共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Duncan J Seitz RJ Kolodny J Bor D Herzog H Ahmed A Newell FN Emslie H 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2000,289(5478):457-460
Universal positive correlations between different cognitive tests motivate the concept of "general intelligence" or Spearman's g. Here the neural basis for g is investigated by means of positron emission tomography. Spatial, verbal, and perceptuo-motor tasks with high-g involvement are compared with matched low-g control tasks. In contrast to the common view that g reflects a broad sample of major cognitive functions, high-g tasks do not show diffuse recruitment of multiple brain regions. Instead they are associated with selective recruitment of lateral frontal cortex in one or both hemispheres. Despite very different task content in the three high-g-low-g contrasts, lateral frontal recruitment is markedly similar in each case. Many previous experiments have shown these same frontal regions to be recruited by a broad range of different cognitive demands. The results suggest that "general intelligence" derives from a specific frontal system important in the control of diverse forms of behavior. 相似文献
2.
Couzin ID Ioannou CC Demirel G Gross T Torney CJ Hartnett A Conradt L Levin SA Leonard NE 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,334(6062):1578-1580
Conflicting interests among group members are common when making collective decisions, yet failure to achieve consensus can be costly. Under these circumstances individuals may be susceptible to manipulation by a strongly opinionated, or extremist, minority. It has previously been argued, for humans and animals, that social groups containing individuals who are uninformed, or exhibit weak preferences, are particularly vulnerable to such manipulative agents. Here, we use theory and experiment to demonstrate that, for a wide range of conditions, a strongly opinionated minority can dictate group choice, but the presence of uninformed individuals spontaneously inhibits this process, returning control to the numerical majority. Our results emphasize the role of uninformed individuals in achieving democratic consensus amid internal group conflict and informational constraints. 相似文献
3.
Familial mental retardation: a continuing dilemma 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
E Zigler 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1967,155(760):292-298
The heterogeneous nature of mental retardation, as well as certain common practices of workers in the area, has resulted in a variety of conceptual am biguities. Considerable order could be brought to the area if, instead of viewing all retardates as a homogeneous group arbitrarily defined by some I.Q. score, workers would clearly distinguish between the group of retardates known to suffer from some organic defect and the larger group of retardates referred to as familial retardates. It is the etiology of familial retardation that currently constitutes the greatest mystery. A number of authorities have emphasized the need for employing recent polygenic models of inheritance in an effort to understand the familial retardate. While appreciating the importance of environment in affecting the distribution determined by genetic inheritance, these workers have argued that familial retardates are not essentially different from individuals of greater intellect, but represent, rather, the lower portion of the intellectual curve which reflects normal intellectual variability. As emphasized by the two-group approach, retardates with known physiological or organic defect are viewed as presenting a quite different etiological problem. The familial retardate, on the other hand, is seen as a perfectly normal expression of the population gene pool, of slower and more limited intellectual development than the individual of average intellect. This view generates the proposition that retardates and normals at the same general cognitive level-that is, of the same mental age-are similar in respect to their cognitive functioning. However, such a proposition runs headlong into findings that retardates and normals of the same mental age often differ in performance. Such findings have bolstered what is currently the most popular theoretical approach to retarded functioning-namely, the view that all retardates suffer from some specific defect which inheres in mental retardation and thus makes the retardate immutably "different" from normals, even when the general level of intellectual development is controlled. While these defect or difference approaches, as exemplified in the work of Luria, Spitz, Ellis, and Lewin and Kounin, dominate the area of mental retardation, the indirect, and therefore equivocal, nature of the evidence of these workers has generated considerable controversy. In contrast to this approach, the general developmental position has emphasized systematic evaluation of the role of experiential, motivational, and personality factors. As a central thesis, this position asserts that performance on experimental and real-life tasks is never the single inexorable product of the retardate's cognitive structure but, rather, reflects a wide variety of relatively nonintellective factors which greatly influence the general adequacy of performance. Thus, many of the reported behavioral differences between normals and retardates of the same mental age are seen as products of motivational and experiential differences between these groups, rather than as the result of any inherent cognitive deficiency in the retardates. Factors thought to be of particular importance in the behavior of the retardate are social deprivation and the positive- and negative-reaction tendencies to which such deprivation gives rise; the high number of failure experiences and the particular approach to problem-solving which they generate; and atypical reinforcer hierarchies. There is little question that we are witnessing a productive, exciting, and perhaps inevitably chaotic period in the history of man's concern with the problem of mental retardation. Even the disagreements that presently exist must be considered rather healthy phenomena. These disagreements will unquestionably generate new knowledge which, in the hands of practitioners, may become the vehicle through which the performance of children, regardless of intellectual level, may be improved. 相似文献
4.
