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1.
不同温度条件粪秆结构配比及尿素、纤维素酶对沼气产量的影响 总被引：17，自引：5，他引：12
提高农村户用沼气的产气量和秸秆等农业废弃物利用效率,是当前循环农业领域面临的主要问题。通过利用自行设计的可控性厌氧发酵装置,在室内模拟农村户用沼气发酵过程,研究在不同温度条件下作物秸秆和禽畜粪便配比以及添加尿素和纤维酶对沼气产量的影响。结果表明,20～35℃范围内,粪秆配比的产气量随温度升高而升高。35℃条件下,2.5 kg料液发酵50 d,鸡粪和秸秆配比（干物质量比）以2︰1的产气量高于其它粪秆比例,其中鸡粪与玉米秆2︰1(干物质量比)总产气量最高,达51120 mL。在发酵中期（发酵后28 d）,向2.5 kg发酵料液中添加2.5 g尿素和2.0 g纤维素酶,均显著提高沼气产量,平均增加99.8%和40.8%,且鸡粪与麦秆2︰1配比产气量增幅最大,分别为261.2%,117.3%。研究20℃粪秆厌氧发酵环境pH值动态变化,表明其呈动态变化,发酵初期pH值平均为6.8,发酵中期平均为6.4,随后缓慢回升至6.6。因此,适宜的温度,合理的秸秆配比、添加一定量酶和尿素是提高产气量的有效措施。 相似文献
2.
Xiaodong Chen Yaa Opoku-Kwanowaa Jianming Li 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2020,51(9):1238-1252
ABSTRACT
Soil available nutrients and soil salt ions are considered to play a significant role in soil fertility. A two-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different agricultural organic wastes on soil available nutrients and soil ions in a primary saline soil, located in the west of Jilin Province, China. The treatments were granular corn straw (GS), coarse corn straw (CS), sheep manure (SM), fodder grass (FG), and control (CK). The results showed that agricultural organic wastes effectively decreased soil pH by 1.28%-3.83%. The application of agricultural organic wastes also improved soil available nutrients, of which the available nitrogen (AN) increased by 23.64%-32.54%, the available phosphorus (AP) increased by 16% ?19.93%, and the available potassium (AK) increased by 2.78% – 8.42%. In contrast, the content of soil salt ions decreased significantly with the exception of potassium ions. Linear dependence suggests that, with the decrease of soil pH, the soil available nutrient content was higher. From the correlation analysis, the relationship between other salt ions and soil available nutrients showed an extremely significant negative correlation with the exception of potassium (K+). The redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that calcium (Ca2+) and potassium (K+) are the main factor affecting soil available nutrient content in 2a (about 12 months after organic wastes were applied) and 3a (about 24 months after organic wastes were applied), respectively. In conclusion, treatment GS is recommended for improving soil available nutrients and decreasing the pH and content of soil salt ions in primary saline-alkali soils. 相似文献
3.
防治农业固体废物污染,对保障农民身体健康,维护农业生态安全,促进农村经济社会可持续发展具有重要意义。在总结农业固体废物内涵和外延的基础上,探讨农业固体废物的主要来源、分类方法和基本特征,按照来源、毒性、组分和形态对农业固体废物进行了分类,剖析来源单一与类型多样的双重性、潜在污染与重要资源的两面性、周年持续与季节波动的复杂性等农业固体废物的基本特征。识别农业种植固体废物、畜禽水产养殖固体废物、废旧农业投入品和农产品初加工固体废物的潜在污染风险。梳理农业固体废物污染防治、处理利用代表性法规政策,分析农业固体废物全链条运营和监管体系,提出"分类处理、多措并举,统筹兼顾、绿色循环,减量回用、精准处置"的农业固体废物处理利用技术路径与模式。该研究可为指导农业固体废物污染防治和处理利用提供基础支撑和决策参考。 相似文献
4.
Estimation of release rates of CH4, N2O, and other trace gases from rice agriculture in China requires that details of microbiology, rice field benthic fauna, fertilizer use, and how farmers farm be understood. The potential importance of natural fertilizer can be estimated, based on published biogas generator efficiency in rural China, with the result that CH4 production from the fermentation of animal and human wastes prior to use as fertilizer may be comparable to that expected to be released from flooded rice fields. A review of agricultural practices in Anhui and Fujian Provinces indicates that marked seasonal and geographic variations in CH4 and other trace gas releases to the atmosphere from Chinese agricultural areas are expected. 相似文献
5.
