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1.
Reasons for performing study: Osseous spurs on the dorsoproximal aspect of the third metatarsal bone (MtIII) are common, but their clinical significance is unknown. Objectives: To verify the sites of insertion of the dorsal metatarsal ligament and the tendons of tibialis cranialis and fibularis tertius in order to determine if periarticular osteophytes and entheseophytes could be differentiated radiologically; and to determine the frequency of occurrence of osseous spurs on the dorsoproximal aspect of MtIII. Hypotheses: The frequency of osseous spurs on the dorsoproximal aspect of MtIII would be higher in lame than in clinically normal horses and higher in horses with distal hock joint pain or proximal suspensory desmitis than in horses with other causes of hindlimb lameness. Methods: A retrospective study of data from the clinical work up and tarsal radiographs of 455 horses was performed. Horses were divided into: Group 1, clinically normal horses; Groups 2–5, according to the diagnosis of hindlimb lameness. Radiographs were examined for the presence of an osseous spur on the dorsoproximal aspect of MtIII; pathology of the distal tarsal joints was graded. The associations between the presence of a spur and lameness, diagnosis group and the grade of distal tarsal joint abnormalities were analysed statistically using Chi‐squared tests. Results: An osseous spur was present in 25% of horses; 13% of horses with bilateral radiographs had bilateral spurs. There was no significant difference in frequency of the presence of a spur between lame and nonlame horses, or between horses with other causes of hindlimb lameness and horses with proximal suspensory desmitis and/or distal tarsal joint pain. The presence of an osseous spur was significantly associated with the grade of radiological abnormality in the distal tarsal joints (tarsometatarsal joint P = 0.018: centrodistal joint P = 0.027). In many horses it was not possible to differentiate accurately between osteophytes and entheseophytes. Conclusions and potential relevance: The presence of an osseous spur on the dorsoproximal aspect of MtIII in the absence of other radiological abnormalities may be an incidental finding. Osseous spurs occur more frequently in hocks with radiological abnormalities in the distal tarsal joints and may be an indicator of distal tarsal joint osteoarthritis. The clinical significance must be established by intra‐articular analgesia.  相似文献   

2.
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: The tarsal joint is a frequent site of lameness, but little objective information is available regarding the effects of tarsal conformation on joint movements or forces. OBJECTIVE: To compare tarsal kinematics and kinetics in horses with large, intermediate and small tarsal angles. METHODS: Sagittal plane standing angle of the right tarsal joint was measured in 16 horses as they stood squarely with the hind hooves vertically beneath the hip joint. Tarsal angles were classified as small (< 155.5 degrees), intermediate (155.5-165.5 degrees) or large (> 165.5 degrees). Reflective markers, attached over the centres of joint rotation, were tracked during stance as the horses trotted across a force plate at a standardised speed. Joint angles and ground reaction forces were combined with morphometric data to calculate net joint moments and net joint powers across the tarsus using inverse dynamics. RESULTS: In all horses, the tarsus flexed during the impact phase and extended in late stance. Tarsal angles were stratified according to standing tarsal angle throughout stance. Horses with large standing angles showed less flexion and less energy absorption at the tarsus during the impact phase than those with intermediate or small angles and generated less vertical impulse than horses with small standing angles. Net extensor moment at the tarsus during stance was lower for horses with large standing angles. CONCLUSIONS: In horses with large tarsal angles, less concussion was absorbed during the impact phase, which may be a factor in the development of degenerative joint disease; and the smaller vertical impulse and extensor moment later in stance may limit propulsive ability. However, the smaller net joint moment may reduce the risk of plantar ligament desmitis. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The effects of conformation on kinematics and kinetics of the tarsal joint may influence both performance and soundness.  相似文献   