为研究农村集体经济组织在确立法人地位后的治理结构问题,提出农村集体经济组织治理结构将会朝着公司化的趋势发展。构造出我国农村集体经济组织依公司制探索治理结构的主要内容:其一是致力于以营利为目的;其二是把政府和农村集体经济组织走成两条路;其三是各地区应从决策、执行和监管3个方面创立出适合自己的治理模式。并提出与一般公司相比农村集体经济组织在治理上的特殊性。最后提出我国农村集体经济组织在探索治理结构时,应在一定期限内从物质上保障内部成员的社会利益,达到社会状态下的某种均衡。 相似文献
5.
集体林权制度改革像土地家庭承包经营一样,是农村系列改革的继续和深化,其意义是稳定和完善农村基本经营制度、促进农民就业增收和推进现代林业发展。但集体林权制度改革涉及面广、情况复杂、任务艰巨。笔者对广西宁明县集体林权制度改革的实际情况进行了调查,对其存在的问题进行了深入分析,并提出改革的对策和建议,以期促进边境地区集体林权制度改革的质量。 相似文献
6.
Herrmann E Call J Hernàndez-Lloreda MV Hare B Tomasello M 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,317(5843):1360-1366
Humans have many cognitive skills not possessed by their nearest primate relatives. The cultural intelligence hypothesis argues that this is mainly due to a species-specific set of social-cognitive skills, emerging early in ontogeny, for participating and exchanging knowledge in cultural groups. We tested this hypothesis by giving a comprehensive battery of cognitive tests to large numbers of two of humans' closest primate relatives, chimpanzees and orangutans, as well as to 2.5-year-old human children before literacy and schooling. Supporting the cultural intelligence hypothesis and contradicting the hypothesis that humans simply have more "general intelligence," we found that the children and chimpanzees had very similar cognitive skills for dealing with the physical world but that the children had more sophisticated cognitive skills than either of the ape species for dealing with the social world. 相似文献
7.
Persistent cultural systems 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
E H Spicer 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1971,174(11):795-800
I have indicated here some features of a kind of entity which I have called a cultural identity system, and I have focused on a variety of this general type-the persistent system. In general terms it is best described as a system of beliefs and sentiments concerning historical events. I suggest using the term "a people" for the human beings who, at any given time, hold beliefs of this kind. These are phenomena with which we have been long familiar, but they have not been systematically studied by any but a few investigators. I have emphasized that a persistent system is a cumulative cultural phenomenon, an open-ended system that defines a course of action for the people believing in it. Such peoples are able to maintain continuity in their experience and their conception of themselves in a wide variety of sociocultural environments. I hold that certain kinds of identifiable conditions give rise to this type of cultural system. These may best be summarized as an oppositional process involving the interactions of individuals in the environment of a state or a similar large-scale organization. The oppositional process frequently produces intense collective consciousness and a high degree of internal solidarity. This is accompanied by a motivation for individuals to continue the kind of experience that is "stored" in the identity system in symbolic form. The persistent identity system is more stable as a cultural structure than are large-scale political organizations. When large-scale states disintegrate, they often appear to decompose into cultural systems of the persistent type. Large-scale organizations also give rise to the kind of environment that can result in the formation of new persistent systems. It is possible that, while being formed, states depend for their impetus on the accumulated energy of persistent peoples. A proposition for consideration is that states tend to dissipate the energy of peoples after transforming that energy into state-level integrations, and then regularly break down in the absence of mechanisms for maintaining human motivations in the large-scale organizations that they generate. 相似文献
8.