有机物料还田对华北小麦玉米两熟农田土壤有机碳及其组分的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
中国农业废弃物种类多、数量大、利用率低、污染重。将有机物料还田,是实现废弃物资源化利用的重要途径。该研究以循环农业理念为指导,选择代表农田内循环的秸秆以及代表农沼循环、农牧循环、农菌循环、农工循环的废弃物沼渣、猪粪、菌渣和酒渣为试验材料,开展了等碳量还田定位试验,分析各有机物料还田后对土壤有机碳及其组分的影响。结果表明:1)连续施用有机物料提高了土壤总有机碳(TOC)、易氧化有机碳(LOC)、微生物量碳(MBC)和可溶性有机碳(DOC)含量。随着有机物料还田年限的增加,土壤TOC、LOC和MBC含量均不同程度地增加,年平均增幅分别为:15.57%~22.82%、20.00%~38.31%和16.30%~50.56%。还田5年后各有机物料处理土壤TOC、LOC、MBC和DOC含量平均分别是无机肥处理的1.24~1.62、2.07~3.19、1.20~2.06和1.05~3.36倍。2)不同有机物料中均利于土壤TOC含量的提高,秸秆提升效果相对最差,沼渣、菌渣、猪粪、酒渣和秸秆还田处理的0~20cm土壤TOC含量平均增长速率分别为:22.82%、21.88%、16.42%、16.13%和15.57%。 相似文献
6.
农业废弃物中重金属含量特征及农用风险评估 总被引：10，自引：2，他引：8
为了解江西省主要农业废弃物中重金属污染状况和评估其再利用产物农用的安全性,在江西省内采集了水稻秸秆、蔬菜废弃物、猪粪和牛粪等样品,对样品中铬、镍、铜、锌、砷、镉、汞和铅重金属含量进行了测定与风险评估。结果表明,动物性废弃物中重金属含量和超标率明显高于植物性废弃物,其中猪粪属于重度污染,牛粪为轻度污染,植物性废弃物尚处于安全水平。若以江西省农业废弃物为原料制成有机肥,并长期施用于设施菜地,猪粪有机肥施用8.4、15.3和23.9 a后土壤中Cu、Cd和Zn将陆续超标,牛粪有机肥施用23.3 a后土壤中Cu将超标,水稻秸秆、蔬菜废弃物有机肥施用约29a后土壤中Cd将超标,故农业废弃物有机肥须严格控制原料中重金属含量,其农用的长期安全性有待加强监测。 相似文献
7.
集约化畜禽业粪便资源化对策管见 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
对集约化畜禽粪便资源化提出四点建议:1.强化农业环境管理,增加对区域环境资源的协调能力,把集约化企业的粪便治理纳入区域生态系统和综合洽理轨道,改变养种脱节状况,充分利用环境自净能力,实现养种互补。2.优化区域资源化技术路线,探寻组合配套技术;优化原则为,优先利用环境容量,粪水和部分粪物就地利用。超负荷部分以商品形式输出,无力输出部分才作废弃物输出。3.以市为单位,建立资源化基金,开拓集资渠道,按治理规划统筹使用,迫使企业纳金尽责,又让其享用行业互助和政府的支持,以保证资金来源。4.组织科技攻关,为猪粪处理和北方冬季粪水利用开辟新路,为深层次利用粪便探索新技术。 相似文献
8.
Agricultural solid wastes either in natural or in modified forms have been successfully used for decades as non-conventional cost-effective adsorbents for removing metal ions and dyes from their aqueous phase and have been recognized as a sustainable solution for wastewater treatment. Therefore, this review article provides extensive literature information about heavy metals and dyes, their classifications and toxicity, various treatment methods with emphasis on adsorption characteristics by numerous agricultural solid wastes, or agricultural solid waste-derived adsorbents under various physicochemical process conditions. This review article not only provided an up-to-date information on the application of sustainable low-cost alternative adsorbents such as agricultural solid wastes, agricultural by-products, and biomass-based cost-effective activated carbon and various other natural materials in the batch adsorptive removal of heavy metal and dye from aqueous phase but also presented a comprehensive compilation of adsorptive pollutant removal information based on various reported continuous column operation studies which is one of the new aspect to this review article. The effectiveness of various batch and column operational process parameters on mechanistic adsorptive removal of both heavy metals and dyes by various agricultural solid waste-based adsorbents has been critically discussed here. Batch and column adsorption mechanism, batch kinetics, column dynamic modeling, and adsorptive behavior of adsorbents under various process parameters have also been critically analyzed and compared. Finally, literature information on recovery and regeneration through desorption techniques and cost comparison of various agricultural solid waste adsorbents with commercial activated carbons have also been reported here. Conclusions have been drawn from the literature reviewed, and few suggestions for future research direction are proposed. 相似文献
9.