3.
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Osteoarthrosis (OA) in the distal tarsal joints, bone spavin, is a well known condition which is common in Icelandic horses age 6-12 years. OBJECTIVES: To determine the nature, location and age of appearance of early radiographic and histological changes in the centrodistal tarsal joint (CD) of young Icelandic horses. METHODS: Slab sections from the CD of young Icelandic horses were examined by high detail radiography (age 6 months to 6 years, n = 111) and histology (age 6 months to 4 years, n = 82) to detect and describe the early changes indicative of OA. Horses younger than 5 years were unridden. RESULTS: Chondronecrotic lesions histologically similar to those described in the early pathogenesis of OA were seen in 33% of the joints, located both medially and laterally. Radiographic sclerosis of the subchondral bone was recorded in 60% of the specimens, most often medially. Medial location was not associated with chondronecrosis, but was strongly related to age. Sclerosis was an infrequent finding on the lateral side, and was probably secondary to chondronecrosis in the corresponding part of the joint. Small defects in the subchondral bone were considered to be the most specific radiographic sign of OA as they were strongly associated with chondronecrosis. CONCLUSIONS: The high prevalence of chondronecrosis in the young horses indicates an early onset and slow progression of the disease. The early appearance also shows that the initiation of the disease is unrelated to the use of horses for riding. As clinical manifestation of OA in the distal tarsal joints is most often described in mature or old horses, the first stages of the disease are not likely to result in clinical signs. Subchondral bone sclerosis did not appear to be a primary factor in the development of OA in the CD but was considered to reflect an uneven distribution of biomechanical forces within the joint. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: The development of OA in the CD of young Icelandic horses seems to be due to poor conformation or joint architecture rather than trauma or overloading. These aetiological factors are likely to be of importance for OA in the distal tarsal joints in other breeds as well. The influence of hindlimb conformation and the architecture of the distal tarsal joints on the biomechanics of joints need to be investigated, preferably by locomotion analysis in young horses.  相似文献   

4.
Reasons for performing this study: Intra‐articular ethanol has been described to promote distal tarsal joint ankylosis. Its use and results in clinical cases affected by osteoarthritis (OA) have not been reported. Objectives: To describe and evaluate the results of treatment of distal tarsal joint OA by facilitated ankylosis stimulated by intra‐articular ethanol injection. Methods: Twenty‐four horses met the inclusion criteria of tarsometatarsal and centrodistal joint OA diagnosed by a positive response to intra‐articular analgesia, radiographic evaluation and recurrence of lameness ≤4 months after intra‐articular medication with a corticosteroid. Horses were sedated and, following a radiographic contrast study of the tarsometatarsal joint, medication with 2–4 ml of either 100% pure ethanol (G100) or a 70% ethanol (G70) solution was applied. Horses were classified as improved based on a 50% reduction from initial lameness grade combined with an increase in exercise level. Results: Of the 24 horses included in this study, 20 had the treatment performed bilaterally and 4 unilaterally. All horses were available for initial follow‐up examination and 21 for a second one 6–9 months after treatment. This represented a total of 44 treated limbs and 35 available for long‐term follow‐up. Of these, 21/35 (60%) were considered improved, which corresponds to 11/21 horses (52%). Of 21 horses, 4 (19%) deteriorated and 2 of these developed significant complications related to treatment. Conclusions: Distal tarsal joint ankylosis with ethanol should be considered a safe and economic treatment in cases of distal tarsal joint OA that fail to show long‐term improvement with intra‐articular corticosteroid treatment. Potential relevance: Ethanol should be considered in the treatment of certain cases of distal tarsal joint OA. The importance of performing an adequate radiographic contrast study of the tarsometatarsal joint prior to treatment is highlighted.  相似文献   

