首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 859 毫秒
1.
Nitrogen and potassium fertilization of potatoes: Sugars and starch   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
Considerable evidence exists that both N and K influence potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) yields and quality. The impact of nutrients on tuber quality parameters under field conditions should be identified so optimum management practices can be utilized. We evaluated the N and K fertilization by K-sources effects on concentrations of nutrients, reducing sugars, sucrose and starch in the stem and apical tuber ends from two irrigated field experiments with the Russet Burbank cultivar. Nitrogen rates of 0,112, 224 or 336 kg ha?1 were combined with selected K rates of 0, 112, 224 or 448 kg ha?1 as either KCl or K2SO4 arranged as an incomplete factorial. A multiple linear regression model was fit to the data and used to predict the response surface for a complete factorial for each K-source. Nitrogen applications increased or decreased reducing sugars in the apical and stem ends, respectively. Potassium decreased reducing sugars in both tuber ends. Sucrose was higher in the apical end than in the stem end but was not appreciably affected by fertilizer treatment. Nitrogen and potassium applications reduced dry matter and starch concentrations in both tuber ends. Potassium had a smaller effect on the apical end when starch was expressed on a dry weight basis, indicating that increased water content was a factor in the K effect. Both N and K concentrations in the tuber ends were negatively related to starch concentrations, but the relationship was different for the apical and stem ends. Tuber Cl concentration indirectly affected starch concentrations in the stem end when KCL was applied. The K fertilization effect on specific gravity depended upon the K concentration in the harvested tuber and was independent of K fertilizer source. These data illustrate the effects of preplant N and K fertilization rates on final tuber quality parameters. Additional studies are needed to further define the effects of nutrient concentrations at different plant growth stages.  相似文献   

2.
The TPS seedling tuber technique can be successfully adopted in developing as well as in developed countries as a standard agronomic system for potato production. Experimental work has been started in order to select the best parental lines and to evaluate the appropriate breeding schemes for the use of this technique in southern Italy. During 1989 48 true potato seed (TPS) families with different genetic backgrounds were tested for seedling tuber production and they produced a good yield. The seedling tuber families were tested for tuber production during 1990 by subdividing them in two size classes: 25mm-35mm and 35mm-45mm. The highest yield was attained by 4X x 2X families and the analysis of variance indicated significant differences with regard to tuber size and TPS families for both total and marketable tuber yield. This technique has significant potential for providing tubers for both the fall and winter crop in Italy.  相似文献   

3.
The neutron probe, infrared thermometry and crop water stress index (CWSI), and a computer-assisted irrigation scheduling method were evaluated in terms of their effect on tuber yield, tuber quality, and water use. The experiment was conducted during 1990 and 1991 near Othello, central Washington, using Russet Burbank potatoes grown in a silt loam soil. Irrigation treatments did not commence until after tuber initiation. In general, no differences in total number of tubers and total tuber yield resulted from the different scheduling methods. However, the canopy temperature method showed reduction in the yield of number one tubers in 1990. The least total irrigation water was applied during the growing season with the neutron probe method. Using CWSI values above 0.5 to 1.0 (scale 0 to 10) for two consecutive days as a threshold to schedule irrigations appeared to be adequate for potatoes grown in silt loam soils. However, shortcomings of infrared thermometry suggested that this method may not be practical for scheduling irrigation of potatoes.  相似文献   

4.
Eight potato cultivars and two advanced breeder selections were assessed for field resistance to the potato leaf roll virus (PLRV) following field exposures in which PLRV-infected Russet Burbank plants were used as inoculum sources within treatments. This screening protocol provided consistent PLRV resistance ratings despite year-to-year variation in PLRV pressure. Secondary disease incidence based on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of foliage from tuber progeny ranged from 0–87% in 1990 and 0–67% in 1991, and was consistent with reported PLRV resistance ratings for eight of ten genotypes. Agreement between visual assessment and ELISA on plants from harvested tubers was 94% in 1990 and 83% in 1991, for all genotypes. However, agreement data were inconsistent from year-to-year, with the exception of three genotypes. In both years, current season infection, based on ELISA of foliage, was detected in less than two percent of the plants and, was inadequate as a measure of secondary PLRV incidence. Green peach aphid (GPA) populations did not differ among genotypes at sampling times during the season, but the PLRV concentration in GPA colonizing Russet Burbank plots was significantly higher than in GPA colonizing any other genotype.  相似文献   

