Over the years, a series of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) clones differing in O3 sensitivity have been identified from OTC studies. Three clones (216 and 271[(O3 tolerant] and 259 [O3 sensitive]) have been characterized for O3 sensitivity by growth and biomass responses, foliar symptoms, gas exchange, chlorophyll content, epicuticular wax characteristics, and antioxidant production. In this study we compared the responses of these same clones exposed to O3 under field conditions along a natural O3 gradient and in a Free-Air CO2 and O3 Enrichment (FACE) facility. In addition, we examined how elevated CO2 affected O3 symptom development. Visible O3 symptoms were consistently seen (5 out of 6 years) at two of the three sites along the O3 gradient and where daily one-hour maximum concentrations were in the range of 96 to 125 ppb. Clonal differences in O3 sensitivity were consistent with our OTC rankings. Elevated CO2 (200 ppm over ambient and applied during daylight hours during the growing season) reduced visible foliar symptoms for all three clones from 31 to 96% as determined by symptom development in elevated O3 versus elevated O3 + CO2 treatments. Degradation of the epicuticular wax surface of all three clones was found at the two elevated O3 gradient sites. This degradation was quantified by a coefficient of occlusion which was a measure of stomatal occlusion by epicuticular waxes. Statistically significant increases in stomatal occlusion compared to controls were found for all three clones and for all treatments including elevated CO2, elevated O3, and elevated CO2 + O3. Our results provide additional evidence that current ambient O3 levels in the Great Lakes region are causing adverse effects on trembling aspen. Whether or not elevated CO2 in the future will alleviate some of these adverse effects, as occurred with visible symptoms but not with epicuticular wax degradation, is unknown. 相似文献
Abstract A laboratory procedure evaluating chemicals influencing denitrification proved to be simple to perform, reproducible and offers a procedure for the rapid screening of a large number of chemicals. The procedure utilized a nutrient rich medium inoculated with soil and a single dual thermal conductivity detecter which allowed for the determination of O2, N2, CO2 and N2O in the same analytical sequence. The medium chosen allows for rapid rates of denitrification with the chemical's effects clearly delineated in a 5 min analysis with the thermal conductivity detecter after only 24 hr incubation. A high correlation between test chemicals suppressive to denitrification by the laboratory procedure and a long‐term greenhouse study was obtained. 相似文献
The present study deals with the effects of addition of sulfur along with other acidifying agents for their ability to lower and maintain the pH in a given range for a longer period of time. The chemicals were subjected to batch test individually and in combinations. Treatments were applied to three soils of different textures: sandy clay loam, clay loam, and silt loam. A 1:1 soil/water paste along with the added amendment was maintained at room temperature for 2 months. Most of the chemical treatments lowered the pH significantly. Combinations containing S/Al2(SO4)3/H2SO4, S/Al2(SO4)3/H2O2, and S/H2O2/H2SO4 were found to be very effective in lowering the pH. The soil pH remained acidic for 2 months, indicating the suitability of chemically amended soil for the plantations requiring acidic soil pH. 相似文献
Photocatalytic methods were applied to remove the recalcitrant or toxic pollutants from the water. The two models of wastewater containing either non-ionic surfactant Triton X-100 or commercially available wash-up liquid were tested in a self-constructed band reactor during the laboratory studies. The photocatalyst, being typed TiO2, was supported by porous Al2O3 and modified by the addition of Cu, Fe, Zn, Ni, Mo or Co. The photocatalysts were characterised by N2 adsorption?Cdesorption, XRF, XRD, SEM-EDX, Raman and UV?CVis spectroscopy. All catalysts were efficient in the photocatalytic oxidation of surfactants, and they enabled at least 85?% COD reduction. TiO2/Al2O3 photocatalysts modified by the transition metals were efficient only for more complicated compositions of surfactants. The effect of H2O2 (0.01?vol.%) addition was also examined and compared with a type of compound and catalyst used??in this case a positive effect for Triton X-100 was only observed over the photocatalyst modified by Ni. When it comes to the wash-up liquid photoremoval, all studied photocatalysts seem to be slightly influenced by H2O2 addition. It was also observed that it is not economically justified to conduct such treatment for more than 2?h. 相似文献
In order to prepare allophane and imogolite in the laboratory, solutions containing l–2× 10–3 M orthosilicic acid and 4–0.5 × 10–3 M A1C13 (SiO2/Al2O3 molar ratio; 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0) were heated at 95–100°C for 113 hours after addition of NaOH (NaOH/Al molar ratio; 1.0, 2.0, 2.8 and 3.0). Boehmite was found in the precipitates from all solutions with initial SiO2/Al2O3 ratios of 0.5. Imogolite was found with allophane II in the products from solutions with SiO2/Al2O3 ratios of 1.0 or greater and with NaOH/Al ratios of 2.8 or less (final pH 5.0), whereas allophane I was found in the precipitates from solutions with the same SiO2/Al2O3 ratios but with the NaOH/Al ratio of 3.0 (final pH = 5.0–6.3). The mode of formation, chemical composition, infrared spectra, electron micrographs, electron diffraction patterns and differential thermal analysis curves of synthetic imogolite and allophanes (I and II) were compared with those of their natural counterparts. 相似文献