金雄军 《江苏农林职业技术学院学报》2006,(1)
二十世纪八十年代,世界范围兴起了设计和研究人工智能计算机的热潮,人们期望用计算机代替人的思维活动和科学研究活动,解决人类各种疑难问题。目前研究工作面临困境,原因主要在于人们把人工智能计算机的研究目标提高到了让其代替人的智能活动这一目标上了。本文用自然辨证法的科学观点,对人工智能计算机研究工作进行了反思,对原有的人工智能计算机研究工作中提出的目标进行了批判分析,并从自身实践提出了以"决策支持系统"取代"人工智能专家系统"等人工智能计算机研究工作近期的新目标。 相似文献
9.
Terracciano A Abdel-Khalek AM Adám N Adamovová L Ahn CK Ahn HN Alansari BM Alcalay L Allik J Angleitner A Avia MD Ayearst LE Barbaranelli C Beer A Borg-Cunen MA Bratko D Brunner-Sciarra M Budzinski L Camart N Dahourou D De Fruyt F de Lima MP del Pilar GE Diener E Falzon R Fernando K Ficková E Fischer R Flores-Mendoza C Ghayur MA Gülgöz S Hagberg B Halberstadt J Halim MS Hrebícková M Humrichouse J Jensen HH Jocic DD Jónsson FH Khoury B Klinkosz W Knezević G Lauri MA Leibovich N Martin TA 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2005,310(5745):96-100
Most people hold beliefs about personality characteristics typical of members of their own and others' cultures. These perceptions of national character may be generalizations from personal experience, stereotypes with a "kernel of truth," or inaccurate stereotypes. We obtained national character ratings of 3989 people from 49 cultures and compared them with the average personality scores of culture members assessed by observer ratings and self-reports. National character ratings were reliable but did not converge with assessed traits. Perceptions of national character thus appear to be unfounded stereotypes that may serve the function of maintaining a national identity. 相似文献
10.
J P Guilford 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1968,160(828):615-620
In this limited space I have attempted to convey information regarding progress in discovering the nature of human intelligence. By intensive factor-analytic investigation, mostly within the past 20 years, the multifactor picture of intelligence has grown far beyond the expectations of those who have been most concerned. A comprehensive, systematic theoretical model known as the "structure of intellect" has been developed to put rationality into the picture. The model is a cubical affair, its three dimensions representing ways in which the abilities differ from one another. Represented are: five basic kinds of operation, four substantive kinds of information or "contents," and six formal kinds of information or "products," respectively. Each intellectual ability involves a unique conjunction of one kind of operation, one kind of content, and one kind of product, all abilities being relatively independent in a population, but with common joint involvement in intellectual activity. This taxonomic model has led to the discovery of many abilities not suspected before. Although the number of abilities is large, the 15 category constructs provide much parsimony. They also provide a systematic basis for viewing mental operations in general, thus suggesting new general psychological theory. The implications for future intelligence testing and for education are numerous. Assessment of intellectual qualities should go much beyond present standard intelligence tests, which seriously neglect important abilities that contribute to problem-solving and creative performance in general. Educational philosophy, curriculum-building, teaching procedures, and examination methods should all be improved by giving attention to the structure of intellect as the basic frame of reference. There is much basis for expecting that various intellectual abilities can be improved in individuals, and the procedures needed for doing this should be clear. 相似文献
11.
从“股份合作制土地流转模式”、农村集体、集体成员成员权等相关概念的法律界定出发,说明股份合作制土地流转下农村集体成员成员权保障的必要性。在成员资格界定方面,胎儿、外嫁女、入赘婿等部分成员权益得不到保障;在权益保护方面,成员的部分权益得不到保障,集体成员个人股权权能不完全,基于股权而产生权益不足、不均、不稳定、不及时;基于主客观两方面原因,成员在土地流转过程中的民主管理权被淡化甚至被剥夺,基本生活难以得到切实保障。提出应构建农村土地股份合作制经营的社会保障机制,一是将拥有土地并以土地入股股份合作社和未参与土地流转的成员都纳入保障对象;二是在土地流转环节,明确土地流转补偿标准、成立土地流转中介组织、发挥集体经济组织的作用;三是社会保障基金账户的资金由成员个人、土地使用方（股份合作企业）、政府共同缴纳;四是基金运作要注重保值增值及安全管理问题。 相似文献
12.
13.
