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1.
A survey of allergic dermatitis (sweet itch) in Sweden contained information on 441 Icelandic horses. Results of a questionnaire indicated that approximately 15 per cent of the country's Icelandic horses suffered from the disease. The prevalence of allergic dermatitis was significantly higher among horses imported from Iceland (26.2 per cent) compared to that of Swedish-born animals (6.7 per cent). In addition, horses born in Iceland were significantly more severely affected than horses born in Sweden. The risk of allergic dermatitis in Sweden appeared to be more than six times higher for horses exported from Iceland to Sweden relative to that of horses originally born in Sweden. The prevalence of disease for horses of seven years or older was 30 per cent for Icelandic-born individuals as compared to 7.3 per cent for horses born in Sweden. Similarly, the risk of allergic dermatitis in Sweden for horses of seven years or older appeared to be nearly 10 times higher for horses imported from Iceland relative to that of horses born in Sweden. Allergic dermatitis usually appeared during the third grazing season for imported horses and during the fourth season for horses born in Sweden. Furthermore, the course of the disease tended to become worse with time. Analysis of the prevalence of allergic dermatitis relative to gender revealed no significant differences. Certain geographical variations in the prevalence of the disease was also found.  相似文献   

2.
The prevalence of pastern dermatitis was investigated in 917 German Coldblood horses aged 2.5 to 26 years. Pastern dermatitis was prevalent in Black Forest Draught horses with 47.5% and in South German Draught horses with 58.5%. High prevalences were found in Mecklenburg (76.4%), Saxon-Thuringa (84.3%), Schleswig (86.0%), and Rhenisch German Coldblood (96.1%) horses. All four legs or both hind legs were affected most frequently. The most prevalent forms of pastern dermatitis were crusted and hyperkeratotic-hyperplastic. The occurrence of pastern dermatitis was dependent of age. The statistical analysis using a generalized linear model and a probit function showed the significant influence of the breed, age at examination, sex, position of the leg, interaction of breed by age at examination, and breed by position of the leg. So the analysis indicated that pastern dermatitis is a serious problem in all German Coldblood breeds investigated here.  相似文献   

3.
Forty horses having microfilariae of Onchocerca cervicalis in association with dermatitis, alopecia, and pruritus on the ventral midline were given a single IM injection of 0.2 mg of ivermectin/kg of body weight (June to August 1981). Microfilarial counts in the 40 horses ranged from 18 to 42,446 microfilariae/skin snip on the day of treatment, and histopathologic examination of these skin sections indicated a chronic eosinophilic dermatitis. Numerous microfilariae were in the dermis, but there was no consistent relationship between the presence of microfilariae and the severity of the inflammatory reaction. In all 40 horses, skin snips taken 4 to 33 days after treatment were negative for microfilariae, and a marked clinical improvement occurred 2 to 3 weeks after treatment, when the lesion was replaced by healthy skin and new hair. Twenty-four hours after treatment, an edematous reaction occurred on the lower portion of the abdomen of 4 (10%) horses and within the area of the lesion in 6 (15% horses). The reactions disappeared within 24 to 72 hours, irrespective of whether horses were treated with corticosteroids. When further skin samples were taken from 15 horses 4 to 9 months later, 9 of them were free of microfilariae and the 6 others had only low counts (17 to 97). An additional 7 infected horses, treated when there was little chance of reinfection (November to December 1981), were all free of microfilariae at 6 to 10 days and 4 to 5 months after treatment. The marked clinical improvement in all horses after disappearance of microfilariae from the dermis indicates that microfilariae are involved in the cause and pathogenesis of the dermatitis.  相似文献   

4.
Chorioptes bovis infestation is a common cause of pastern dermatitis in the horse, with a predilection in draft horses and other horses with thick hair ‘feathers’ on the distal limbs. The treatment of this superficial mite is challenging; treatment failure and relapse are common. Furthermore, C. bovis infestation may affect the progression of chronic pastern dermatitis (also known as chronic proliferative pastern dermatitis, chronic progressive lymphoedema and dermatitis verrucosa) in draft horses, manifesting with oedema, lichenification and excessive skin folds that can progress to verruciform lesions. An effective cure for C. bovis infestation would therefore be of great clinical value. In a prospective, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study, the efficacy of oral moxidectin (0.4 mg/kg body weight) given twice with a 3 week interval in combination with environmental treatment with 4‐chloro‐3‐methylphenol and propoxur was tested in 19 heavily feathered horses with clinical pastern dermatitis and C. bovis infestation. Follow‐up examinations over a period of 180 days revealed significantly more skin crusting in the placebo group than in the treatment group. However, no other differences in clinical signs or the numbers of mites detected were found between the two groups. The results of this study suggest that moxidectin in combination with environmental insecticide treatment as used in this study is ineffective in the treatment of C. bovis in feathered horses.  相似文献   