The laboratory bench-scale experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of varying degrees of waste treatment and the flow conditions in the receiving waters on the deoxygenation rate constant (k), and ultimate biochemical oxygen demand (L), and the total O2 utilisation of the receiving waters. Industrial wastewaters were collected from 10 major industrial plants located along the Houston Ship Channel in Texas. Two different degrees of treatment for industrial wastewaters were studied. Three different flow conditions studied were the high, the average and the low flow in the Houston Ship Channel. The k values increased for both further treatment and decreased flow in the reactor runs. The L values were higher for the average flow conditions than for the low flow conditions. The total O2 utilization was found to increase with a decrease in the flow of the receiving waters. 相似文献
The wet scrubbing combined SOx/NO removal system is one ofthe advanced air pollution control devices. This study tries tounderstand the kinetics of the absorption in the system. The absorption of SO2 and simultaneous absorption of SO2 and NO, whose concentrations are typical for flue gases emittedfrom coal-fired power plants, in a stirred tank reactor with NaClO2/NaOH solutions were carried out at 50 °C.The liquid-side and gas-side mass transfer coefficients of the system were determined. The results indicate that the absorptionof SO2 is completely gas-film controlled if the NaOH concentration is greater than 0.1 M or the NaClO2 concentration is greater than 0.2 M. Adding SO2 would decrease the absorption rate of NO; however, the addition of NO has no effect on the absorption rate of SO2. The existence of O2 has no significant effect on the absorption rate of SO2 and NO in the combined SOx/NO removal tests. 相似文献
Borax slime is formed during the production of borax from tincal, which is an important borate ore. It is a liquid containing the suspanded solid particles at high levels and is formed under the rich-in-borax solution in the reactor. This waste is discharged into the Marmara Sea and so causes environmental problems in Band?rma Golf. In this work, Borax production is aimed from the slime containing B2O3 at important levels. As a result it was found that B2O3 can be recovered and therefore the B2O3 pollution can be prevented by removing it from the waste. 相似文献
Abstract A two‐step digestion procedure using HNO3 and H2O2/UV irradiation is described. The samples are predigested with HNO3, succeeded by digestion in H2O2 under UV irradiation. The maximum temperature is 150°C. The digestion is performed without sample transfer during oxidation. The analytical data obtained by the new digestion method do not deviate from those obtained by HClO4 digestion. The macronutrient elements including P were measured. 相似文献
Source-separated household organics were composted in a reactor at three oxygen levels, 16%, 2.5% and 1% in the compost gas. Short-chained fatty acids were initially present in the compost material, and were also produced during the mesophilic phase at all three oxygen levels. This indicated that partial anaerobic conditions existed. No NH3 emissions occurred during the mesophilic phase due to acidic conditions. Composting at 2.5% and 1% O2 concentrations prolonged the mesophilic phase and reduced the microbial activity as compared to 16% O2. This led to delayed and decreased emissions of NH3. Nitrous oxide was not formed during thermophilic conditions. Methane, which was measured at 2.5% and 1% O2, was only found during thermophilic conditions. The emission of methane indicates that anaerobic conditions occurred during the thermophilic phase. The main reactions regulating pH during composting were outlined involving the ion species VFA, NH4+/NH3 and CO2/HCO3?/CO32?. 相似文献
Ozonation is an efficient process for the primary degradation of most substrates but not for their mineralisation. In this work, the ozonation enhanced with the addition of H2O2 was studied for two substrates with very different oxidation resistances: the dye rhodamine 6G (R6G) and the surfactant linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS). With O3 only, the primary degradation of R6G was completed in less than 10 min but its TOC removal only reached 45% in 1 h. By adding H2O2, TOC removal was increased to 70% with a molar ratio (mol H2O2/mol substrate) of 10. The analysis of pH decrease served to define the specific basicity loss (SBL). The optimum conditions for the R6G mineralisation were found to be associated with a SBL value between 1 and 10 ((min/g)/L)?1, through an adequate addition of H2O2. Moreover, in the case of LAS, the addition of H2O2 for a greater efficiency should occur after the foaming period, above all formed at acid pH. LAS degradation was also considerably improved, and the optimum for primary degradation achieved in 10 min with a TOC removal of over 65% with a molar ratio (mol H2O2/mol substrate) of 20.
