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1.
A study was conducted to determine the extent of resistance to malathion in field populations of insects collected from nine granaries located in different regions of Israel. The results showed that the maximum resistance factor calcuated from the LCso s of the different insect species tested was:Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), x 538.0;Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.), x 8.0;Sitophilus oryzae (L.), x 1.2; andRhyzopertha dominica (F.), x 9.0. There were significant differences between the resistance level among strains collected from different locations in Israel. By using triphenyl phosphate (TPP), an inhibitor of carboxyesterase, it was shown that, in the case ofT. castaneum andR. dominica, the resistance is a malathion-specific type and that in the case ofO. surinamensis it is partially non-specific to malathion. The significance of these findings in selecting new insecticides to replace malathion as a grain protectant was considered.  相似文献   

2.
The introduction of propylene glycol, DDVP and water inside perforated probe traps was evaluated on the basis of their effectiveness in trapping adults of six species of Coleoptera infesting stored cereals. Adults ofSitophilus oryzae, Tribolium castaneum, Cryptolestes ferrugineus, Tenebroides mauritanicus, Rhyzopertha dominica andOryzaephilus surinamen-sis were placed in plastic cylindrical bins each containing 14 kg of wheat. One probe trap was then introduced into each container and the adults trapped were counted 72 h later. Experiments were conducted at two population densities, of 30 adults (approx. one insect per 0.5 kg of wheat) and 90 adults (approx. three adults per 0.5 kg of wheat) of each species per container. The highest percentage of adults trapped was observed forC. ferrugineus andT. castaneum, and the lowest forR. dominica andS. oryzae. No significant differences in number of adults captured (% of the total number of adults) was noted between the two population density levels. At the lower density, the presence of killing agents in the traps did not increase the captures significantly; on the other hand, at the higher density, the killing agents helped to increase significantly the catches of 5.oryzae, T. castaneum, T. mauritanicus andO. surinamensis, as compared with the catches in the control traps. No significant differences were noted forC. ferrugineus andR. dominica.  相似文献   

3.
Consumption of pea (Pisum sativum L.) protein-treated wheat flour by the red flour beetleTribolium castaneum (Herbst.), the rice weevilSitophilus oryzae (L.) and the lesser grain borerRhyzopertha dominica (F.), was significantly reduced compared with wheat flour alone. Consumption was affected when the insects were exposed for 3 days to flour disks containing protein-rich fraction of the ‘Bonneville’ pea variety. Antifeedants present in the pea protein fraction are apparently responsible for the reduced feeding response in these species. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting May 6, 2004.  相似文献   

4.
BACKGROUND: The ethyl formate/carbon dioxide (CO2) formulation Vapormate? is a rapid‐acting fumigant being developed for the control of stored‐grain insects. The effects have been investigated of concentration, exposure times of 1, 3, 24 and 72 h and two grain temperatures, 15 and 25 °C, on its efficacy against mixed‐stage cultures of Sitophilus oryzae (L.) Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and strongly phosphine‐resistant Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) strain QRD569. RESULTS: High mortalities (≥92%) of mixed‐stage cultures of all three species were obtained when grain was fumigated with the formulation (193 g m?3 ethyl formate) for 1 h. Complete control of R. dominica QRD569 and T. castaneum was achieved with 63 and 76 g m?3 ethyl formate respectively, with exposure for 24 h, whereas mean mortality of S. oryzae was 86% under the same conditions. Mortalities of S. oryzae juvenile stages were significantly lower than adults under the conditions tested, which was due to pronounced tolerance of mid‐stage pupae to the fumigant. Reducing grain temperature from 25 to 15 °C had no effect on insect mortality. CONCLUSION: Ethyl formate/CO2 formulation is highly effective against stored‐grain insects over a range of concentrations and exposure times. Efficacious fumigations were conducted in as little as 1 h, and a strongly phosphine‐resistant R. dominica strain was readily controlled with the fumigant. Copyright © 2009 CSIRO, Australia. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd  相似文献   

5.
The toxicity of allyl alcohol as a fumigant was assessed for adults ofTribolium castaneum (Herbst.),Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) andSitophilus oryzae (L.). Fumigations were carried out in 3.4–1 glass containers at concentrations of 1–15 mg/l for 3 h. The most sensitive species wasS. oryzae and the most tolerant wasT. castaneum. A dose of 15 mg/l for 3 h was lethal to all three species tested. The feasibility of proposing allyl alcohol as a candidate fumigant is discussed. Publication of the Agricultural Research Organization.  相似文献   