5.
Path-coefficient analysis based on an ontogenetic model was used to study the relationships between tuber yield and yield components as influenced by cultivar and nitrogen fertilization. Four experiments were carried out from 1987 to 1989 in Granada, southern Spain. Two of these experiments used six potato cultivars with a single N rate, while the other two experiments used one cultivar and nine levels of N, split between planting and top-dressing. Variation in tuber yield between cultivars resulted mainly from differences in stem number per m2 followed by tubers per stem and, to a lesser extent, average tuber weight. In N experiments, however, average tuber weight was the only yield component that showed a significant direct effect on yield, while the number of stems per m2 and tubers per stem had negligible direct effects. In addition, the ontogenetic model used indicated compensatory mechanisms during the formation of the three yield components in the potato, which resulted stronger in the N experiments.  相似文献   

6.
Potassium and N fertilization is often required for maximum potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) production. Nitrogen, K, and K-sources (KCl, K2SO4 are known to affect yield and quality of potatoes but N and K interactions as affected by K-source have not been defined. This study evaluated the N*K and K-source interactions on Russet Burbank tuber yields and specific gravity (SG) in two irrigated field experiments. Nitrogen rates of 0, 112, 224 or 336 kg ha-1 were combined with selected K rates of 0,112, 224 or 448 kg ha-1 as either KC1 or K2SO4 in an incomplete factorial. A multiple linear regression model was fit to the data and used to predict yield and SG for a complete factorial for each K-source. Both N and K applications increased yields independent of K-source. Nitrogen decreased yields at the 336 kg ha-1 rate. Potassium increased yields up to 448 kg K ha-1. Both K-sources decreased SG a similar amount with N application; without N, KC1 decreased SG but K2SO4 did not. Nitrogen also decreased SG. Petiole NO3-N and K concentrations were positively related to yields and negatively to specific gravities. The petiole K concentration 100 days after planting should be above 4.5 for highest tuber yields. The N*K*K-source interaction was important for yields at low available N and for SG at adequate N availabilities. This study showed that N or K fertilizers can be applied according to their respective soil test concentration and the crop’s requirement, generally without consideration of K-source.  相似文献   

7.
We developed a technique to quantitate native periderm permeability during tuber growth and maturation by porometrically determining vapor conductances. We also describe a simple, inexpensive means of determining the corresponding weight per unit area of suberized phellem cells (skin) in native periderm during tuber growth and maturation as a means of assessing the developmental status of native periderm. The porometric technique is very sensitive and rapid. Porometrically derived vapor conductances of mature native periderms were measured without difficulty, and native periderms were found to release ~0.005 moles of water vapor/meter2 native periderm surface/sec. into a dry test atmosphere. Immature native periderm released up to 28 times more water vapor than mature periderm even though the phellem cells were histochemically determined to possess both major components of suberin. We demonstrated use of the porometric technique by determining maturational changes in periderm permeability of growing/immature tubers and mature tubers at harvest. The technique revealed that the native periderm of Russet Burbank tubers was more permeable and had the potential to lose more water vapor, until becoming permeably mature, than Norchip or Norland tubers harvested on the same dates. The dry weight of the skin (phellem tissue) of native periderm (mg/ cm2) for all three cultivars increased during tuber growth, but plateaued to a relatively constant level, or slightly declined, while plants were still alive during the latter period of tuber growth. During this period, periderm vameable conductances were undergoing substantial declines. Comparison of skin dry weights of immature tubers indicated that stem end regions of tubers were developmentally ahead of equatorial and bud end regions; this difference decreased as the tubers matured at harvest time and was less apparent with some cultivars.  相似文献   

8.
The results of testing 48 stems and tuber samples, representing 15 seed lots from several different growers, for the presence of the causal organism of bacterial ring rot,Clavibacter michiganensis subsp.sepedonicus with the gram stain, latex agglutination (LAT), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and a DNA hybridization assay (DHA) were compared. The frequency with which positive tests were obtained varied significantly among assays and was associated with symptom expression in samples. Detection was highest with the serological assays and lowest for DHA. Use of the gram stain, in conjunction with either LAT, ELISA, or DHA reduced the number of positive diagnoses, but increased the agreement between results for different assay combinations. Based on a comparison of results for both individual samples and seed lots, the performance of LAT and ELISA for diagnostic purposes were equivalent. DHA was found to be less useful due to limitations in test sensitivity forC. m. sepedonicus, but it does give unequivocal diagnoses of samples where bacterial populations are sufficient to allow detection.  相似文献   

