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1.
生物炭对向日葵秸秆热解特性及气体产物影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为了研究生物炭对向日葵秸秆热解的影响,以向日葵秸秆为原料,基于TG-FTIR研究生物炭添加前后向日葵秸秆热解特性与气体产物的变化。结果表明,与向日葵秸秆相比,混合样品主热解区间由276~349℃变得更长,并且发生不同程度的偏移,热解活化能不同程度降低,由60.21降到38.07~50.35 kJ/mol,呋喃类、酸类、含羰基类化合物、芳香醛类、CO、CH4等产物吸光度值存在差异。随着添加500℃制备生物炭比例增加,混合样品热解的活化能减小,释放气体产物中芳香醛类释放量增量减少,CO与CH4释放量降低。添加不同制备温度的生物炭,混合样品热解产生呋喃类、酸类、含羰基类化合物释放量均有所降低;添加500和700℃制备的生物炭,混合样品热解气体产物中芳香醛类增加。添加900℃制备的生物炭,向日葵秸秆热解气体产物中CO产量增加。该研究为向日葵秸秆的有效利用提供理论基础和技术支撑。 相似文献
2.
沙柳生物质燃料颗粒致密成型粘结机理研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
东北地区主要的农业废弃物玉米秸秆焚烧严重,造成环境污染,其合理消纳是亟需解决的问题。基于此,该文利用微型流化床与过程质谱联用仪研究在床温分别为550、600、650、700及750 ℃添加Na2CO3和NaCl的玉米秸秆热解气相产物（CO、CO2、CH4、H2）的析出特性,并采用等温模型拟合法计算了单组分气体产物生成反应的动力学参数。结果表明：随着温度的升高,4种热解气体产物的释放强度均有所增大,其中CO的变化程度最大。同时,添加钠盐后,各种气体释放起始时间差逐渐减小,说明钠盐促进了热解反应的进行。其中,添加Na2CO3后热解产生的CO、CO2和CH4的速率明显变快,表明其对含炭气相组分的生成具有明显促进作用。而添加NaCl后H2的生成速率明显加快,说明NaCl对H2生成具有选择性催化作用。此外,秸秆热解中不同气相产物生成反应活化能的计算结果也证实了上述结论。该文通过热解制备可燃气的方式以期为玉米秸秆的处理提供参考。 相似文献
3.
东北地区主要的农业废弃物玉米秸秆焚烧严重,造成环境污染,其合理消纳是亟需解决的问题。基于此,该文利用微型流化床与过程质谱联用仪研究在床温分别为550、600、650、700及750 ℃添加Na2CO3和NaCl的玉米秸秆热解气相产物（CO、CO2、CH4、H2）的析出特性,并采用等温模型拟合法计算了单组分气体产物生成反应的动力学参数。结果表明：随着温度的升高,4种热解气体产物的释放强度均有所增大,其中CO的变化程度最大。同时,添加钠盐后,各种气体释放起始时间差逐渐减小,说明钠盐促进了热解反应的进行。其中,添加Na2CO3后热解产生的CO、CO2和CH4的速率明显变快,表明其对含炭气相组分的生成具有明显促进作用。而添加NaCl后H2的生成速率明显加快,说明NaCl对H2生成具有选择性催化作用。此外,秸秆热解中不同气相产物生成反应活化能的计算结果也证实了上述结论。该文通过热解制备可燃气的方式以期为玉米秸秆的处理提供参考。 相似文献
4.