5.
Proximal open comminuted fractures of the fourth metatarsal bone (Mt IV) in eight horses were treated by complete removal of the affected bone and antimicrobial therapy. Two horses had concurrent septic arthritis of the tarsocrural or distal tarsal articulations, and five horses had radiographic evidence of osteomyelitis and sequestration of the affected bone. Five horses became athletically sound for their intended use, two horses with septic arthritis had residual lameness but were pasture sound, and one horse was lost to follow-up. Excision of the entire bone appears to be an acceptable treatment of open comminuted fractures of the proximal one-third of Mt IV that do not respond to more conservative modes of therapy.  相似文献   

6.
The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate six cases of equine sarcoidosis for initial presenting symptoms, response to therapy and actual outcome. Dermatologists and dermatopathologists from Europe, the United States, Australia and Canada were contacted to obtain these six cases, as this is a rare disease. Signalment, clinical signs, histological findings, clinical management and outcome were determined via a questionnaire and compared to former reports. There was no age or breed predilection, and four of six horses were geldings. Age of onset ranged from 3 months to 17 years. Onset of the disease was insidious or rapid. Interestingly, in five of six cases, scaling began on the trunk (girth and shoulder). Scaling, crusting and alopecia were seen in all six horses. In one horse, clinical signs of systemic disease were reported and included intermittent fever, prescapular lymphadenopathy, depression, poor body condition and nasal discharge. Treatment included phenylbutazone, deworming agents, antibiotics, short-term low-dose corticosteroids, and 1–1.5 mg/kg of prednisolone. One horse showed a partial response to trimethoprim and sulfonamide, and five of six went into clinical remission with corticosteroid treatment. Five of six horses were still alive 1 year after diagnosis; one horse was diagnosed <12 months ago. Two horses are in complete remission 4 and 8 years after diagnosis. In both horses, clinical signs recurred after cessation of therapy and went into remission again with reintroduction of treatment. Both of these horses have been in remission for several years without therapy.
Funding: Self-funded.  相似文献   

7.
Whole blood viscosity (WBV) was measured on six healthy horses and ten horses presented for colic surgery. A Wells-Brookfield cone-and-plate microviscometer at 6 rpm was used to determine WBV and WBV was adjusted for packed cell volume (PCV). The ten colic horses were divided into two groups: five horses that died or were euthanatized (group 1) and five horses that were discharged after surgery and medical therapy (group 2). The mean WBV for each group was compared using analysis of variance followed by Duncan multiple-range tests. Mean WBV of group 2 (5.81 +/- 1.48 centipoise [cp]) and normal horses (7.1 +/- 2.3 cp) was significantly (P less than 0.01) lower than group 1 (17.15 +/- 5.71 cp). This preliminary trial shows that horses that died or were euthanatized had a significantly higher WBV than horses surviving. Since viscosity was adjusted for PCV, the differences may represent changes in other factors such as fibrinogen, rouleaux formation, red blood cell deformability, PaO2, or intracellular calcium ion concentration. Thus, increases in WBV in horses with colic may indicate severely compromised regional perfusion that may lead to significant tissue damage. In this preliminary study, it appears that WBV may be a prognostic aid in horses with colic.  相似文献   

8.
Icelandic horses in Austria are commonly affected by an allergic inflammatory skin disease recurring during the summer seasons, which shares characteristic features with Culicoides hypersensitivity. However, the causative agents have not yet been identified. Therefore, intradermal skin testing (IDST) with a standardised extract of Culicoides variipennis and 21 other allergens relevant within Austria was performed in 81 Icelandic horses. All horses included into the study were treated regularly with ivermectin and had no history of administration of anti-inflammatory drugs. Forty-three of these horses were affected by summer seasonal recurrent dermatitis (SSRD). No history or signs of any other disease were evident in any horse. Pruritic dermatitis due to ectoparasites, bacteria and dermatophytes were ruled out by means of fungal culture, skin scraping and biopsy. Culicoides variipennis antigens evoked a positive cutaneous reaction in 1 of 38 normal and 3 of 43 SSRD horses at the proposed dilution of 1:50,000 or 1:25,000, and in 24 of 38 normal and 13 of 43 SSRD horses at a dilution of 1:10,000. Furthermore, no significant differences in onset or intensity of skin reactions to the 21 other allergens, including pollens, moulds, mites and insects, except deerfly and horsefly, were obvious between the 2 groups. Efficiency (percentage of correct results) for the used antigens in the skin test was 0.47-0.60. Maximal sensitivity was 0.51. Altogether, 38 of 43 SSRD horses and 28 of 38 normal horses were positive 4 h after allergen administration. The divergence between IDST results and manifestation of clinical signs found in this study underlines the difficulties associated with establishing a skin test protocol in horses within a geographic area. Whether the outcome of this study would have been influenced significantly by using Culicoides spp. present in Austria has to be clarified in future research.  相似文献   

