatly influence the N distribution in the soil. N distribution seems to have a beneficial impact on both yield and N leaching under heavy irrigation rates during the cropping season. But, under rainy events (particularly those occurring after harvesting), the N, stored in the upper part of the ridge and not previously taken up by plants, can be released into the deeper soil layers in a furrow-irrigated plot. In contrast, the 1D infiltration process occurring during sprinkler irrigation events affects the entire soil surface in the same way. As a result the same irrigation rate would probably increase N leaching under sprinkler irrigation to a greater extent than under furrow-irrigation during an irrigation period. In order to assess the robustness of these interpretations derived from soil N-profile analysis, a modelling approach was used to test the irrigation and fertilisation strategies under heavy irrigation rates such as those occurring at the downstream part of closed-end furrows. The RAIEOPT and STICS models were used to simulate water application depths, crop yield and NO3- leaching on three measurement sites located along the central furrow of each treatment. The use of a 2D water- and solute-transport model such as HYDRUS-2D enabled us to strengthen the conclusions derived from the observations made on the N distribution under a cross-section of furrow. This model helped to illustrate the risk of over-estimation of N leaching when using a simplified 1D solute-transport model such as STICS. 相似文献
11.
Water use of Thompson Seedless grapevines during the first 3 years of vineyard establishment was measured with a large weighing lysimeter near Fresno, California. Two grapevines were planted in a 2ǸǶ m deep lysimeter in 1987. The row and vine spacings in the 1.4-ha vineyard surrounding the lysimeter were approximately 3.51 and 2.15 m, respectively. Vines in the lysimeter were furrow-irrigated from planting until the first week of September in 1987. They were subsequently irrigated with subsurface drip-irrigation whenever they had used 2 mm of water, based upon the area of the lysimeter (equivalent to 8 liters per vine). The trellis system, installed the second year, consisted of a 2.13 m long stake, driven 0.45 m into the soil with a 0.6 m cross-arm placed at the top of the stake. Crop coefficients (Kc) were calculated using measured water losses from the lysimeter (ETc) and reference crop evapotranspiration (ETo) obtained from a CIMIS weather station located 2 km from the vineyard. Water use of the vines in 1987 from planting until September was approximately 300 mm, based on the area allotted per vine in the vineyard surrounding the lysimeter. Daily water use just subsequent to a furrow-irrigation event exceeded ETo (>6.8 mm dayу). Water use from budbreak until the end of October in 1988 and 1989 was 406 and 584 mm, respectively. The initiation of subsurface drip-irrigation on 23 May 1988 and 29 April 1989 doubled ETc measured prior to those dates. Estimates of a 'basal' Kc increased from 0.1 to 0.4 in 1987. The seasonal Kc in 1988 increased throughout the season and reached its peak (0.73) in October. The highest Kc value in 1989 occurred in July. It is suggested that the seasonal and year-to-year variation in the Kc was a result of the growth habit of the vines due to training during vineyard establishment. The results provide estimates of ETc and Kc for use in scheduling irrigations during vineyard establishment in the San Joaquin Valley of California and elsewhere with similar environmental conditions. 相似文献
12.
A field experiment was conducted to compute the water use and productivity of turmeric as a function of straw mulching and irrigation scheduling at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, during 2013 and 2014. The experiment was laid out in split plot design, keeping mulch levels (no mulch and straw mulch 6 t/ha) and irrigation methods (drip and check basin) in main plots and irrigation schedules at 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2 irrigation water/cumulative pan evaporation (IW/CPE) in subplots. Turmeric yield was 125.2 % higher with mulching than no mulch with 50 % saving in irrigation water. Drip irrigation resulted in significantly higher turmeric yield and benefit/cost (B/C) than check basin. Irrigation scheduling at 1.2 IW/CPE recorded significantly higher turmeric yield than other schedules. Drip irrigation at 0.8 IW/CPE resulted in statistically at par yield with check basin irrigation at 1.2 IW/CPE, thus saving 40 % irrigation water with significantly higher B/C. However, turmeric yield was at par between drip irrigation at 1.2 and 1.0 IW/CPE schedule, while a significant reduction in yield was recorded in check basin at 1.0 IW/CPE compared to 1.2 IW/CPE. Turmeric should be irrigated with drip at 1.0 and with check basin at 1.2 IW/CPE to realize potential yield. 相似文献
13.