纤维素木聚糖和木质素含量对生物质热解特性及产物的影响 总被引：2，自引：4，他引：2
采用热重法研究了纤维素、木聚糖和木质素含量对生物质热解特性的影响,分析了三组分相互混合热解时的交互作用规律,及其对热解动力学参数的影响;同时,在生物质真空热解液化系统上考察了三组分含量对热解液化产物分布及生物油组成的影响。结果表明,纤维素热解较为剧烈,生物油中芳香族、糖类、醛类和醇类含量较高;木聚糖的热稳定性较差,生物油中芳香族、酮类和酸类物质较多;木质素热解较为平缓且固体残留物较多,生物油成分主要为芳香族化合物。纤维素对活化能和指前因子的影响较大,木聚糖和木质素对反应级数的影响较大;纤维素的热解有利于减少固体残留物,而木质素的热解产物有利于促进糖类的分解;木聚糖对纤维素的热解具有明显的抑制作用;木聚糖能促进木质素的低温热解,两者混合热解对生物油组成影响较小。因此,高纤维素含量的生物质可以获得更高的生物油产率,且适量的木质素有利于促进纤维素的分解,为进一步提高生物油产率和品质提供了理论依据。 相似文献
5.
针对生物油组分复杂,难以直接应用的问题,该研究开展了不同生物油的分子蒸馏馏分分布规律的研究,并考察了不同原料和温度对生物油分子蒸馏分离特性的影响。热解液化试验结果表明,生物油组分以酸、醛、酮、酚、糖为主。随着热解温度的升高,松木生物油中轻质组分产率由21%不断降低至11%,而秸秆生物油中轻质组分产率稳定在20%左右。高温生物油各组分的平均分子自由程两极化程度加强,600℃制备轻质油蒸出比例最高,可以达到92%（松木）和86%（秸秆）。酚类化合物中酚羟基的数量可以显著影响其分离特性,较高的热解温度促进了酚羟基的产生,从而使酚类物质从蒸出部分（distillation fraction, DF）向残留部分（residual fraction, RF）中转移。分子蒸馏技术能够实现对不同生物油的有效分离,得到的DF中主要包含酸、酮和小分子酚类,RF则以糖和大分子酚为主,除了羟乙醛和苯并呋喃等化合物外,生物油中的大部分化合物的富集程度都可以达到90%以上。该研究可为快速热解生物油的分离及其后续提质研究提供一定的参考。 相似文献
6.
生物炭负载Ca和Fe催化玉米秸秆热解挥发分重整提高产气率 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
为提升生物质炭对生物质热解挥发分的催化重整作用,以Fe_2O_3和CaO作为添加剂制备生物炭-Fe和生物炭-Ca催化剂对两者的催化重整能力进行了试验探讨。试验结果表明:无添加时的生物质炭对玉米秸秆颗粒热解挥发分催化作用明显,800℃时,液相产率较未使用催化剂时减少38.71%,最低可达21.49%。生物炭-Fe催化剂颗粒在800℃时液相产率下降至20.24%,产气率升至51.44%,同时,H2的体积分数增加,热解油中的有机物质被有效抑制;生物炭-Ca催化剂在800℃时液相产率和产气率分别为20.01%和51.96%。生物炭-Ca催化剂可以促进热解气中CH4的生成,降低CO2的体积分数。在本试验条件下,炭基催化剂对生物质热解挥发分催化重整的活性顺序依次为:生物炭-Ca生物炭-Fe生物质炭无催化剂。 相似文献
7.
玉米秸秆连续干馏条件下能量平衡分析 总被引：1，自引：5，他引：1
为分析外源加热与分段连续干馏技术工艺条件下的生物质热解特性,以玉米秸秆为原料,通过自行开发的生物质连续热解炭气油联产平台,开展了生物质连续干馏试验测试,分析了炭气油三态产物的理化性质、组分分布和受工艺参数影响的基本规律,并在此基础上进行了系统热量衡算和能量平衡分析。结果表明,连续热解条件下,玉米秸秆炭品质受物料在反应室的滞留时间影响大,滞留时间一般应不低于30 min,热解气热值可达到15~20 MJ/m~3,热解油组分极其复杂;玉米秸秆炭携带热量最多,约占产物总能量的47.88%,热解气占产物总能量的36.17%,木焦油和轻油分别占13.14%和1.74%;连续热解系统能耗比为0.97,能量回收率为75.7%。该研究可为外加热分段连续式生物质炭化设备的开发和推广应用提供重要的基础支撑。 相似文献
8.