对集约化畜禽粪便资源化提出四点建议:1.强化农业环境管理,增加对区域环境资源的协调能力,把集约化企业的粪便治理纳入区域生态系统和综合洽理轨道,改变养种脱节状况,充分利用环境自净能力,实现养种互补。2.优化区域资源化技术路线,探寻组合配套技术;优化原则为,优先利用环境容量,粪水和部分粪物就地利用。超负荷部分以商品形式输出,无力输出部分才作废弃物输出。3.以市为单位,建立资源化基金,开拓集资渠道,按治理规划统筹使用,迫使企业纳金尽责,又让其享用行业互助和政府的支持,以保证资金来源。4.组织科技攻关,为猪粪处理和北方冬季粪水利用开辟新路,为深层次利用粪便探索新技术。 相似文献
10.
? This study was undertaken to investigate the possibility of composting organic industrial wastes which are currently being generated in the Canadian province of New Brunswick. Four types of this waste stream were identified: Fish wastes; Agricultural wastes; Pulp and paper and sawmill wastes; and Food processing wastes. Other objectives of this study were to establish valid cost estimates of selected solid waste composting approaches and to address the potential of a value-added compost product.In the past 20 years, fish landings in the province averaged approximately 136,000 metric tons annually. Processing in fish transformation plants leads to fresh and pickled fish wastes that must be either discarded by dumping or processed into usable byproducts.Animal manure is the principal waste currently being generated by the agricultural industry with 1,333,000 metric tons of manure produced in 1986. There are also approximately 90,000 metric tons of potato culls produced by the potato industry per year. Most of these agricultural wastes are presently being used or applied on land.The forest industry is the biggest in New Brunswick and as such produces the largest amount of industrial wastes. Wood residues are generated in two sectors of the forest industry: Logging and Wood Processing organizations.The food processing industry is a diversified enterprise processing items such as fruit products, vegetable products and meat products. Potato processing companies produce one of the most significant vegetable wastes of the province, with about 50,000 metric tons of wastes annually. 相似文献
11.
利用牛粪和稻草为原料进行堆肥实验,通过测定堆肥过程中的温度、含水率等物理、化学指标以及酶活性的变化,研究了接种外源微生物对堆肥过程的影响。结果表明,接种外源微生物比对照提前2d达到高温期,并且维持时间长。大肠杆菌数量及植物毒性比不接种大幅度降低,纤维素酶、脲酶、多酚氧化酶、过氧化氢酶均有所增加。说明接种外源微生物可以使堆肥中微生物数量增多,加速堆料中有机物的分解,加快堆肥腐熟,缩短堆肥反应的进程,对优化堆肥工艺具有重要的意义。 相似文献
12.
湖北省畜禽业规模化养殖水平显著提高,秸秆资源量逐年提升,农业废弃物还田不仅可以减少农业面源污染,还可以减少化肥施用。该研究将湖北省分为5个种植区域(即鄂东南低山丘陵区、鄂北低山丘岗区、鄂西北山地区、鄂中平原区以及鄂西南山地区)。基于2019年-2020年统计数据,收集不同区域主要畜禽(猪、肉牛、奶牛、羊、肉鸡、蛋鸡)的存栏量、出栏量以及饲养周期,主要农作物种植面积和经济产量,计算湖北省畜禽粪污的养分供给量,评估不同区域的畜禽养殖现状是否超过土地承载畜禽粪污的最大容许数量。根据不同农作物的草谷比以及秸秆养分含量,计算出湖北省农作物秸秆的养分资源量以及养分还田量。湖北省不同区域畜禽养殖量均未超出当地最大承载容纳量,其中鄂北地区的土地承载力指数最高,达到了0.35～0.78,鄂中地区的土地承载力指数仅在0.17～0.54,有较大的空间来发展畜禽养殖业。2019年湖北省畜禽粪污养分资源量分别为36.89万tN、14.03万t P2O5、52.06万tK2O。按照畜禽粪污肥料化还田率65%计算,畜禽粪肥的养分还田总量分别为23.9... 相似文献
13.