《Agricultural Water Management》1997,34(2):149-160
For sustainable sunflower production in semi-arid sub-tropical regions, it is essential to increase its water use efficiency. Field studies were conducted for three years on deep alluvial loamy sand (Typic Ustipsamment) and sandy loam (Typic Ustochrept) soils at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India, to evaluate the interactive effects of three irrigation regimes (irrigation water to net open pan evaporation ratios, I1, I2, I3) on sunflower yield in relation to tillage (conventional tillage, CT, and deep-tillage, DT) and mulching (no mulch, M0, and residue mulch, M1).Both deep tillage and mulch significantly increased crop yield irrespective of soil type and year. Increase in mean achene yield across soils during three years with DT over CT varied between 10 and 16% and that with mulch over no mulch by 8 to 17%.Deep tillage and/or mulching helped the crop in efficient utilization of water by increasing leaf area index (LAI) and the depth and density of rooting. Irrigation and tillage interacted for their effects on yield on loamy sand, as the crop responded to higher level of irrigation with CT than with DT. On loamy sand, mean achene yield increased with increase in water supply up to IW/PE = 1.5 in a dry year and upto IW/PE = 1.2 in relatively wetter years. On sandy loam, mean yield response to irrigations was observed upto IW/PE = 1.0 in all the three years.Regression analysis of relative yield against water supply during the three years on both the soils, showed that for 80% relative yield the crop required 105 cm water in CTM0, 90 cm in CTM or DTM0 and only 80 cm in DTM. The study suggests that deep tillage or straw mulch may be used to achieve higher water use efficiency in sunflower on coarse textured soils in semi-arid, sub-tropical regions. 相似文献
14.
M. Rogers 《Irrigation Science》2001,20(2):55-64
The effect of irrigation with saline (0.1-7.6 dS m-1) water on the growth of six cultivars of lucerne was assessed over four irrigation seasons at Tatura, Victoria, Australia. Measurements made in the study included shoot dry matter production, shoot ion concentrations, flowering incidence, root distribution and soil salinity and sodicity levels. After four seasons, soil ECe levels had risen to 4.2 dS m-1 at the beginning of the irrigation season and this increased to around 6 dS m-1 at the end of the season for the highest salinity irrigation treatment (7.6 dS m-1). The soils in the two most saline irrigation treatments also became sodic (SAR1:5>3) by the third and fourth seasons. By the second season, cultivars differed significantly in salt tolerance as defined by the rate of decline in dry matter production. The cultivars CUF 101 and Validor were consistently the most salt-tolerant cultivars, although cv. Southern Special produced the greatest amount of dry matter over all salinity treatments. Root densities at depths from 0 to 60 cm were greater under saline (2.5 and 7.6 dS m-1) than under non-saline conditions (0.1 dS m-1). Flower production was increased by salinity. It was concluded that, despite the presence of intraspecific variation for salt tolerance, it is detrimental to irrigate lucerne with water at electrical conductivities greater than 2.5 dS m-1 on a red-brown earth in southern Australia. 相似文献
15.
Summary Development of a ploughpan has been reported in Bangladesh for almost all ploughed soils which are puddled for transplanted rice cultivation. Field information on the water requirement of dryland crops such as wheat and the effects of loosening the dense layer on crop yield and water use efficiency are very limited. Field experiments were, therefore, conducted in the grey floodplain soil of Sonatala series (Aeric Haplaquept) to study the irrigation and tillage effects on the yield and water relations of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Sonalika). The split plot design experiment comprised four irrigation treatments in the mainplots viz. W0 = no irrigation, W1 = irrigation of 5 cm at 4 weeks after planting, W2-W1 + irrigation(s) of 5 cm each at irrigation water to cummulative pan evaporation (IW/CPE) ratio of 0.75 and W3- W1 + irrigation(s) of 5 cm eacht at IW/CPE ratio of 0.50. The sub-plot tillage depth treatments were: A-7.5 cm (traditional), B-15 cm, C-22.5 cm, D-22.5 cm practised in alternate wheat seasons. Measurements were made of grain and straw yield, soil water depletion and water expense efficiency.Irrigation had no effect on grain or straw yield. Tillage to 15 cm increased wheat yield by about 15% over traditional depth to ploughing. In general, deep tillage coupled with one irrigation at four weeks after planting produced the largest wheat yield.Soil water depletion (SWD) in the 0–90 cm profile was greatest in the treatment receiving two irrigations, one at 4 weeks and again at IW/CPE ratio of 0.50. The average SWD in this treatment was 113 in 1982–83 and 82 mm in 1983–84. Plots receiving traditional tillage (7.5 cm) had the greatest SWD. Total water expense were the greatest in treatments receiving three irrigations. The maximum water expense efficiency (WEE) of wheat was observed in the non-irrigated plots in 1982–83 and 1983–84, respectively. Deep tillage treatments, in general, had significantly greater WEE than those under traditional ploughing. Intensive irrigation and efficient soil and water management are important factors in enhancing crop productivity. The former not only permits judicious water use but also better utilization of other production factors thereby leading to increased crop yield which, in turn, helps stabilize the farming economy. The best way to meet increasing demand for water is to adopt efficient water