9.
Atopic dermatitis (AD) and recurrent urticaria (RU) are common immune‐mediated conditions of horses and ponies associated with high morbidity. Effective pharmacological treatment options are limited but identification of the causal allergens allows avoidance strategies and immunotherapy regimens to be employed. Intradermal testing (IDT) is the most widely accepted means of identifying the relevant allergens but there are no published reports of this technique being used in the UK for the investigation of dermatological disease. This study presents the results of testing with a varied panel of allergens in 50 horses with dermatological disease living in the south of England. Intradermal testing was performed in horses presented to The Liphook Equine Hospital for further investigation of AD or RU between June 2002 and March 2009. Allergen selection was based upon availability, results of previous studies, pollen charts and the likelihood of allergens being prevalent in the stable or pasture environment in the south of England. Injection sites were evaluated at 1 h (immediate phase), 4 h (late phase) and 24 h (delayed phase) and skin responses compared to the response generated by the positive control (histamine) at 1 h. Total numbers of positive reactions and numbers of positive reactions to specific allergens were similar in horses with atopic dermatitis and those with urticaria (P = 0.39). There was a statistically significant difference in the number of reactions observed at different time points, with more positive reactions occurring at 1 h than 24 h (P<0.001), and at 4 h than 24 h (P<0.001). Reading the test at 24 h rarely provides additional information. Reaction patterns were similar to those of previous studies performed in other countries with large numbers of positive reactions reported to mites, dusts and insects. Positive reactions were also common to allergens not previously identified as irritants or common allergens in equids; nettle, daisy, dandelion, horse chestnut, cat, cattle, sheep and pigeon. These allergens may be important causes of allergic dermatitis in equids in the UK; however, further studies should be performed in both normal horses and horses with allergic dermatitis to investigate irritant thresholds and validate these findings. Intradermal testing may be shortened from the conventional 24 h to 4 h without significantly affecting the results of the test.  相似文献   

10.
The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate six cases of equine sarcoidosis for initial presenting symptoms, response to therapy and actual outcome. Dermatologists and dermatopathologists from Europe, the United States, Australia and Canada were contacted to obtain these six cases, as this is a rare disease. Signalment, clinical signs, histological findings, clinical management and outcome were determined via a questionnaire and compared to former reports. There was no age or breed predilection, and four of six horses were geldings. Age of onset ranged from 3 months to 17 years. Onset of the disease was insidious or rapid. Interestingly, in five of six cases, scaling began on the trunk (girth and shoulder). Scaling, crusting and alopecia were seen in all six horses. In one horse, clinical signs of systemic disease were reported and included intermittent fever, prescapular lymphadenopathy, depression, poor body condition and nasal discharge. Treatment included phenylbutazone, deworming agents, antibiotics, short‐term low‐dose corticosteroids, and 1–1.5 mg/kg of prednisolone. One horse showed a partial response to trimethoprim and sulfonamide, and five of six went into clinical remission with corticosteroid treatment. Five of six horses were still alive 1 year after diagnosis; one horse was diagnosed <12 months ago. Two horses are in complete remission 4 and 8 years after diagnosis. In both horses, clinical signs recurred after cessation of therapy and went into remission again with reintroduction of treatment. Both of these horses have been in remission for several years without therapy. Funding: Self‐funded.  相似文献   