Abstract Trace gas research is often constrained by the number of samples to be analyzed. We report here, modifications to a commercially available headspace gas autosampler for sampling stored gas in blood collection vials (Vacutainer Brand). The sampler was modified to: a) accommodate a 0.5‐mL gastight syringe, b) accept 3‐mL Vacutainer vials, and c) ensure the syringe needle dislodged from the vial septum. Sample volumes using the modified sampler were consistent from vial to vial. For the determination of the nitrous oxide (N2O) concentration of a known reference, we found a coefficient of variation of 3% with the modified autosampler compared to 1% with manual injections. The modification of two autosamplers has permitted analysis of 90 sample vials per day for N2O, carbon dioxide (CO2), oxygen (O2), acetylene (C2H2), and nitrogen (N2) gases using one gas Chromatograph with two detector systems. As a consequence, we have increased sample numbers, reduced associated labour costs and maintained analysis quality. 相似文献
The aim of this study was to investigate the removal of both polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals from field-contaminated sediments by activated persulfate oxidation. Various chemicals, including hydroxypropyl-??-cyclodextrin (HPCD), S,S-ethylenediaminedisuccinic acid (EDDS), tetrasodium pyrophosphate (Na4P2O7), and hydrochloric acid (HCl), were applied individually before or after activated persulfate oxidation to enhance the co-removal of both types of pollutants. It was found that the organic removal efficiency was not significantly enhanced by increasing the concentration of HPCD from 2.5 to 5.0?mM. The removal efficiency of heavy metals was not improved even at an excess amount of EDDS after activated persulfate oxidation. However, the addition of EDDS acted as the Fe2+ carrier for activated persulfate oxidation. In addition, no significant enhancement of heavy metal removal was observed by increasing the concentrations of Na4P2O7 and HCl from 0.01 to 0.1?M after activated persulfate oxidation. However, comparing 0.1?M HCl with 0.1?M Na4P2O7, HCl was shown to be more effective in promoting the removal of organic pollutants. With further adjustments on the experimental conditions, the highest removal amount of metals and PAHs was achieved by adding 2?M of HCl with 3?days mixing, followed by Fe2+-activated persulfate oxidation (PS/Fe2+ molar ratio at 4:1) for further 6?h mixing. The removal efficiency of low and high molecular weight PAHs was about 70 and 20?%, respectively, while the removal efficiency of metals was 70, 100, 40, 65, 65, 80, and 100?% for Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn, respectively. 相似文献
Monomeric silica solutions were mixed with solutions containing AlCl3, or Al(OH)2-55Cl0-45 to give a SiO2/Al2O3, ratio varying from 8 to 8.0 and were kept at pH 6–0, 7.0, or 8.0 over a period of about I year. All precipitates which formed from solutions with SiO2/Al2O3 ratios of 1–0 or higher were X-ray amorphous. The SiO2/Al2O2, ratio of the precipitate varied in the range from 1.0 to 3.0. It increased with the Si concentration and the SiO2/Al2O3 ratio of the parent solution and with reaction time. The pH did not affect the SiO2/Al2O3 ratio of the precipitate but did affect its dispersion and flocculation. Al3+ and Al(OH)2.55+0.45 reacted differently with silica and yielded different reaction products. These differences were interpreted in terms of the stability of hydroxy-Al polymer units in the reaction. The amount of NaOH per Al atom which was required to reach and maintain the same pH, increased with the increasing SiO2/A12O ratio of the precipitate, but the value was generally lower than that predicted from ‘one in four’ substitution of Si by Al in four-fold co-ordination. A ‘neutralization’ of the positive charge on the hydroxy-Al cations by silica was pointed out also to be a cause of the extra acidity. Implications of these observations on synthetic amorphous aluminosilicates to the genesis, structure, and properties of their natural counterparts were discussed. 相似文献