5.
AIM: To characterise the prevalence and distribution of radiographic changes in the hocks and stifles of Thoroughbred yearling colts and fillies in New Zealand and compare them with other populations of young horses. METHODS: Repository radiographs taken in New Zealand for the 2003-2006 Thoroughbred national yearling sales were evaluated by two individual readers. The distribution of radiographic changes was classified as left side only, right side only, or bilateral. Lesions were categorised by type, location, and sex of the yearling. Complete sets of hock and stifle radiographs of 1,505 yearlings were evaluated. RESULTS: Osteophytes or enthesophytes were seen radiographically in the distal tarsal joints of 460/1,505 (31%) horses. Osteochondrosis was seen in the tibiotarsal joint of 66/1,505 (4%) horses, and in the femoropatellar joint of 40/1,505 (3%) horses. Radiographic lucency in the distal or axial aspect of the medial femoral condyle was seen in 247/1,505 (16%) horses, and lucencies consistent with subchondral cyst-like lesions were seen in 26/1,505 (2%) horses. No significant difference was seen in the proportion of colts and fillies with radiographic changes in the hock or stifle. The prevalence of osteochondrosis and subchondral cyst-like lesions in the stifles of the yearlings examined were similar to those reported in Thoroughbred yearling sale horses in the United States of America (USA). The prevalence of changes in the distal tarsal joints was similar to those reported in Standardbred and Thoroughbred yearlings from Scandinavia and the USA. CONCLUSIONS: There was no significant difference in the prevalence of osteochondrosis in the hock and stifle, lucencies in the distal medial femoral condyle, or radiographic changes in the distal tarsal joints between colts and fillies. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Establishment of the normal prevalence and distribution of radiographic changes in the hocks and stifles of Thoroughbred yearlings in New Zealand will allow comparison with populations of young horses in other countries. Knowledge of the normal prevalence will assist veterinarians to identify abnormally high or low prevalences on individual farms, to further investigate the pathogenesis of the lesions.  相似文献   

6.
OBJECTIVE: To assess the long-term clinical outcome of horses with distal tarsal osteoarthritis (OA) in which a 3-drill-tract technique was used to induce arthrodesis of the affected joints, identify any preoperative or operative factors associated with outcome, and describe any complications associated with the technique. DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: 54 horses. PROCEDURE: Medical records were reviewed for information on signalment, use, history, physical and lameness examination findings, surgical technique, and postoperative care. Radiographs were examined, and severity of OA was graded. Follow-up information was obtained through telephone interviews with owners at least 13 months after the procedure. RESULTS: 32 (59%) horses had a successful outcome, 6 (11%) improved but were not sound after surgery, and 16 (30%) did not improve following surgery. Outcome was negatively associated with the previous use of intra-articular injections. Few postoperative complications were evident. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that distal tarsal OA in horses can be successfully treated by means of distal tarsal arthrodesis with a 3-drill-tract technique. Horses with advanced distal tarsal OA are likely to have poorer outcomes, and the procedure will likely be of minimal benefit in horses with concomitant causes of hind limb lameness prior to surgery and in horses with preexisting proximal intertarsal joint disease.  相似文献   

7.
The aim of this study was to compare the kinematic trot characteristics of three different breeds of horse: Andalusian (AN, n = 15), Arabian (AR, n = 7) and Anglo-Arabian (AA, n = 5) using standard computer-assisted videography (25 Hz). Linear, temporal and angular parameters in fore- and hind limbs were analysed in six randomly selected strides per horse. Normalised angle-time diagrams along the complete stride were obtained for all joints angles in each breed and specific kinematic characteristics were detected graphically. AA horses displayed longer swing durations in both limbs ans a shorter angular range of motion (ARM) in scapula and pelvis inclination and in shoulder, hip and forelimb retraction-protraction angles. At lift off, stifle and tarsal joint angles were more flexed. In general, only small differences were observed in AR horse kinematics when compared with the other 2 breeds. AN horses presented negative overtracking length, which was positive in AR and AA. In AN horses the elbow and carpal joints were more flexed at the moment of maximal elevation, elbow and fore-fetlock joints also exhibited a larger ARM due to a smaller angle at maximal flexion. In the hind limbs, tarsal, hind fetlock and retraction-protraction angles presented a larger ARM in AN horses due to greater maximal flexion in the tarsal and hind fetlock joints. Fore- and hind fetlocks were also more flexed in horses from this breed. In conclusion, differences between kinematic variables at the trot were observed in the three breeds studied here, mainly in forelimb joints. The most outstanding feature was the greater forelimb flexion recorded in AN horses than in the other breeds which is consistent with the elevated movements in this breed. In AA horses, the ARM of proximal joints involved in retraction protraction in both fore- and hind limbs was smaller. All the differences observed highlighted the idiosyncratic nature of the trot in each breed; this may influence the functional capacity of each breed.  相似文献   