为阐明Penac—T对母猪生产性能的影响，选择20头健康无疾病，胎次体况相近的繁殖母猪，随机分为试验组和对照组，进行了Penac—T对母猪生产性能影响的对比试验，结果表明：在产仔数、仔猪平均日增重、仔猪成活率和仔猪平均断奶个体重方面，试验组高于对照组，差异显著(P＜0．05)；试验组的仔猪平均初生重与对照组之间差异不显著(P＞0．05)。 相似文献
14.
《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1987,238(4828):732
A recent article by William Booth on the President's AIDS commission (News & Comment, 16 Oct., p. 262) incorrectly states that commission member Cory SerVaas, publisher of the Saturday Evening Post, drives her AIDS Mobile around the country. SerVaas does not drive the traveling van that offers free AIDS testing. Rather, she often flies to meet it as it travels around the country, stopping at shopping malls and churches by prearrangement with local civic and religious groups. SerVaas denies saying that homosexuals are "deviants." "We have helped homosexuals for many years," she says, pointing out that although her group primarily tests people who have a low risk of being infected, such as recipients of blood transfusions and women who may become pregnant, members of high-risk groups such as homosexuals and drug addicts are not excluded. 相似文献
15.
Simon HA 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1974,183(4124):482-488
I have explored some of the interactions between research on higher mental processes over the past decade or two and laboratory experiments on simpler cognitive processes. I have shown that, by viewing experimentation in a parameter-estimating paradigm instead of a hypothesis-testing paradigm, one can obtain much more information from experiments-information that, combined with contemporary theoretical models of the cognitive processes, has implications for human performance on tasks quite different from those of the original experiments. The work of identifying and measuring the basic parameters of the human information processing system has just begun, but already important information has been gained. The psychological reality of the chunk has been fairly well demonstrated, and the chunk capacity of short-term memory has been shown to be in the range of five to seven. Fixation of information in longterm memory has been shown to take about 5 or 10 seconds per chunk. Some other "magical numbers" have been estimated-for example, visual scanning speeds and times required for simple grammatical transformations-and no doubt others remain to be discovered. But even the two basic constants discussed in this article-short-term memory capacity and rate of fixation in long-term memory-organize, systematize, and explain a wide range of findings, about both simple tasks and more complex cognitive performances that have been reported in the psychological literature over the past 50 years or more. 相似文献
16.
将68只水貂按雌雄、体质量随机分为两组,分别饲喂常规鲜料(对照组)和配合饲料(试验组),在育成期进行饲养试验和消化试验。结果表明:母貂干物质和粗蛋白表观消化率对照组均高于试验组(P<0.05),公貂干物质和粗蛋白表观消化率对照组均显著高于试验组(P<0.01);试验组水貂干物质采食量和可消化干物质均略高于对照组;粗脂肪和粗纤维表观消化率试验组均高于对照组,差异极显著(P<0.01);对照组和试验组水貂能量表观消化率差异不显著(P>0.05);试验组水貂质量的增加均大于对照组。试验结果证实,采用配合饲料与一定比例的新鲜原料喂养水貂,是提高水貂生长性能、解决其饲料来源困难的比较合理的办法。 相似文献
17.
农村集体经济组织产权问题会直接关系到“三农”发展的全局,农村集体经济组织产权所具有的“政社不分”、“产权不明”等一系列制度缺陷已经严重制约了农村集体经济的可持续发展。本文首先阐述了农村集体经济组织产权的内涵,其次,针对农村集体经济组织产权制度改革的基本原则,深入探讨了农村集体经济组织产权制度改革的相应措施,包括：注重培训提升能力、全面有序推进改革任务、保障农民集体股权权能行使等。 相似文献
18.
建国后在农民土地所有制和社会主义劳动群众集体土地所有制的制度变革中,我国村组集体的农地所有权和经营权历经了从无到有,又从有到无的曲折变迁。土地流转制度的建立和＂三权分离＂格局的形成,为我国村组集体重新获得农地经营权提供了可能。 相似文献
19.