6.
Five species of stored-product insects, [Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), T. confusum (DuVal), Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and S. granarius (L.)], exposed to phosphine in nitrogen and various oxygen-deficient atmospheres, showed reduced susceptibility to three concentrations of phosphine (0.02, 0.04 and 0.2 mg litre?1). The last two species also showed reduced susceptibility to phosphine at 2.0 mg litre?1. Generally mortality increased progressively as the level of oxygen was raised. There was a close relationship between the ability of insects to withstand anoxia and survival from phosphine treatment.  相似文献   

7.
The responses of five species of adult stored-product insects [Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), T. confusum (DuVal), Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and S. granarius (L.)] to various doses of phosphine in atmospheres of air or nitrogen were determined. A few S. oryzae and S. granarius survived phosphine concentrations up to 80 mg litre?1 for 24 h in normal (air) or nitrogen atmospheres. By contrast, T. castaneum, T. confusum and R. dominica could not tolerate more than 0.2 mg phosphine litre?1 in air for 12 h. However, they could tolerate up to 10 mg phosphine litre?1 in nitrogen for that period. Increasing the phosphine concentration resulted in increased mortalities of the last three species. The possible mechanism underlying this response is discussed. The reproductive potential of insects surviving phosphine exposure in a nitrogen atmosphere was unaffected.  相似文献   

8.
Studies were conducted in a flat storeroom in central Greece, filled with approx. 90 tons of wheat, in order to evaluate insect and mite species abundance, and changes in population density and distribution among sampling units and locations. The surface of the grain bulk was divided into two sampling zones: the central and the peripheral (edge). At 10-day intervals, five wheat samples were taken from the central zone and eight from the peripheral zone, with a non-partitioned grain trier (1.6-m length, 250-g capacity). Fifteen insect species and 12 mite taxa were found during the sampling period, (June 1999–Feb. 2000). The most abundant insect species wereSitophilus oryzae (L.),Cryptolestes ferrugineux (Stephens),Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) andLatheticus oryzae Waterhouse; the most abundant mite species wereAcarus siro L.,Lepidoglyphus destructor (Shrank), and the predatorsBlattisocius tarsalis (Berlese) andB. keegani Fox. Grain temperature decreased during the storage period, more slowly in the central than peripheral zone; grain moisture content increased. The highest population densities for both insects and mites were recorded during September and October. The most numerous species of insects and mites showed an aggregated spatial pattern, as indicated by Iwao’s Patchiness Regression.  相似文献   

9.
The bioactive metabolites of someAllium plants, all exhibiting interesting pharmacological activities, were tested for their attractive/repellent activity against saw-toothed grain beetle,Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.), rice weevil,Sitophilus oryzae (L.), and rust-red flour beetle,Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), insects infesting the stored-products. The data obtained showed significant repellent effect of the thiosulfinates againstS. oryzae.  相似文献   

10.
BACKGROUND: Methyl bromide is being phased out for use on stored commodities, as it is listed as an ozone‐depleting substance, and phosphine is the fumigant widely used on grains. However, phosphine resistance occurs worldwide, and phosphine fumigation requires a long exposure period and temperatures of > 15 °C. There is an urgent requirement for the development of a fumigant that kills insects quickly and for phosphine resistance management. This paper reports on a new fumigant formulation of 95% ethyl formate plus 5% methyl isothiocyanate as an alternative fumigant for stored grains. RESULTS: The formulation is stable for at least 4 months of storage at 45 °C. A laboratory bioassay with the formulation showed that it controlled all stages of Sitophilus oryzae (L.), Sitophilus granarius (L.), Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), Trogoderma variabile Ballion and Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius) in infested wheat, barley, oats and peas at 80 mg L?1 for 5 days, and in canola at both 40 mg L?1 for 5 days and 80 mg L?1 for 2 days at 25 ± 2 °C. After an 8–14 day holding period, residues of ethyl formate and methyl isothiocyanate in wheat, barley, peas and canola were below the experimental permit levels of 1.0 and 0.1 mg kg?1. However, fumigated oats needed an 18 day holding period. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that the ethyl formate plus methyl isothiocyanate formulation has potential as a fumigant for the control of stored‐grain insect pests in various commodities. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

11.
The bioactive metabolites of someAllium plants, all exhibiting interesting pharmacological activities, were tested for their attractive/repellent activity against saw-toothed grain beetle,Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.), rice weevil,Sitophilus oryzae (L.), and rust-red flour beetle,Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), insects infesting the stored-products. The data obtained showed significant repellent effect of the thiosulfinates againstS. oryzae. Part 6 in the series “Chemistry of the genus Allium”.  相似文献   