management practices to increase water use efficiency.Irrigation should aim at restoring the soil water in the root zone to a level at which the crop can fully meet its evapo-transpiration (ET) requirement. The amount of water to be applied at each irrigation and how often a soil should be irrigated depend, however, on several factors such as the degree of soil water deficit before irrigation, soil types, crops, and climatic conditions (Chaudhury and Gupta 1980).Knowledge of movement of water through the soil is imperative to efficient water management and utilization. The presence of a dense pan impedes water movement into the sub-soil. As a result, the top soil becomes saturated by irrigation and sensitive dryland crops can fail as this plough layer impedes the penetration of roots into deeper soil layers and decreases water extraction. Crops growing in these soils often undergo severe water stress within 5–8 days after rainfall or irrigation (Lowry et al. 1970). Due to decrease rates of water flow, the lower soil layer may remain unsaturated and as a result, the recharge and soil water storage in the profile are considerably decreased (Sur et al. 1981).In Bangladesh, ploughpans develop to varying degree in almost all ploughed soils (Brammer 1980). They are particularly marked in soils which are puddled for transplanted rice cultivation where the pan is usually only 8–10 cm below the soil surface and 3–5 cm thick. Its presence is generally regarded as advantageous for cultivation of transplanted rice in that it prevents excessive deep percolation losses of water. But in the same soil this cultivation for a subsequent dryland crop would adversely affect yield. A slight modification of the plough layer could enable good yields of both rice and a dryland crop to be obtained in the same soil in different seasons (Brammer 1980). The sub soils have a good bearing capacity, both when wet and dry and the pan can easily be reformed, if desired, for cultivating transplanted rice after a dryland crop like wheat.Professor of Soil Science, Dhaka University, Dhaka, Bangladesh 相似文献
16.
Improving irrigation efficiency is of primary importance in arid and semi-arid regions of the world as a consequence of increasing incidences of soil and water salinisation. In the cotton-growing regions of Australia salinisation is generally a result of inefficient irrigation practices, which lead to excessive deep drainage (DD). There is therefore the need to apply a relatively inexpensive approach to assessing where inefficiencies occur and make prediction of suitability of existing and new water storage sites. However, physical methods of measuring DD, such as flux meters and lysimeters, are time-consuming and site-specific. In this paper we apply a rapid method for determining the spatial distribution of soil in an irrigated cotton field in the lower Gwydir valley. First, ECa data (using EM38 and EM31) were used to determine a soil-sampling scheme for determining soil information such as clay content and exchangeable cations to a depth of 1.2 m. The soil data and water quality information were input into the SaLF (salt and leaching fraction) model to estimate DD rate (mm/year). In developing the relationship between ECa and estimated DD, three exponential models (two-, three- and four-parameter) were compared and evaluated using the Aikakie information criteria (AIC). The three-parameter exponential model was found to be best and was used for further analysis. Using the geostatistical approach of multiple indicator kriging (MIK), maps of conditional probability of DD exceeding a critical cut-off value (i.e. 50, 75, 100 mm) were produced for various rates of irrigation (I=300, 600, 1,200 and 1,500 mm/year). The areas of highest risk were consistent with where water-use efficiency was problematic and thus leading to the creation of perched water tables. The advantage of this approach is that it is quick and is applicable to situations where efficient use of water is required. The results can be used for irrigation planning, particularly in the location of large irrigation infrastructure such as water reservoirs. 相似文献
17.
The sensitivity of growth and yield of dwarf wheat to water stress at three growth stages 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
Summary Response of dwarf wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell) to three different levels of water stress at three growth stages — seeding to maximum tillering, maximum tillering to flowering and flowering to maturity, was studied under field conditions for two seasons. At each of these three stages, plants were subject to three ratios of irrigation water to cumulative pan evaporation (IW/CPE) –0.45, 0.60 and 0.75. During the remaining stages the plants were irrigated with an IW/CPE ratio of 0.9. Thus mild, moderate and severe stress treatments were compared with a no-stress control. At all stages moderate and severe water stress decreased plant height, leaf area, ear number, 1000-grain weight, grain yield and water-use efficiency. In stage 3 the effect of water stress on straw yield was not marked. Wheat was most sensitive to water stress during stage 1 when the reduction in grain yield was caused by a reduction in numbers of ears and grains per ear. In stage 2, grain yield reduction was due to fewer grains perear and a lower 1000-grain weight. On rewatering, mild stressed plants showed recovery of plant height, tiller number and in consequence, yield. Results indicate that under the conditions of this study the wheat crop should be irrigated at a IW/CPE ratio of 0.75 when water resources are limited. With an unlimited water supply the ratio may be increased to 1.2 in stage 2 to maximise the yield. 相似文献
18.