8.
OBJECTIVE: To identify hind limb and pelvic kinematic variables that change in trotting horses after induced lameness of the distal intertarsal and tarsometatarsal joints and after subsequent intra-articular administration of anesthetic. ANIMALS: 8 clinically normal adult horses. PROCEDURE: Kinematic measurements were made before and after transient endotoxin-induced lameness of the distal intertarsal and tarsometatarsal joints and after intra-articular administration of anesthetic. Fourteen displacement and joint angle (metatarsophalangeal [fetlock] and tarsal joints) measurements were made on the right hind limb, sacrum, and the right and left tubera coxae. Kinematic measurements were compared by general linear models, using a repeated measures ANOVA. Post hoc multiple comparisons between treatments were evaluated with a Fisher least squared difference test at alpha = 0.05. RESULTS: After lameness induction, fetlock and tarsal joint extension during stance decreased, fetlock joint flexion and hoof height during swing increased, limb protraction decreased, and vertical excursion of the tubera coxae became more asymmetric. After intra-articular administration of anesthetic, limb protraction returned to the degree seen before lameness, and vertical excursion of the tubera coxae became more symmetric. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Increased length of hind limb protraction and symmetry of tubera coxae vertical excursion are sensitive indicators of improvement in tarsal joint lameness. When evaluating changes in tarsal joint lameness, evaluating the horse from the side (to assess limb protraction) is as important as evaluating from the rear (to assess pelvic symmetry).  相似文献   

9.
The objective was to study associations between kinematics and ground reaction forces in the hindlimb of walking horses. Video (60 Hz) and force (2000 Hz) data were gathered for 8 strides from each of 5 sound horses during the walk. Sagittal plane kinematics were measured concurrently with the vertical and longitudinal ground reaction forces. The hindlimb showed rapid loading and braking in the initial 10% stride. The stifle, tarsal and coffin joints flexed and the fetlock joint extended during this period of rapid loading. The vertical ground reaction force showed 2 peaks separated by a dip; this pattern was similar to the fetlock joint angle-time graph. Peaks in the longitudinal ground reaction force did not appear to correspond with kinematic events. Total braking impulse was equal to total propulsive impulse over the entire stride. Flexion and extension of the hip were responsible for protraction and retraction of the entire limb. Maximal protraction occurred shortly before the end of swing and maximal retraction occurred during breakover. During the middle part of stance the tarsal joint extended slowly, while the stifle began to flex when the limb was retracted beyond the midstance position at 28% stride. Flexion cycles of the stifle and tarsal joints were well coordinated during the swing phase to raise the distal limb as it was protracted. The results demonstrate a relationship between limb kinematics and vertical limb loading in the hindlimbs of sound horses. Future studies will elucidate the alterations in response to lameness.  相似文献   