农林废弃物高效循环利用模式与效益分析 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
中低慢速热解技术将生物质在绝氧或低氧环境中加热分解,生产生物炭、热解油和不可冷凝气体产物,是农林废弃物高效利用的重要途径。该文基于生物质热解炭气联产技术,构建了农林废弃物能源化资源化高效循环利用应用模式,秸秆炭用于还田,木质炭成型后用于供暖,热解气用于居民炊事和热水,热解油回用燃烧为系统加热,木醋液稀释后用作杀虫剂。前南峪热解联产示范工程年运行5 500～6 000 h的条件下,可处理各类农林废弃物2 500 t,生产生物炭700 t(其中秸秆炭约150 t、木质炭550 t),生产热解气20余万m~3,木质型炭和热解气可满足全村386户居民冬季取暖和全年炊事热水用能需求,秸秆炭与人畜粪便复混,全部用于还田。原料收购采用生物炭兑换方式,本村居民5 t农林废弃物原料兑换1t炭基肥或木质型炭,热解气以0.9元/m~3的价格出售给本村农民,工程运行可持续、可复制,具有良好的社会环境效益。项目可实现农林废弃物的高值利用,改善农村用能结构,促进农业可持续发展。 相似文献
14.
山东省农业污染综合分析与评价 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
山东省的农业生产在全国占有重要地位,然而农业非点源污染的日益严重使产地环境质量问题日趋突出,对优势农产品的生产与出口构成巨大威胁。从化肥、畜禽粪便、生活排污、秸秆、农药、地膜6个方面分析了目前山东省农业污染的主要影响因素,计算了2001—2006年主要污染源中氮、磷元素的排放量与流失量。结果表明,农业生产过程中农业化学品的大量投入与农业废弃物的大量产出及不合理利用,是目前山东省农业污染发生的主要原因;在对氮、磷流失负荷的贡献上,畜禽粪便、化肥与生活排污是农业污染的3种主要污染源,2006年3种污染源共造成6.73×105t氮素与1.35×105t磷素流失,其中畜禽粪便、化肥与生活排污分别占50.78%,41.99%,7.22%与80.30%,11.78%,7.93%;山东省农业污染在源头预防层次上应重点加强两方面的研究,一是化肥等农用化学品的高效施用技术,二是畜禽粪便等农产废弃物的资源化利用技术。 相似文献
15.
Successes and limitations of phytotechnologies at field scale: outcomes,assessment and outlook from COST Action 859 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Michel Mench Nick Lepp Valérie Bert Jean-Paul Schwitzguébel Stanislaw W. Gawronski Peter Schröder Jaco Vangronsveld 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2010,10(6):1039-1070
Purpose
Many agricultural and brownfield soils are polluted and more have become marginalised due to the introduction of new, risk-based legislation. The European Environment Agency estimates that there are at least 250,000 polluted sites in the member states that require urgent remedial action. There is also significant volumes of wastewaters and dredged polluted sediments. Phytotechnologies potentially offer a cost-effective in situ alternative to conventional technologies for remediation of low to medium-contaminated matrices, e.g. soils, sediments, tailings, solid wastes and waters. For further development, social and commercial acceptance, there is a clear requirement for up-to-date information on successes and failures of these technologies based on evidence from the field. This review reports the outcomes from several integrated experimental attempts to address this at both field and market level in the 29 countries participating in COST Action 859. 相似文献16.
循环流化床锅炉焚烧生物质燃料的研究进展 总被引：1，自引：3，他引：1
生物质废弃物产量的与日俱增及环保要求的不断提高使循环流化床燃烧技术逐渐在生物质废弃物的处理和利用方面扮演越来越重要的角色。该文综述了采用循环流化床锅炉用生物质废弃物(林业废弃物、农业废弃物)作为燃料进行焚烧处理的国内外现状，详细介绍了废弃木材、秸秆、稻壳、果核、橄榄饼、甘蔗渣和向日葵茎干这些生物质废弃物在循环流化床锅炉里燃烧的研究和应用现状，指出了目前存在的问题及努力的方向。 相似文献
17.
太原市北、西、东三面被重山环抱,汾河由北而南穿过其中,对市区构成暴雨洪灾威胁的面积约850km~2.虎峪河是城区西部山区最大的一条河流,流域面积47.1km~2.1996年8月4日,西部山区因连日降雨暴发了山洪,虎峪河奔腾咆哮的洪水,席卷了沿途桥粱,冲毁了河道堤岸,使繁华的迎泽西大街变成了狂泻洪水的河槽,造成的直接经济损失达2.86亿元.据分析,这次洪灾主要是不重视山区水土保持和人为乱堆滥弃废物造成的.水土保持应该走向更为广阔的主战场,不但要为山区农业建设服务,而且要为保证城镇安全服务. 相似文献
18.