Summary Irrigation at 35 and 70 mm of pan evaporation applied during the pre and/or post early podfilling stages increased pod yield of Spanish peanuts (100 day maturity) three fold compared to a dryland crop. There was no difference in pod yield in crops receiving 12 compared to 6 irrigations. Soil water sampling immediately after irrigations on selected treatments revealed that infiltration of irrigation water was probably restricted to less than ca. 20 cm, a response which resulted in poor soil water replenishment and low irrigation efficiency (Fig. 3). Even though roots extracted soil water below the compaction layer which was at 20 cm severe crop water deficits had developed by the end of irrigation cycles during later but not early stages of growth. The dryland crop, which received no rainfall during the season, presumably extracted significant amounts of soil water at depths to and below 1.2 m (Fig. 3). Despite producing ca. 2.9 t ha-1 of total dry matter yield, pod yield was extremely low (0.5 t ha-1) arising from low pod numbers and high percentage of empty pods.This research was funded by the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR-Project 8419) in collaboration with the Agency for Agricultural Research and Development (AARD). 相似文献
19.
Plant indicators for scheduling irrigation of young olive trees 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：2
The sensitivity of several water status indicators was determined in irrigated young olive trees subjected to two drought periods at Cordoba, Spain. Trunk diameter fluctuations (TDF) were monitored continuously and stem water potential (N), leaf photosynthesis (Pn) and conductance (gl) were measured periodically on trees where irrigation was interrupted or which were fully irrigated. During the first period of water deprivation in late spring, only some of the TDF-derived parameters were able to detect significant differences caused by water deficits, while there were no differences in stem N, Pn and gl. All water stress indicators responded during the second drought period in midsummer. However, differences in maximum trunk diameter were detected several days before significant stem N differences of about 0.2 MPa were established between treatments. Stem N differences declined further to 0.6 MPa before differences in leaf Pn and gl became significant. Of all TDF-derived indices, trunk growth rate was the most sensitive to water deficits while treatment differences in maximum daily shrinkage were insignificant in the young trees. It is concluded that continuous monitoring of trunk diameter provides the most sensitive indicator for accurate, automated irrigation scheduling of young olive trees under intensive production. 相似文献
20.
Irrigation and tillage effects on root development,water use and yield of wheat on coarse textured soils 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Summary Rapid drying of surface layers of coarse-textured soils early in the growth season increases soil strength and restricts root growth. This constraint on root growth may be countered by deep tillage and/or early irrigation. We investigated tillage and irrigation effects on root growth, water use, dry matter and grain yield of wheat on loamy sand and sandy loam soils for three years. Treatments included all combinations of two tillage systems i) conventional tillage (CT) — stirring the soil to 10 cm depth, ii) deep tillage (DT) — subsoiling with a single-tine chisel down to 35–40 cm, 40 cm apart followed by CT; and four irrigation regimes, i) I0 — no post-seeding irrigation, ii) I1 — 50 mm irrigation 30 days after seeding (DAS), iii) I2 — 50 mm irrigation 30 DAS and subsequent irrigations of 75 mm each when net evaporation from USWB class A open pan (PAN-E) since previous irrigation accumulated to 82 mm, and iv) I3 — same as in I2 but irrigation applied when PAN-E accumulated to 62 mm. The crop of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. HD 2329) was fertilized with 20kg P, 10kg K and 5kg Zn ha–1 at seeding. The rate of nitrogen fertilization was 60 kg ha–1 in the unirrigated and 120 kg ha–1 in the irrigated treatments. Tillage decreased soil strength and so did the early post-seeding irrigation. Both deep tillage and early irrigation shortened the time needed for the root system to reach a specified depth. Subsequent wetting through rain/irrigation reduced the rate of root penetration down the profile and also negated deep tillage effects on rooting depth. However, tillage/irrigation increased root length density in the rooted profile even in a wet year. Better rooting resulted in greater profile water depletion, more favourable plant water status and higher dry matter and grain yields. In a dry year, the wheat in the DT plots used 46 mm more water, remained 3.3 °C cooler at grain-fill and yielded 68% more grain than in CT when unirrigated and grown in the loamy sand. Early irrigation also increased profile water depletion, more so in CT than DT. Averaged over three years, grain yield in DT was 12 and 9% higher than in CT on loamy sand and sandy loam, respectively. Benefits of DT decreased with increase in rainfall and irrigation. Irrigation significantly increased grain yield on both soils, but the response was greatly influenced by soil type, tillage system and year. The study shows that soil related constraints on root growth may be alleviated through deep tillage and/or early irrigation. 相似文献