10.
OBJECTIVE: To identify types of musculoskeletal problems associated with lameness or poor performance in horses used for barrel racing. DESIGN: Retrospective case series. ANIMALS: 118 horses. PROCEDURE: Medical records were reviewed for information on signalment, history, physical and lameness examination findings, diagnostic tests performed, diagnosis, and treatment. RESULTS: Most horses were examined because of lameness (n = 72 [61%]) rather than poor performance (46 [39%]), but owner complaint was not significantly associated with age or body weight of the horse. The most common performance change was refusal or failure to turn properly around the first barrel (19/46 [41%]). The right forelimb (n = 57 [48%]) was most commonly affected, followed by the left forelimb (51 [43%]), the left hind limb (31 [26%]), and the right hind limb (25 [21%]). In 31 horses (26%), both forelimbs were affected, and in 6 (5%), both hind limbs were affected. The most common musculoskeletal problems were forelimb foot pain only (n = 39 [33%]), osteoarthritis of the distal tarsal joints (17 [14%]), suspensory ligament desmitis (15 [13%]), forelimb foot pain with distal tarsal joint osteoarthritis (11 [9%]), and bruised feet (10 [8.5%]). In 81 (69%) horses, the affected joint was treated with intra-articular medications. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that in horses used for barrel racing that are examined because of lameness or poor performance, the forelimbs are more likely to be affected than the hind limbs, with forelimb foot pain and osteoarthritis of the distal tarsal joints being the most common underlying abnormalities.  相似文献   

11.
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Understanding of the development of pathology and source of pain in distal tarsal osteoarthritis is poorly understood. Magnetic resonance imaging is often used in the analysis of human osteoarthritis (OA) because it is sensitive to early changes. HYPOTHESIS: In association with distal tarsal joint (DTJ) pain, there will be an alteration in the characteristic subchondral bone (SCB) thickness pattern of horses with no history of pain when subjected to low-level exercise. METHODS: Sixteen cadaver tarsal joints were collected from 9 mature horses with a history of tarsal pain and radiographic evidence of OA; 3 cadaver tarsi were collected from 2 mature horses with a history of tarsal pain and no radiographic abnormality. Magnetic resonance images were acquired using high-resolution sagittal 3D T1 weighted spoiled gradient echo sequence. Subchondral bone thickness was measured on sagittal images at dorsal and plantar locations on the proximal and distal aspects of the central (CT) and third (T3) tarsal bones and proximal aspect of the third metatarsal bone (MT3). RESULTS: In tarsi with radiographic evidence of OA medial and lateral SCB thicknesses were greater than midline on the proximal and distal aspects of CT and T3. Lateral SCB thickness was greater than medial on the proximal aspect of MT3. There was an increase in SCB thickness at the majority of sites compared with normal horses. There were too few joints in the group without radiographic changes to analyse statistically. In painful tarsi SCB thickness was greater medially than laterally at all sites. In horses without tarsal pain all lateral sites had greater SCB thickness, except the proximal aspect of CT. CONCLUSIONS: There is alteration of normal SCB thickness patterns in painful tarsi. Different thickness patterns could represent different types of pathological processes. Potential clinical relevance: Further work is required to elucidate the pathological processes leading to OA of the DTJs.  相似文献   

12.
Distal tarsal pain is a common reason for hind limb lameness, but diagnosis cannot always be made on radiographic examination. Scintigraphy may allow detection of subtle changes undetected by other diagnostic methods. We hypothesized that (1) distal tarsal pain would be associated with a loss of the expected pattern of radiopharmaceutical uptake (RU) detected in normal horses, (2) distal tarsal RU would be greater in limbs with tarsal pain than without pain, (3) RU in painful tarsi with radiographic evidence of osteoarthritis (OA) would be greater than in distal tarsal pain with no radiographic evidence of OA. The study aimed to describe radiopharmaceutical distribution in the distal tarsal region of horses with distal tarsal pain, and to compare this with the contralateral limb and results from horses without tarsal pain. Retrospective evaluation of scintigraphic images of the distal tarsal region was performed for 52 horses with distal tarsal pain: 15 with no radiographic evidence of OA (Group 1) and 37 with radiographic evidence (Group 2). The images were assessed using vertical and horizontal profile analysis across the distal tarsal region and regions of interest comparisons between the distal tarsal region and tibia within each horse (RU ratio). Painful limbs in unilaterally lame horses from Groups 1 and 2 had a significantly greater RU ratio than the respective contralateral limbs, and were significantly greater than the RU ratio in normal horses. On plantar images, mean region of interest counts were greater in the lame than the contralateral limb in Group 2 but not in Group 1. Although there was a positive correlation between lame and contralateral limb RU ratio in group 1, this was lost in group 2 horses. In lame limbs, the normal vertical activity profile was lost in 85% of group 1 and all of group 2, and the normal horizontal activity profile was lost in all of group 1 and 96% of group 2. There was a significant effect of lameness, but not of group on sites of peak activity on all profiles. The results of this study indicate that distal tarsal pain is associated with loss of the expected pattern of RU detected in normal horses. The findings also suggest that distal tarsal RU in lame limbs is greater than in limbs without pain, and that painful limbs with radiographic evidence of OA have a greater RU than painful limbs without radiographic evidence of OA.  相似文献   