微波辐照下活性炭载铁催化剂催化热解竹材特性研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
基于活性炭作为催化剂载体及其良好微波吸收性能的优势,该文提出了微波条件下活性炭载铁催化剂催化热解竹材的研究思路,通过对物料升温特性、热解产物特性的研究,揭示催化剂对竹材微波热解的影响规律,为生物质资源化利用提供科学参考。结果表明,活性炭载铁催化剂对竹材微波热解过程有一定影响。催化剂具有良好的微波吸收性能,能够提高竹材升温速率和最高热解温度,当活性组分负载量为7.49%时,最高热解温度高达699.8℃,与纯竹材相比增加了54.38%。活性炭及催化剂的添加提高了气体产率而降低生物油的产率,而且随着活性组分负载量的增加,液体产率逐渐降低,气体产率逐渐增加,热解得到的气体产率最大为69.11%。催化剂对环类化合物开环裂解生成直链类化合物以及合成气(H2+CO)的生成有一定催化作用,活性组分负载量的增加使得这种催化作用得到加强,当活性组分负载量为7.49%时,气体产物中合成气的产率及体积分数分别为17.5 mmol/g和77.24%。 相似文献
9.
为了更清晰地研究三大组分(纤维素、木聚糖、木质素)在介孔ZSM-5参与下的催化热解过程,该研究首先对生物质的三大基本组分和云南松木粉进行热解,然后在介孔ZSM-5催化剂存在的条件下对微晶纤维素、木聚糖、碱性木质素三大组分和云南松进行催化热解。采用气质联用仪对生物油的化学组分进行分析。通过对比ZSM-5参与前后的生物油的主要化学组分的变化,对催化剂的催化机理进行探究。研究结果表明,催化热解过程中,介孔ZSM-5将纤维素直接热解得到的β-D阿洛糖、糠醛、3-丙基戊二酸和2,4-戊二烯酸转化为1-甲基萘、2,6-二甲基萘,纤维素催化热解得到的生物油中的芳烃含量为63.89%。半纤维素催化热解过程中,催化剂将生物油中的糠醛从67.78%降低为2.66%,有效提高芳烃化合物,包括萘、2-甲基萘的含量,催化热解后得到的生物油中总芳烃含量达到36.81%。木质素催化热解过程中,介孔ZSM-5有效降低生物油中2,6-二叔丁基对甲酚的量(从82.33%降至77.97%),并大幅地提高1,8-二甲基萘和1,7-二甲基萘的量,生物油中总芳烃相对含量达到14.14%。云南松催化热解过程中,催化剂有效降低云南松直接热解得到生物油中2-甲氧基-4-甲基苯酚和(Z)-异丁子香酚的含量,并将芳烃化合物总量提高到53.99%(主要是1-甲基萘、1-亚甲基-1氢-茚和2,6-二甲基萘)。随着催化剂使用次数的增加,生物油中含氧化合物相对含量增加,烃类化合物的相对含量明显降低,从53.99%降至43.32%,元素分析结果表明生物油中的碳含量逐渐减少,氧含量逐渐增加。但是,催化剂经过焙烧再生后,催化活性基本完全恢复。 相似文献
10.
玉米秸秆的催化微波裂解及生物油成分 总被引：16，自引：5，他引：11
近年来,生物质热化学裂解已引起了越来越广泛的兴趣。但常规的生物质热裂解技术（如流化床等）要求细小的生物质原材料,因此粉碎能耗大。而且裂解所得的生物油和合成气产物易受生物质粉末污染。微波裂解虽然能帮助解决这些问题,但目前的微波裂解所得的生物油成分和其他热裂解技术一样,仍然过于复杂,因此尽管生物质热解获取生物油的成本低于生物质发酵所获得的燃料,生物质热解技术也仍未在工业上得到推广应用。该研究旨在帮助解决这一难题。利用玉米秸秆颗粒为原料,采用了4%的硫酸或磷酸的预处理,或者采用氯化物等催化剂直接混入原料,然后利用微波进行催化裂解,并获得气态、固态和液态生物油3种产物。利用气质联用设备（GC-MS）,对所得到的液态产物（生物油,Bio-oil）进行成分分析。在大量的试验基础上,该文筛选出的酸预处理,MgCl2、ZnCl2、及AlCl3直接催化是可以使所得的生物油成分简化的实用技术。 相似文献
11.