12.
Abstract: The susceptibility of eggs, pupae and adults of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and adults of Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), (both phosphine-resistant strains) to phosphine at fixed concentration-time (ct) products, with either constant or increasing or decreasing concentrations was studied at 25 (± 1)°C. At lower ct products, falling concentrations of phosphine generally caused reduced insect mortality in all the three exposure periods in the range 12 to 72 h. However, in R. dominica, both increasing and decreasing concentrations were less effective than constant concentrations. At higher ct products, no significant change in the mortality response was observed in either species after exposure to constant or changing concentrations. The findings indicate the need to maintain sufficiently high concentrations of phosphine until the end of the fumigation period.  相似文献   

13.
This paper deals with the Arthropods fauna collected by bait and pheromone traps and categorized during one-year study in a Central Italy feed-mill. A total of 17,919 Arthropods were collected: Arachnida, Isopoda and Insecta. In the Arachnida we found mites, pseudoscorpions and mostly spiders; while in the Isopoda the only species noted wasPorcellio scaber (Latreille); in the Insecta 9 orders and 33 determined species were associated with the feed-mill: Collembola, Thysanura, Dermaptera, Psocoptera, Rhynchota, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera and Hymenoptera. In the order Lepidoptera about 55% of the insects were collected. Eight species of stored product Lepidoptera were cuaght:Ephestia kuehniella. Zeller, was the most abundant and wide-spread in the feed-mill (with 8,230 males, 83.53% of Lepidoptera trapped) followed byPlodia interpunctella (Hübner), (1,415 males) andEphestia elutella, (Hübner), (161 males). Coleopterans made up 40.43% of the insects collected.Tribolium confusum J. Du Val, was the most abundant and widespread in the feed-mill (with 5,451 specimens, 75.23% of Coleoptera trapped); less abundant wereOryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) (752 specimens),Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (359 specimens),Attagenus brunneus Fald. (223 specimens),Stegobium paniceum (L.) (156 specimens) andSitophilus oryzae (L.) (118 specimens). Arthropods infestation level found during this survey were probably directly proportional to the amount of debris present in the departments. Because of these and other peculiarities, the feed-mill staff have to be continually alert to prevent, detect, and control pest problems within their work environment.  相似文献   

14.
BACKGROUND: Vapormate? is a cylinderised non‐flammable mixture of ethyl formate (16.7% by weight) and carbon dioxide (CO2) that has been developed as a rapid fumigant of stored grain. Four field trials were undertaken on wheat in 50 t farm silos to demonstrate the feasibility of dynamic application. To assess treatment efficacy, each trial tested mixed stages of Rhyzopertha dominica F. (>11 000), Tribolium castaneum (Herbst.) (>1500) and Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (>13 000) in mesh cages positioned through the centre of the grain bulk and on the grain surface. Ethyl formate and CO2 concentrations were measured in the silo during fumigation and in ambient air outside the 6 m fumigation zone. Application rates of 420, 660 and 940 g m?3 of ethyl formate/CO2 formulation and exposure times of 24, 3 and 72 h, respectively, were examined using wheat of 10.4–11.7% moisture content and grain temperatures between 2 and 32 °C. RESULTS: All life stages of R. dominica and T. castaneum were fully controlled under all conditions tested, and mortality of all life stages of S. oryzae was greater than 98%. CONCLUSION: Dynamic application of vaporised ethyl formate and CO2 to 50 t silos proved safe to operators and rapidly effective against stored‐grain insects on cold to warm grain. Copyright © 2009 CSIRO, Australia. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd  相似文献   

15.
Duplicate field trials were carried out on bulk wheat in commercial silos in Queensland and New South Wales. Laboratory bioassays on samples of treated grain at intervals over 9 months, using malathion-resistant strains of insects, established that treatments were generally effective. Fenitrothion (12 mg kg?1)+ (1R)-phenothrin (2 mg kg?1) was more effective than pirimiphos-methyl (6 mg kg?1) + carbaryl (10 mg kg?1) against Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and Ephestia cautella (Walker); the order of effectiveness was reversed for S. granarius (L.). Against Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), T. confusum Jackquelin du Val and Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.), both treatments effectively prevented the production of progeny. The order of persistence was pirimiphos-methyl> (1R)-phenothrin>carbaryl or fenitrothion. During processing from wheat to white bread, residues were reduced by 98% for carbaryl, >44% for (1R)-phenothrin, 98% for fenitrothion and 85% for pirimiphosmethyl.  相似文献   