13.
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Techniques for 3D analysis have recently been developed. This study applied 3D kinematic analysis to describe the effects of lameness in the distal intertarsal (DIT) and tarsometatarsal (TMT) joints; complex joints such as this may show measurable amounts of movement outside the sagittal plane that may change in response to pathological conditions. HYPOTHESIS: Three-dimensional motions of the tarsal joint change after the induction of synovitis at the DIT and TMT joints. METHODS: Twelve retroreflective markers, attached on the skin over the right limb, were used to develop 3D coordinate systems for tibial and metatarsal segments. Data were collected at trot from 4 horses on 2 occasions, before (sound condition) and after (lame condition) induction of synovitis of the DIT and TMT joints. Ranges of 3D motions of the metatarsal segment relative to the tibial segment were compared between sound and lame conditions using t tests. RESULTS: There were significant decreases (P<0.05) in tarsal joint flexion and cranial translation of the metatarsus relative to the tibia during stance, and in proximal translation of the metatarsus during swing. CONCLUSIONS AND POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: In the lame condition, reduced cranial translation at the DIT and TMT joints may lead to a reduction in the motion of the articular cartilage surfaces relative to each other, which may have adverse effects on cartilage nutrition and function. Further studies of tarsal 3D kinematics in horses with bone spavin could allow quantification of the biomechanical effects of the special shoes used for conservative treatment.  相似文献   

14.
The case histories and follow-up data for 11 horses with slab fractures of the central or 3rd tarsal bones were examined for information pertaining to the diagnosis, which was difficult to identify, treatment, which was proven ineffective, and the prognosis, which was shown to be poor for return to racing. The purpose of the study was to define the results that could be obtained by nonoperative methods, in an attempt to determine whether surgical treatment was advisable. Nine of the horses were Standardbreds and 2 were Thoroughbreds; all horses were 2 to 4 years old and were being exercised at race speed when the injury occurred. The diagnosis usually was made at the referral examination, some time after injury. Distention of the tibiotarsal joint usually developed following fracture of the central tarsal bone. In some fractures, local anesthetic injection or multiple radiographic views were required for diagnosis. Not all fracture planes were demonstrable radiographically. Prolonged rest was ineffective in restoring athletic soundness. Lag screw fixation was used in 1 horse, the only horse in the series that raced successfully after injury.  相似文献   

15.
History, physical examination, and bone scintigraphy were used to diagnose central and/or third tarsal bone trauma in 3 acutely lame horses. In all 3 cases, the results of initial radiographic examination were negative. Bone scintigraphy revealed focal, intense radioisotope uptake at the level of the distal tarsal bones in the 3 horses. Radiographs obtained 4 weeks after injury in one horse demonstrated a slab fracture of the central tarsal bone. Conservative management of the tarsal bone disease resulted in acceptable return to function in all 3 horses.  相似文献   