9.
Successfully evaluating the nutritional status of a crop during growth and development is dependent upon sampling an identifiable plant part. Consistently sampling a petiole of the same maturity in potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) is difficult. We evaluated the nutrient relationships between the upper-stem and the fourth petiole from Russet Burbank plants in field studies having N, P, K, Zn or Mn variables. The upper-stem was obtained by excising the stem below the sixth leaf and removing all leaves and the terminal meristem. Petole NO3-N, P, K, Zn and Mn concentrations were from deficient to sufficient. The NO3-N, P and K concentrations were similar in the fourth petiole and upper-stem, while the Zn concentration was 40% higher in the upper-stem. Calcium, Mg and Mn concentrations were lower in the upper-stem than in the fourth petiole. Copper and S relationships were not adequately defined. The fourth petiole’s NO3-N, P and K diagnostic concentrations now used to monitor plant nutrient status can also be used for upper-stem samples. Zinc diagnostic concentrations should be increased, while Ca, Mg and Mn concentrations should be adjusted downward in the upper-tem. Additional data are needed to refine the Ca and Mg relationships, and to establish relationships for Cu, S and other essential nutrients. A significant advantage of using the upper-stem is the elimination of the petiole selection problem when sampling.  相似文献   

10.
We studied the effects of fertilizer N and K rates on the nutrient concentrations in petioles of Russet Burbank potato grown on a low-K, low-Cl, highly calcareous Millville silt loam soil. Phosphate and CaSO4 were applied uniformly so that P and S did not limit plant growth. An incomplete factorial experimental design, utilizing 14 combinations of fertilizer N and K, including two forms of K, was used to develop a multi-dimensional regression model. This model was then used to produce response surfaces as an aid to analysis of the results and to illustrate the fertilizer treatment effects and their interactions on petiole chemistries. Nitrogen, K and Cl fertilizers had complex effects on petiole concentrations of NO3-N, SO4-S, Cl, K, Ca and Mg. Nitrate-N and Cl were mutually antagonistic. Soil N had a large positive effect on petiole K and Mg levels and, to a lesser extent, petiole Ca levels. There was competition between K and Mg in petiole concentration. The sum of K, Ca and Mg was essentially constant across fertilizer treatments and sampling times. The sum of NO3-N, SO4-S and Cl was highly variable. The ratio of cations to anions ranged between three and five across fertilizer treatments and sampling times. The data indicate that calibration of the major nutrient element concentrations in potato petioles, as a guide to fertilization, requires knowledge of background soil fertility conditions with respect to N, K, Cl, Ca and Mg, and an understanding of the antagonisms and synergisms among these elements.  相似文献   

11.
Potato chip color is an important trait in determining quality and acceptability of cultivars for processing. Therefore, the genetics of potato chip color is important in varietal breeding. The use of 2xS. tuberosum Group Tuberosum haploid × 2x wild species hybrids provides disomic inheritance for genetic analysis of chip color. Two hundred forty haploid-species hybrids representing crosses between 15 haploids and 10 species were evaluated for potato chip color after 21 days reconditioning (18 to 20C) following 6 months at 4C. Phenotypic variation for chip color was found among the haploid-species hybrids. Crosses between good, medium, and poor performing clones were made in all combinations and 136 families were obtained. Progeny were evaluated for reversion resistance (chipping direct from 10C storage) and reconditioning (chipping from 4C after tuber warming) chip color. Variation for chip color was found among the progeny for each trait. Significant correlations between reversion resistance and reconditioning were found. Yet, the use of at least two chip tests (one for reversion resistance and one for reconditioning) is more informative than the use of one test and subsequent predictions made, regarding the other trait. A three locus hypothesis for both reversion resistance and reconditioning is proposed for the inheritance of each trait. One dominant allele at each of the three loci is necessary for good chipping. One or two loci may be common to both characteristics. Good chipping 2x hybrids that produce 2n pollen can be used to transfer this trait to the 4x level through use of 4x × 2x crosses.  相似文献   