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
13.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
14.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
15.
Grete Skrede Berit Karoline Martinsen Anne-Berit Wold Stein-Erik Birkeland Kjersti Aaby 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(3):193-208
Abstract A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species. 相似文献
16.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):865-877
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils. 相似文献
17.
Y. Bashan J. J. Bustillos L. A. Leyva J.-P. Hernandez M. Bacilio 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2006,42(4):279-285
Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several
photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene.
This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments
for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference
in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless
of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots.
Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production
or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation. 相似文献
18.
Dhritiman Ghosh Velusamy Srinivasan Olli H. Tuovinen Aaron Peacock Mark Radosevich 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2009,41(6):1331-1334
We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg−1 buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg−1 in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation. 相似文献
19.
Pilar García Juan-Vicente Monte Carlos Casanova Consuelo Soler 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2002,49(1):103-109
Arbitrary oligonucleotides were used as primers to amplifygenomic DNA of 48 wild Spanish populations of Agropyroncristatum, Elymus hispanicus,E. caninus,E. repens,Thinopyrum curvifolium, Th.junceum and Th.intermedium. Genetic diversity was analysedusing nineteen primers. The number of amplified products ranged from8 to 18 per primer and a total of 240 markers were scored. Differentlevels of intraspecific genetic diversity were found, the allogamousspecies E. repens andTh. intermedium being themost variable. Jaccard's similarity coefficients for internalmeasure within and between populations were used to produce a clusterdiagram. The results demonstrate differences in the degree ofsimilarity between taxonomic units. Interpopulational variability andinterspecific genomic relationships of these species arediscussed. 相似文献
20.
The effects of three commonly used fungicides on the colonization and sporulation by a mixture of three arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi consisting of Glomus etunicatum (Becker & Gerd.), Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe, and Gigaspora rosea (Nicol. & Schenck) in symbiosis with pea plants and the resulting response of the host-plant were examined. Benomyl, PCNB, and captan were applied as soil drenches at a rate of 20 mg active ingredient kg-1 soil 2 weeks after transplanting pea seedlings in a silty clay-loam soil containing the mixed inocula of AM fungi (AM plants). Effects of fungicides were compared to untreated plants that were inoculated with fungi (AM control). The effect of mycorrhizal inoculation on plant growth was also examined by including nonmycorrhizal, non-fungicide-treated plants (non-AM control). Fungicides or inoculation with AM fungi had only a small effect on the final shoot weights of pea plants, but had greater effects on root length and seed yield. AM control plants had higher seed yields and lower root lengths than the corresponding non-AM plants, and the fungicide-treated AM plants had intermediate yields and root lengths. Seed N and P contents were likewise highest in AM control plants, lowest in non-AM plants, and intermediate in fungicide-treated AM plants. All three fungicides depressed the proportion (%) of root length colonized by AM fungi, but these differences did not translate to reductions in the total root length that was colonized, since roots were longer in the fungicide-treated AM plants. Pea plants apparently compensated for the reduction in AM-fungal metabolism due to fungicides by increasing root growth. Fungicides affected the population of the three fungi as determined by sporulation at the final harvest. Captan significantly reduced the number, relative abundance, and relative volume of G. rosea spores in the final population relative to the controls. The relative volume of G. etunicatum spores was greater in all the fungicide-treated soils, while G. mosseae relative volumes were only greater in the captan-treated soil. These findings show that fungicides can alter the species composition of an AM-fungal community. The results also show that AM fungi can increase seed yield without enhancing the vegetative shoot growth of host plants. 相似文献