11.
The medical records of 38 horses with puncture wounds of the navicular bursa were reviewed. Only 12 horses had a satisfactory outcome (breeding or riding). Of the remaining 26 horses, 19 were euthanized, five were sold due to persistent severe lameness, one died, and one was lost to long-term follow-up. Different combinations of conservative management prior to surgical debridement and drainage of the navicular bursa were unsuccessful in resolving the condition. Horses that were treated surgically within 1 week of the injury and had a hind leg affected had the best chance of a satisfactory outcome. Additional wound debridement was necessary in 15 horses after initial surgical treatment. The most common complications encountered were navicular bone osteomyelitis and sepsis of the deep digital flexor tendon. Thirteen of 14 horses that had rupture of the deep digital flexor tendon and subluxation of the distal interphalangeal joint had an unsatisfactory outcome. One mare subsequently developed ankylosis of the distal interphalangeal joint and was a useful brood mare. Two horses that had biaxial palmar digital neurectomy because of persistent lameness were later euthanized because of navicular bone fracture and rupture of the deep digital flexor tendon. Results from limited numbers of bacterial cultures and antibiotic sensitivities suggest that penicillin and an aminoglycoside antibiotic should be used as initial antibiotic therapy. Immediate surgical debridement and appropriate antibiotic treatment are recommended as the minimum therapy for penetrating wounds of the navicular bursa in horses.  相似文献   

12.
Dorsal frontal fractures of the first phalanx in nine horses are described. All fractures were in hindlimbs, and two horses were affected bilaterally. Of the eleven fractures, seven were incomplete and nondisplaced, one was complete and nondisplaced, and three were complete and displaced. Two horses with complete displaced fractures had their fractures repaired with lag screw fixation combined with open reduction, and the other seven horses were treated nonsurgically.
All horses were sound on the injured limb within 3 to 6 months of the injury. Lag screw fixation was recommended for horses with complete, displaced dorsal frontal fractures in order to reduce the articular defect and help prevent secondary joint changes. Nonsurgical therapy in the form of stall rest with a heavy support wrap resulted in bony healing of the fracture in 4 to 6 months.
Follow-up was obtained on all nine horses: two were retired for breeding; five performed equal to or better than their previous level of racing performance; one was performing successfully as a combined training horse; and one returned to a lower level of performance due to an unrelated forelimb lameness.  相似文献   

13.
Chronic pruritus is defined as prolonged itching symptoms associated with a variety of skin conditions. These pruritic conditions clinically manifest in a dermatitis phenotype and commonly are of allergic origin with hypersensitivities towards environmental allergens. Interleukin-31 (IL-31) is a common player in allergic pruritus across species. The objective of the study was evaluation of the clinical efficacy of a therapeutic vaccine targeting IL-31 in horses with chronic pruritus of unknown origin (CPUO) and that could not be explained by insect bite hypersensitivity (IBH). This consecutive case series pilot study included client-owned horses with a long history of CPUO. Four horses affected by year-round CPUO were vaccinated with a vaccine consisting of equine IL-31 (eIL-31) covalently coupled to a virus-like particle (VLP) derived from cucumber mosaic virus containing a tetanus toxoid universal T cell epitope (CuMVTT). Clinical signs and pruritic behaviour were documented by photography and owner questionnaire pre and post vaccination. In addition, in three CPUO horses, levels of IL-31, thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) were quantified from skin punch biopsies. IL-31, TSLP and MCP-1 levels were upregulated in pruritic, alopecic skin lesions compared to healthy skin of the same horse. Clinical signs and pruritic behaviour improved in all four horses upon vaccination with eIL-31-CuMVTT vaccine. The vaccine was well tolerated without safety concerns throughout the study. The main limitations of this study are the absence control treated horses and allergy diagnostics. It was concluded that Anti-IL-31 therapy might be applied as an allergen-independent treatment option for horses with CPUO overcoming the challenges of identifying the allergic trigger.  相似文献   

14.
Lateral or medial luxation of the metacarpophalangeal or metatarsophalangeal (fetlock) joint in 10 horses is presented. Closed and open fetlock luxation each occurred in five horses. Horses were treated by cast immobilisation after debridement of soft tissue and joint lavage in cases of open luxations. Suture apposition of a ruptured collateral ligament was attempted in three cases. Antibiotic therapy was used in all cases of open fetlock luxation but non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication was used inconsistently. Whether closed or open, fetlock luxations had a good prognosis for return to breeding status. After treatment, seven horses were used for breeding, one horse was ridden for nine years, one horse remained lame and was destroyed and one horse was lost to follow up.  相似文献   