Municipal wastewaters with industrial discharges typically contain heavy metals which may inhibit the biological processes in wastewater treatment plants. In this study, copper inhibition on strict nitrifiers in a suspended growth (SG) reactor and a combined attached and suspended growth (A&SG) reactor was compared. Both reactors were subjected to a continuous copper input of 5 mg/L. When the accumulated total copper concentration in the reactor were approximately 25 mg/L (due to sorption to the biomass), a sharp decrease in nitrification (increase in inhibition) were observed in the SG reactor while nitrification remained the same for the A&SG reactor indicating that attached growth systems were more robust against copper toxicity than suspended growth systems. Using MINTEQA2, the concentrations of various chemical species were estimated and, of the different species present, adsorbed copper in the biomass and aqueous Cu(NH3)4+2 were found to positively correlate with percent inhibition of nitrification. Based on the changes in the concentrations of the two species, Cu(NH3)4+2 was probably the main chemical species responsible for inhibition of nitrification. This study has implications for wastewater treatment plants treating wastewaters with high ammonia and copper present. 相似文献
Validation of a 2-domain-model for the simulation of solute transfer in soils by laboratory and field experiments The simulation of water and solute transfer in the unsaturated zone on the basis of the classical convective dispersive model gives dissatisfactory results in many cases. Especially in the zone of evapotranspiration the observed penetration depths of surface-applied chemicals often exceed calculated values. This has been attributed to preferential flow in domains with accelerated flow. The aim of the investigations presented here was to extend the conventional theory of solute transfer in order to enable improved model predictions without introducing too much complexity to the model which might reduce its applicability. The mobile-immobile-concept of Coats and Smith (1964) was chosen to extend the model FLOTRA (Wagner et al., 1992), which is based on the convective dispersive approach. The model parameters additionally needed by the model are the immobile water content θim and the solute transfer coefficient α. The applicability of the model was tested on the basis of several laboratory and field experiments. It is shown, that with the mobile-immobile-approach modeling results of water and solute transfer in the top soil layers, which are most important in view of soil and groundwater protection, were improved compared to the calculations with the classical convective dispersive model. 相似文献
We measured evapotranspiration in an eastern Siberian boreal forest, in which the understory was cowberry and the overstory was larch, during the entire growing seasons of 2005 and 2006. We compared evapotranspiration from the understory vegetation above the forest floor EU with evapotranspiration from the whole ecosystem above the overstory canopy EO. The EU/EO ratio had a seasonal trend with a flat-bottomed U-shape during the growing season (4 May–30 September). High-EU/EO ratios at the beginning and end of the growing season were observed because larch, one of the two sources of EO, was a deciduous tree, while the understory was the evergreen cowberry. The mean daily EU values during the foliated period of larch (1 June–31 August) were 0.8 and 0.9 mm day?1, or 51.4 and 51.8% of EO in 2005 and 2006, respectively. The understory vegetation was one of the most important components of the hydrologic cycle in this forest. A significant amount of EU was caused by plant physiological control, due to the aerodynamic conductance, which was much larger than the surface conductance, leading to a smaller decoupling coefficient. We found that 71% of EU was caused by the vapour pressure deficit above the forest floor. 相似文献
Summary We have developed a simple method for the determination of gaseous compounds that reflect microbial activity in soil, as affected by factors such as the presence of an organic amendment (peat) or a variation in soil moisture. The method is based on a gas chromatographic analysis of the headspace of vials containing the soil under examination. A single gas chromatograph can detect up to 10 different gases. As expected, after peat was added to the soil, CO2 evolution and O2 uptake increased significantly. Positive relationships were found between the evolution of N2O, and soil moisture and the amount of peat added to the soil. Both the these variables influenced the CO2:O2 ratio. The results given by this method show high reproducibility. 相似文献