16.
The prevalence of degenerative joint disease (DJD) in the distal tarsal joints and the relation between radiographic and clinical signs compatible with the disease were estimated in a population of Icelandic horses used for riding. The material consisted of 614 horses age 6-12 years (mean age = 7.9 years). Radiographs with 3 projections of each tarsus were made and a clinical examination, including palpation of the medial aspect of the distal tarsus and motion evaluation of the hindlimbs before and after a flexion test of the tarsus, was performed. Radiographic signs of DJD in the distal tarsal joints were found in 30.3% of the horses and the prevalence was strongly correlated with age. Hindlimb lameness before and after flexion test and palpation abnormalities were significantly associated with the radiographic findings. The lameness was usually mild and, in most cases, detectable only after the flexion test. The prevalence of lameness was not significantly correlated with age. Lameness could not be predicted by details of the radiographic findings.  相似文献   

17.
Three horses and three ponies were treated for traumatic luxation of the proximal intertarsal or tarsometatarsal joint. In each case, there were fractures of one or more tarsal bones. Three of the animals had disruption of one of the collateral ligaments. Five animals were treated by closed reduction and external coaptation. One pony was treated by open curettage, a cancellous bone graft, and cast immobilization. No internal fixation was used in any of these animals. From this series of cases, it would appear that closed reduction and external coaption alone is adequate treatment for most cases of tarsal luxation.  相似文献   

18.
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are capable of degrading many components of the joint in the presence of insufficient antioxidant defences, and as a result have been implicated in the pathogenesis of joint disease in horses. However, to our knowledge, evidence of ROS occurring in diseased joints of horses has not been reported. The objective of this experiment was to compare differences in synovial fluid protein carbonyl content (as a marker of oxidative modification of synovial fluid proteins by ROS) and the antioxidant status of synovial fluid between clinically normal and diseased equine joints. Synovial fluid was collected from the metacarpophalangeal, metatarsophalangeal, carpal and tarsal joints of 4 horses, age 2-5 years, as controls, and from diseased joints (metacarpophalangeal, metatarsophalangeal, carpal, tarsal and/or femoropatellar) of 61 horses, age 2-5 years. Synovial fluid protein carbonyl content was higher (P<0.01) in diseased joints as compared to controls. Antioxidant status of synovial fluid from diseased joints was higher, but not significantly, than that of controls (P = 0.0595). These findings require further study to determine their contribution to the overall disease process.  相似文献   

19.
Tarsal radiographs of 134 trotters were made prior to training. Radiographs were evaluated for changes commonly associated with spavin. Spavin, if present, was graded as mild, moderate, or severe. Sone of the 134 horses were radiographed annually for one, two, or three years. Radiographs of the 134 horses were compared with radiographs of 141 additional horses in which spavin had been diagnosed clinically. Only 66 of the 134 trotters (50.4%) had normal tarsal radiographs at the time of initial examination; the other 65 had some radiographic evidence of spavin. The incidence and severity of radiographic changes identified in a group of horses in which spavin was diagnosed clinically. Thus, the present results suggest that tarsal radiography is of little value in establishing the diagnosis and prognosis of spavin in trotters.  相似文献   

20.
Reasons for performing study: To describe the presentation, clinical, ultrasonographic and endoscopic features associated with a defect in the tarsal sheath wall, to define the cavity created and to describe a method of treatment. Hypothesis: So called ‘false thoroughpins’ can be caused by defects in the tarsal sheath wall creating a one way valve effect, removal of which could be therapeutic. Methods: Case records and diagnostic images of horses with synoviocoeles associated with the tarsal sheath were reviewed retrospectively and follow‐up information obtained. Results: Synoviocoeles were diagnosed in 15 horses. All were managed similarly and 10 horses had clinical resolution and returned to work. Conclusion: Terminology previously used to describe lesions involving the tarsal sheath does not define accurately the condition described and the term synoviocoele is recommended. Endoscopic enlargement of the sheath wall defect produced good clinical results in 10/15 horses. Potential relevance: Clinicians should include synoviocoele in the list of differential diagnoses of fluid filled cavities associated with the tarsal sheath and should consider endoscopic surgery as a treatment modality.  相似文献   

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