12.
Diploid cultivated species, haploids derived from tetraploid cultivars, and their wildSolanum relatives were used to generate various diploid potato genetic stocks. These stocks have significant value in potato breeding because: 1) genetic diversity in the potato population can be kept variable with the diploid germplasm which confers genetic variation from wild and cultivated species; 2) crossability of this diploid germplasm is facilitated by the function of 2n gametes; and 3) high levels of pest resistances originating from the process of introgression of the wild and cultivated genetic resources can be used to improve the tetraploid cultivated potato genepool.  相似文献   

13.
In a 1992 survey of potato fields in Canada for the tobacco veinal necrosis strain of potato virus Y (PVYN), initial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) screening with one monoclonal antibody (MAb 295.5) followed by a second ELISA screening with a panel of several MAbs (4E7, Bioreba, 1F5 and 295.5) was assessed as a means of rapidly identifying positive samples prior to confirmation by bioassay. MAbs 4E7 and Bioreba were used in double antibody sandwich (DAS) ELISA, while MAbs 1F5 and 295.5 were used in triple antibody sandwich (TAS) ELISA. In the second ELISA, MAbs 4E7, 1F5 and Bioreba all enhanced test specificity relative to the retest with MAb 295.5. All the MAbs were found to react, to some degree, with isolates of the common strain of PVY (PVYO), but MAb 4E7 was the most specific widi no cross-reaction being observed at, or above, the signal to noise (S:N) threshold of 4:1. However, this MAb was also the least sensitive. At the S:N threshold of 4:1, its sensitivity was 68%, compared to a sensitivity of close to 100% for the other MAbs  相似文献   

14.
Seventy-three breeding lines and cultivars, which included all Japanese cultivars, were assessed by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. Thirty-one of 40 decamer primers revealed 84 scorable RAPDs. Using these RAPDs, 67 of 73 cultivars were distinguished from each other. One of the cultivars released as a protoclonal variant was able to distinguish from the parent by increasing the number of primers surveyed. Based on the number of different RAPDs between each pair of accessions, cluster analysis was performed to exploit genetic diversity in Japanese cultivars. Closely related cultivars deduced from their pedigrees were clustered closely, indicating that similarities based on the presence vs. absence of RAPDs were reflections of genetic similarities. Old Japanese cultivars, as suggested by their similarity of chloroplast DNA toS. tuberosum ssp.andigena, were indeed clustered with ssp.andigena accessions, supporting these were relic cultivars of early European potatoes. The present study suggests that Japanese potatoes are an interesting mass of genetic diversity including North American, European, and Andean germplasms and relic potatoes.  相似文献   

15.
Samples of 4285 individuals from a hybridSolanum phureja Juz. et Buk. —S. stenotomum Juz. (Phu-Stn) and 105 individuals ofSolanum phureja (Phu) diploid potato populations were twice inoculated with potato virus Y strain “o” (PVY°) using the air brush technique. After discarding seedlings with PVY visual symptoms both in the greenhouse and in the field, 1508 seedlings were judged to be resistant to PVY° (35.2%). Only 5.7% of the Phu seedlings were PVY° resistant compared to 35.2% of the Phu-Stn seedlings. At harvest, a mild selection pressure for yield and tuber appearance was applied and 602 Phu-Stn clones were chosen for further evaluation. Selected clones were re-evaluated for PVY° resistance in the greenhouse. Clones were mechanically inoculated twice with PVY°. Clones susceptible to PVY° were determined by visual observations, ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) tests, grafting of tobacco PVY° infected shoots on potato clones, and infectivity tests usingNicotiana tabacum as a PVY° plant indicator. In the process, 224 clones were found to be extreme resistant to infection by PVY°, with an overall frequency for PVY° extreme resistance of 5.2%. In another experiment, the first year Phu-Stn PVY° resistant clones (554 clones) were mechanically inoculated twice with “common” strain of potato virus X (PVX). Similarly, we discarded clones susceptible to PVX by combining visual evaluation and ELISA with PVX re-inoculation of negative clones and an infectivity test, usingGomphrena globosa as a PVX plant indicator. After this process, seven extreme resistant and eight resistant clones to infection by PVX were found; the overall frequency of PVX extreme resistance was 1.3%. Five clones were extreme resistant to both PVY° and PVX.  相似文献   