15.
Sixteen horses with suspected paranasal sinus disease had endoscopic examination of the paranasal sinuses with a 4.0 mm arthroscope either while standing and sedated (14 horses) or under general anesthesia (two horses). Endoscopic diagnosis included sinusitis (four horses), sinus cyst (three horses), hemorrhage (three horses), neoplasia (three horses), and tooth root abnormalities (two horses). No abnormalities were detected in one horse. Endoscopic findings concurred with the radiographic findings in 13 horses (81%). Samples of sinus contents for bacteriologic (eight horses) and histologic examinations (five horses) were obtained using sinus endoscopy. Diagnostic sinus endoscopy was combined with debridement, lavage, and suction as a therapeutic technique in 10 horses. In three horses, sinus exploration was performed after diagnostic endoscopy confirmed sinus disease, whereas in three horses, further therapy was not recommended after sinus endoscopy. Clinical signs of sinus disease resolved in 11 horses (69%) overall and in eight of 10 horses (80%) with sinusitis, cyst formation, or hemorrhage using endoscopic techniques alone. Mild, local subcutaneous emphysema occurred at the portal sites in all horses, but healing occurred without additional complications, latrogenic damage to sinus structures occurred in one horse. Sinus endoscopy was useful in the diagnosis and management of paranasal sinus disease and avoided the need for exploratory sinusotomy in some horses.  相似文献   

16.
Twenty horses with mitral valve insufficiency, but without signs of congestive heart failure, and five horses without signs of heart disease were examined before and after medication with an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. The examination included echocardiography assessment as well as heart catheterization. The echocardiographic examination included B-mode, M-mode, conventional and colour Doppler techniques. For 8 weeks, all horses were treated with Accupro 20 (active substance: Quinapril) at an oral dose rate of 120 mg/horse/day. A follow-up of the horses with mitral valve insufficiency after 8 weeks revealed a statistically significant increase in the stroke volume and the cardiac output as well as a decrease in regurgitation velocity time integral (VTI). The regurgitation blood velocity remained the same. The severity of mitral valve insufficiencies revealed a moderate improvement in five horses, from moderate to mild, after therapy. Significant changes of cardiac dimension (B-mode) and shortening fraction (M-mode) before and after treatment could not be observed. The owners' judgement of the horses' performance was that of a minor improvement. In the horses without clinical findings the results of examination before and after treatment remained the same.  相似文献   

17.
The efficacy of a single dose of ivermectin (0.2 mg/kg), in injectable or paste formulations, against microfilariae of Onchocerca cervicalis and associated skin lesions was evaluated in 20 naturally infected horses during midsummer months in Louisiana. All horses had clinical signs of dermatitis of the ventral midline and/or limbs, shoulders, thorax, and withers. Efficacy was monitored at 21, 42, and 63 days after treatment. Procedures done at these intervals included microfilarial counts of 6-mm skin biopsy specimens of affected ventral midline, grading of gross lesions, and photography and histologic assessment of ventral midline biopsy specimens. Microfilarial numbers were reduced to 0 by 21 days after treatment in all but one horse. Active lesions improved or were resolved completely by 63 days after treatment. Total inflammation, as judged by histologic methods, was reduced in all horses by 63 days after treatment, but there was a residual population of inflammatory cells in all horses. Adverse reactions after treatment were not observed in any of the horses.  相似文献   

18.
Spirochetes were identified histologically in canker (proliferative pododermatitis) in 3 horses. The data suggest that spirochetes may contribute to the pathology of equine chronic foot diseases similar to the manner in which they contribute to the pathology of bovine papillomatous digital dermatitis and contagious ovine digital dermatitis.  相似文献   

19.
Six horses (five males) aged three months to fourteen years had endocarditis at necropsy. Two of the horses had a clinical diagnosis of valvular endocarditis with negative blood cultures. Single or complex valvular involvement was present in five horses. One horse had non-infectious thrombi associated only with the chordae tendineae. Mitral valves were affected in four horses, and aortic semilunar valves were affected in two. Infarcts had occurred in the kidneys and the myocardium of four horses. Bacteria were isolated postmortem from the valvular vegetations of two horses; Candida parapsilosis was isolated and demonstrated morphologically in a third horse.  相似文献   

20.
Summer seasonal recurrent dermatitis (SSRD) or "sweet itch" is a seasonally occurring allergic dermatitis of horses provoked by biting midges. The allergic skin reactions have been attributed to allergens present in various Culicoides species. C. imicola is the suspected etiological agent of SSRD in Israel. Whole body extracts of this midge induced hypersensitivity reactions upon injection into susceptible horses and in this study attempts were made to define components of C. imicola which have immunogenic and allergenic properties. Immunogenic potency was evaluated by raising antisera to whole body extracts of C. imicola in rabbits and examining their reactivity towards fractionated extracts. Allergenic potency was examined by reacting fractionated extracts with horse sera. Humoral reactivity of susceptible and non susceptible horses was assayed by specific IgE and IgG ELISAs. Although there are many antigenic components in whole body extracts of C.imicola capable of eliciting an immune response, no conclusive evidence was obtained indicating that allergic reactivity was associated with increased IgE levels of defined specificity.  相似文献   

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