16.
The relationship between different oxygen tensions and exposure times producing 95% mortality, and loss in weight of three stored-product insects at 54% R.H. and 26°C, was determined.Ephestia cautella (Wlk.) pupae andTribolium castaneum (Herbst) adults reacted in a similar pattern: the lower the oxygen concentration, the shorter the exposure time needed to produce 95% mortality, and the higher the rate of loss in weight. The response ofSitophilus oryzae (L.) adults was different: there was greater sensitivity at 1% oxygen than at the lower or higher levels of oxygen tested. A relationship was demonstrated between low oxygen tensions (0–5%) and the relative humidity of the environment for producing a lethal atmosphere forE. cautella pupae andT. castaneum adults.  相似文献   

17.
BACKGROUND: The worldwide need to produce an inexpensive and abundant food supply for a growing population is a great challenge that is further complicated by concerns about risks to environmental stability and human health triggered by the use of pesticides. The result is the ongoing development of alternative pest control strategies, and new, lower‐risk insecticidal molecules. Among the recent technological advances in agricultural science, nanotechnology shows considerable promise, although its development for use in crop protection is in its initial stages. RESULTS: This study reports for the first time the insecticidal effect of nanostructured alumina. Two species were used as model organisms, Sitophilus oryzae L. and Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), which are major insect pests in stored food supplies throughout the world. Both species experienced significant mortality after 3 days of continuous exposure to treated wheat. Nine days after treatment, the median lethal doses (LD50) observed ranged from 127 to 235 mg kg?1. CONCLUSION: Comparison of these results with recommended rates for commercial insecticidal dusts suggests that inorganic nanostructured alumina may provide a cheap and reliable alternative for control of insect pests. This study expands the frontiers for nanoparticle‐based technologies in pest management. Further research is needed to identify its mode of action and its non‐target toxicity, and to determine the potential of other nanostructured materials as pest control options for insects. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

18.
Duplicate experiments were carried out on bulk sorghum stored in South Queensland and in Central Queensland. Bioassays of treated grain, conducted during 6 months' storage, established that fenitrothion (12 mg kg?1)+ bioresmethrin (1 mg kg?1), and pirimiphos-methyl (4 mg kg?1)+ carbaryl (8 mg kg?1), controlled typical malathionresistant strains of Sitophilus oryzae (L.), Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), and Ephestia cautella (Walker). Chlorpyrifos-methyl (10 mg kg?1)+ pyrethrins (1.5 mg kg?1)+ piperonyl butoxide (12 mg kg?1), and fenitrothion (12 mg kg?1)+ (1R)-phenothrin (1 mg kg?1), also controlled the strains of S. oryzae, T. castaneum and E. cautella, but were only partly effective against R. dominica. Methacrifos (15 mg kg?1) controlled all the tested species except E. cautella. Chemical assays established that the residues and rates of breakdown of these grain protectants on sorghum conformed to the general pattern for other cereal grains; residues from the above treatments were below the individual Maximum Residue Limits recommended by the Codex Alimentarius Commission.  相似文献   

19.
In the trapping ofTribolium castaneum (Herbst), the activity of traps baited or not baited with aggregation pheromone 4,8-dimethyldecanal is influenced by the presence in the traps of accumulate specimens trapped. This fact has been observed both in trap containing alive or dead specimens. Interactions in the different substances produced by adults of Red Flour Beetle during their communication relationship are involved in this behaviour.The results obtained in the trials suggests that the presence of alive insects in traps is attractive for other free specimens, but under conditions of overcrowding quinone produced by them regulate population density by counteracting the effect of the aggregation pheromone, causing the insects to disperse or suppressing aggregation behaviour.  相似文献   

20.
The competitive abilities of eight winter crops were compared against Lolium rigidum Gaud, (annual ryegrass), an important weed of southern Australia, as a potential strategy to suppress weeds and reduce dependence on herbicides. Two cultivars of each species were chosen to represent the range of competitive ability within each crop and grown in field experiments in 1992 and 1993. The order of decreasing competitive ability (with the ranges of percentage yield reduction from L. rigidum at 300 plants m?2 in parenthesis) was as follows: oats (Avena sativa L.), 2–14%; cereal rye (Secale cereale L.), 14–20%; and triticale (×Triticosecale), 5–24%; followed by oilseed rape, (Brassica napus L.), 9–30%; spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), 22–40%; spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), 10–55%; and, lastly, field pea (Pisum sativum L.), 100%, and lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.), 100%. Differences in competitive ability of cultivars within each species were identified, but competition was strongly influenced by seasonal conditions. Competition for nutrients (N, P and K) and light was demonstrated. L. rigidum dry matter and seed production were negatively correlated with grain yield of the weedy crops. More competitive crops offer the potential to suppress grass weeds while maintaining acceptable grain yields. Ways of improving the competitive abilities of grain legume crops are discussed.  相似文献   

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