基于Web of Science和万方专利对土壤酸化和改良材料研究的计量分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
土壤酸化问题在近年来广受土壤和环境领域关注。为探索土壤酸化和改良材料应用现状，本文以Web of Science核心合集和万方专利数据库为基础，以“acid* soil*” or “soil acidi*”为检索式检索1990-2019年的期刊论文，以“酸化/酸性土壤改良剂/调理剂”为主题词检索2010-2019年的发明专利，分别检索出10193篇期刊论文和297篇发明专利，采用VOSviewer、CiteSpace和HistCite等可视化软件对关键词、期刊、作者、机构、国家等字段进行共现、共被引和引文分析等。结果表明土壤酸化及其改良材料得到越来越多的重视，进一步加强土壤酸化及其改良研究对土壤基础科学发展具有重要意义；研究领域聚焦于土壤酸化的生物化学过程、土壤铝毒及其防治、土壤重金属活化及其钝化、土壤酸化及其改良材料应用四大方面；近10年来，土壤酸化改良主要聚焦于石灰、农业废弃物/副产品、工业废弃物/副产品和矿物类等热点改良材料，而生物质炭、天然高分子、腐植酸盐和微生物菌剂等新型热点材料越来越受到学者的关注；高产国家美国、中国和澳大利亚等农业大国合作关系密切；高产机构中国科学院、中国科学院大学和西澳大学等机构有密切合作关系；高产作者Baligar VC，Xu renkou，Fageria NK等有密切合作关系。本研究有助于全面了解土壤酸化及其改良研究领域现状和趋势，为土壤酸化调控和可持续发展提供重要参考和依据。 相似文献
19.
Moldes AB Torrado AM Barral MT Domínguez JM 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2007,55(11):4481-4486
The cost of biosurfactant production may be significantly decreased by using inexpensive carbon substrates like agricultural residues. However, scarce information can be found in the literature about the utilization of lignocellulosic residues for obtaining biosurfactants. Usually agricultural residues are field burned, producing various toxic compounds to the atmosphere; so, as an interesting alternative to the traditional field burning of this kind of residue, this work proposes the utilization of agricultural wastes (barley bran, trimming vine shoots, corn cobs, and Eucalyptus globulus chips) for simultaneous lactic acid and biosurfactant production. Previous to this biotechnological process, lignocellulosic residues were hydrolyzed, using H2SO4, under selected conditions and neutralized with CaCO3. Following, Lactobacillus pentosus was employed for the fermentation of hemicellulosic hydrolyzates after nutrient supplementation. Biosurfactants were measured by taking into account the surface tension reduction. The highest value of reduction (21.3 units) was found when using hemicellulosic sugar hydrolyzates obtained from trimming vine shoots, corresponding to 0.71 g of biosurfactant per g of biomass and 25.6 g of lactic acid/L. On the contrary, barley bran husk hydrolyzates only produced 0.28 g of biosurfactant per g of biomass and 33.2 g of lactic acid/L. The differences between biosurfactant production can be attributed to the different compositions of the hydrolyzates. 相似文献
20.
长江经济带稻田耕作制度绿色发展探讨 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
黄国勤 《中国生态农业学报》2020,28(1):1-7
实施长江经济带发展战略,推动长江经济带绿色发展、高质量发展、可持续发展,是当前我国正在实施的区域协调发展战略之一。稻田耕作制度是长江经济带整个农业耕作制度的重要组成部分。实现长江经济带稻田耕作制度绿色发展,对于维护长江经济带乃至全国的粮食安全、食品安全和生态安全均具有重要意义。长江经济带稻田耕作制度具有起源的古老性、模式的多样性、结构的复杂性、功能的高效性和影响的国际性的显著特点。当前,长江经济带稻田耕作制度发展面临着熟制缩减、投入过量、资源浪费、养地削弱、基础脆弱和效益下降等突出问题与挑战。为实现长江经济带稻田耕作制度的绿色发展,应在遵循―共抓大保护、不搞大开发‖―生态优先、绿色发展‖原则的前提下,采取如下对策与措施:1)绿色覆盖,做到稻田―一年四季,季季皆绿‖; 2)绿色培肥,充分利用绿肥、农家肥、沼液、沼渣,以及生物肥料、专用肥料等培肥稻田土壤,提高稻田地力;3)绿色防控,应用农业防治技术(如实行作物轮作换茬)、生物防治技术、生态调控技术和理化诱控技术等防治稻田作物病、虫、草、鼠、鸟害; 4)绿色修复,采用轮作休耕、深耕深松、保护性耕作、秸秆还田、增施有机肥、施用修复剂、种植绿肥和修复植物等多种措施,对已―退化稻田‖―污染土壤‖进行修复; 5)绿色利用,包括对稻田农业资源及废弃物的立体利用、综合利用和循环利用;6)绿色产品,将长江经济带稻田―打造‖成为无公害农产品、绿色农产品、有机农产品的生产基地。 相似文献