目的探讨中医体质调理对提高亚健康人群生存质量的影响。方法根据纳入与排除标准,选择到本院治未病中心就诊的亚健康人群按随机数字表法分为实验组和对照组,对照组按亚健康常规予以指导,实验组在常规指导的基础上,医生根据就诊者的体质类型,制定中医体质调理方案,给予体质调理指导,并定期督促执行,干预疗程6个月。结果对照组生存质量8因子得分较干预前均有提高,但PF、GH、SF差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);实验组生存质量8因子得分较干预前均有明显提高,且差异有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01);实验组与对照组组间比较,干预后实验组在PF、GH、SF、RE、MH得分较对照组提高明显,且差异有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论亚健康人群的生存质量偏低,中医体质调理对亚健康人群更有针对性,可明显提高亚健康人群的生存质量。 相似文献
20.
板栗总苞多酚对AA肉鸡生长、抗氧化性能影响 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
【目的】氧化应激在畜牧业生产中普遍存在,诱发氧化应激的因素很多,热应激是诱发氧化应激反应的重要因素之一,氧化应激能够影响动物生长性能,甚至造成动物死亡,带来严重的经济损失。近年来,植物多酚因其具有多种生物学功效日益而受到关注。故研究不同剂量板栗总苞多酚对常温和高温热应激条件下肉鸡生长、抗氧化性能的影响。【方法】研究包括两个试验。试验一：将400只1日龄健康爱拔益加（AA）雄性雏鸡随机分成5组,每组4个重复,每个重复20只鸡：Ⅰ组为空白对照组,饲喂基础日粮;Ⅱ组为阳性对照组,饲喂日粮为基础日粮中添加0.15% 2,6-二叔丁基对甲苯酚(BHT)添加剂预混料（其中BHT含量0.015%）;Ⅲ-Ⅴ组为板栗总苞多酚试验组,饲喂日粮为基础日粮中分别添加0.2%、0.3%和0.4%板栗总苞多酚提取物。试验一：常温条件下饲养42d,根据AA肉鸡饲养程序和免疫程序进行饲养管理。每周末称体重和采食饲料重,测定各组AA肉鸡不同阶段生长性能指标。试验二：将400只28日龄的AA雄性肉鸡按试验一分组,在常温下适应一周后,开始连续7d的高温热应激。高温3d、7d称重、屠宰、取样。测定高温热应激条件下,板栗总苞多酚对AA肉鸡生长性能、屠宰指标和血清抗氧化指标的影响。【结果】试验一结果表明,常温条件下,板栗总苞多酚对肉鸡生长性能无显著影响（P＞0.05）。试验二表明,在初始体重相同的情况下,热应激一周后,Ⅳ、Ⅴ组体重显著高于Ⅰ组（P＜0.05）;Ⅳ组平均日增重（ADG）和平均日采食量（ADFI）均显著高于Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组（P＜0.05）;Ⅳ和Ⅴ组料重比（F/G）显著低于Ⅰ组（P＜0.05）;各组间死亡率差异趋于显著（P=0.059)并以V组最低。板栗总苞多酚对AA肉鸡屠宰指标无显著差异（P＞0.05）。高温热应激3d的肉鸡,各试验组血清总抗氧化能力（T-AOC）含量虽有波动,但是差异均不显著(P＞0.05);Ⅳ组血清的总超氧化物歧化酶（T-SOD）活力显著高于Ⅰ组(P＜0.05);Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组丙二醛（MDA）含量显著低于Ⅰ组(P＜0.05),Ⅱ组居中间,和所有的组相比都不显著(P＞0.05);相对于Ⅰ组,Ⅱ-Ⅴ组谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活力均显著升高(P＜0.05)。高温热应激7d时,Ⅳ组血清T-AOC显著高于Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组,Ⅲ组显著高于Ⅱ组(P＜0.05);相对于Ⅰ组,其他各组血清中T-SOD活力均显著增高,Ⅱ组效果最好,显著高于IV和V组(P＜0.05);而对于血清MDA各组之间差异均不显著(P＞0.05);GSH-Px活力在各组间变异较小,只有Ⅲ组显著高于Ⅴ组(P＜0.05)。【结论】日粮中添加板栗总苞多酚在常温饲养条件良好的情况下对肉鸡生长性能无显著影响,但在高温热应激条件下,添加0.3%的板栗总苞多酚能够显著提高肉鸡抗氧化能力、缓解高温热应激造成的影响。 相似文献