16.
A survey of DNA polymorphisms and bacterial ring rot reactions inSolanum species was conducted to identify parents that when crossed would produce an F1 mapping population useful for identifying DNA markers tightly linked to genes for immunity or resistance to bacterial ring rot.Solanum tuberosum, S. acaule, diploidSolanum species, doubled monoploid lines ofS. phureja, and somatic fusion hybrids betweenS. tuberosum andS. brevidens were established in tissue culture from single true potato seeds or tubers and evaluated for bacterial ring rot reactions in greenhouse studies with root-inoculated tissue cultured plantlets. Establishment of tissue culture stocks insured the availability of homogeneous genetic material for use in bacterial ring rot assays and genetic analyses. Presence ofClavibacter michiganense subsp.sepedonicum was assessed in stems by an immunofluorescence antibody assay (IFAS). Two accessions were found to be immune to bacterial ring rot. DNA polymorphisms were detected within and among 24 accessions evaluated with 24 RFLP markers and 10 arbitrary oligonucleotide primers (RAPDs). These results identify parents suitable for future mapping of gene (s) for immunity or resistance to bacterial ring rot.  相似文献   

17.
Precise measurement of tuber stem-end fry color is necessary to determine the fry quality of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.). Changes in fry color as influenced by small variations in measurement location, delays between slicing and frying, and delays between frying and measuring were examined. Variations in time between frying and measurement, and variations in the location of measurement contributed more to changes in observed color than delays between slicing and frying. The standard visual method for determining stem-end fry color was compared to objective methods using a Photovolt reflectance meter. Photovolt reflectance readings of two types of transverse stem-end tuber slices were compared with those from longitudinal strips. All methods produced closely related re-sults. Optimum sample size and applications for each method are discussed.  相似文献   

18.
A genetic map was constructed with a combination of isozymes, restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPDs) to apply quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis to identify genetic factors that contribute to chip color in potato. The diploid population used was a cross between aSolanum tuberosum haploid andS. chacoense hybrid used as female parent and aS. phureja clone used as male. Chip color was determined visually on samples fried from tubers stored at 10C. On a scale of 1 (light color) to 10 (dark color), the population ranged from 2 to 8 while the parents average chip color was 3.5. Based upon one-way ANOVAs (P < 0.05), 13 genetic markers showed significant associations which represent a total of six QTLs. A multiple locus model based upon the markers that have the largest effect per QTL explained 43.5% of the phenotypic variation for chip color in the population and increased to 50.5% when one significant epistatic interaction was included in the model. All the significant marker associations were identifed in theS. tuberosum-S. chacoense hybrid. Through preliminary data, the results of this study suggest that additive effects contribute a significant portion of the genetic variation for chip color. The identification of these QTLs for chip color variation provides the means to apply marker-assisted selection to introgress these genes into the cultivated potato germplasm.  相似文献   

19.
Numerous studies have demonstrated that physiological responses of many crops to the fraction of extractable soil water conforms to a generalizable pattern. This suggests that differences among crops in their drought tolerance are largely due to differences in the total amount of transpirable water the crop can extract. Potato is frequently assumed to be more drought sensitive than other agronomic crops due, at least in part, to a shallow root system. In the research reported here, potato leaf growth and transpiration response to water deficits were determined as a function of fraction transpirable soil water (FTSW). Transpiration was unaffected by water stress until a critical FTSW was achieved when 64% to 80% of the extractable soil water was depleted depending on the cultivar. This was similar to the response reported for 8 other agronomic crops. In terms of transpiration, potato hypersensitivity to drought stress appears to be due to less effective soil water extraction. Leaf growth, however, showed a unique response to soil water deficits. Leaf growth began to decline when 40% of the extractable soil water was depleted. The associated critical FTSW was higher than any previously reported for all other crops. These data indicate that in addition to extracting less soil water, an additional physiological process related to leaf expansion must be contributing to the potato’s hypersensitivity to drought.  相似文献   

20.
Potato germplasm with high levels of combined resistance to potato viruses X, Y, and leafroll was identified and used to produce improved parental clones with similarly high levels of resistance. Resistance was determined from the amount of tuber infection following inoculation of plants in the field. Parental germplasm with the best multiple resistance came from two backgrounds, eitherSolanum tuberosum group Andigena derived from the Cornell University neo-tuberosum program, or from complex hybrids ofS. tuberosum and wild solanums that were produced by the Max Planck Institute and the Polish Institute for Potato Research. Two Aberdeen, ID selections, A85519-6 and A85530-10, with gp. Andigena ancestry, have had no tuber-borne infection of PVX, PVY, or PLRV during four years of intensive field testing. We have not been successful in combining virus S resistance with resistance to the other viruses.  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号