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1.
芸苔链格孢菌毒素对白菜细胞膜透性、SOD酶和POD酶活性的影响 总被引：30，自引：2，他引：28
本文以白菜幼苗为材料,研究了芸苔链格孢菌毒素(AB-毒素)对白菜叶片细胞膜透性及叶片内SOD酶、POD酶活性变化的影响。结果表明,白菜叶片用AB-毒素处理后,细胞膜透性增大,且随处理时间的延长和毒素浓度的增加而增高。不同白菜品种用毒素处理后膜透性的改变与病菌接种的发病程度呈正相关,即电导率大的白菜品种,叶片发病也重。试验结果还发现,芸苔链格孢菌及其毒素处理白菜后,体内SOD酶和POD酶活性的变化基本趋于一致,即处理后12 h内急剧下降,然后(12~48 h)活性上升。而对照处理基本变化不大。可见,芸苔链格孢菌毒素表现了与其病原菌一致的致病作用。 相似文献
2.
我国玉米穗腐病致病镰孢种群及禾谷镰孢复合种的鉴定 总被引：9，自引：4，他引：5
为阐明中国玉米镰孢穗腐病的主要致病镰孢菌种类及其分布特征,采用形态学、培养特征及特异性分子鉴定方法,对采集自我国18省100个县的玉米籽粒样品进行分离鉴定,并通过TEF-1α基因序列测定解析禾谷镰孢复合种的构成.结果表明,在我国引起玉米穗腐病的主要致病菌为镰孢菌,分离频率为56.0%,其次还有青霉菌、曲霉菌、木霉菌等.138个镰孢菌分离物中鉴别出7个种及复合种,其中拟轮枝镰孢菌Fusarium verticillioides(56.5%)和禾谷镰孢复合种F.graminearum species complex(37.7%)为广泛分布的优势致病种类,其余为黄色镰孢菌F.culmorum(2.2%)、层出镰孢菌F.proliferatum(1.5%)、尖镰孢复合种F.oxysporum species complex(0.7%)、茄镰孢复合种F.solani species complex(0.7%)和亚粘团镰孢菌F.subglutinans(0.7%).在禾谷镰孢复合种中鉴定出3个独立种:广泛分布的禾谷镰孢菌F.graminearum sensu stricto(59.6%)、分布在云南、贵州及陕西商洛等南方生态区的南方镰孢菌F.meridionale(25.0%)和分布在内蒙古、吉林、山西、河北及北京等北方生态区的布氏镰孢菌F.boothii(11.5%). 相似文献
3.
影响链格孢菌生长及产孢的因子 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
在实验室研究了影响稗草病原真菌链格孢生长及产孢的因子.链格孢菌可在较宽的温度范围内生长、繁殖;连续黑暗、空气充足条件下有利于产孢;该菌在4种不同的植物产品上培养可产生大量的孢子,最多的无芒稗籽上每克干物质产孢量达3.59×108个,这些培养物在首次产孢收获后均可直接培养作二次产孢利用.固体(菌块)和液体(菌悬液)接种培养物均能成功产孢.但培养量大时液体接种优于固体接种,产孢量与接种菌悬液浓度呈正相关. 相似文献
4.
5.
啶酰菌胺与唑胺菌酯混配对灰葡萄孢毒力的增效作用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为明确啶酰菌胺与唑胺菌酯对灰葡萄孢Botrytis cinerea毒力的增效作用,采用菌丝生长速率法测定了啶酰菌胺与唑胺菌酯不同配比混合物对灰葡萄孢菌株DZ3(对多菌灵、乙霉威和嘧霉胺高抗)的毒力,以Wadley公式评价了其协同作用。选取最佳增效组合,采用黄瓜子叶喷雾法测定了其对其他5个菌株的毒力及田间防效。通过测定菌株DZ3分生孢子悬浮液中的溶氧量、电导率和菌丝中丙二醛的含量,研究最佳增效组合的增效机制。结果表明:啶酰菌胺与唑胺菌酯不同质量比(9∶1、7∶1、5∶1、3∶1、1∶1、1∶3、1∶5、1∶7和1∶9)的混合物均对菌株DZ3表现为毒力增效作用,其中质量比为1∶3的组合增效最明显,增效系数达4.76,且对另外5个供试菌株的联合毒力也表现出增效;在使用剂量为有效成分200~300 g/hm2时,质量比为1∶3的组合对番茄灰霉病的防治效果为78.05%~93.96%,同时其对菌株DZ3的呼吸抑制作用与单剂啶酰菌胺相当,但对细胞膜通透性和菌丝膜脂质过氧化的影响均显著高于各单剂。本研究结果表明,啶酰菌胺与唑胺菌酯以质量比1∶3进行混配,可用于番茄灰霉病的防治。 相似文献
6.
禾长蠕孢菌和尖角突脐孢菌防治稗草的研究 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
病原真菌禾长蠕孢菌稗草专化型(Helminthosporium gramineum Rabenh f.sp.echinochloae,HGE)和尖角突脐孢菌(Exserohilum monoceras,EM)在稗汁葡萄糖中的发酵滤液对稗草种子的发芽有明显的抑制效果,发芽抑制率分别为30.9%和13.5%.HGE菌在改良Fries、稗汁葡萄糖,EM菌在改良Fries中的发酵滤液对稗草根和芽的生长有明显抑制作用.HGE菌发酵滤液与其孢子混合使用比单独使用对稗草的防效明显提高,稗草感病株率、致死率分别达86.3%和69.5%,病情指数为78.7;发酵滤液与孢子结合(先后喷雾)使用后稗草的感病株率、致死率分别为83.9%和67.9%,病情指数为72.8.HGE与弯孢菌(Curvularia lunata)孢子混合喷雾接种对稗草防效明显高于2种菌孢子单独使用. 相似文献
7.
为了确定生防菌新月弯孢菌Culvularia lunata菌株J15(2)的安全性及防除稗草的潜力,研究了该菌株的寄主范围,接种孢子时稗草叶龄、接种后保湿时间、接种浓度对该菌株致病力的影响,土壤带菌对稗草出苗的影响,以及与化学除草剂的相互作用.结果显示,菌株J15(2)只能在稗草上侵染并扩展;接种孢子后保湿24 h,对2叶期稗草抑制率可达55.6%,对1.5叶期稗草抑制率可达100%;保&48h,对2叶期稗草防效提高至91.6%;接种孢子量需达1012孢子/hm2才能较好地抑制稗草生长;土壤带菌亦可抑制稗草生长.该菌与化学除草剂精噁唑禾草灵或二氯喹啉酸混用能显著提高除稗效果,菌株J15(2) 3.3 × 1012孢子//hm2分别与精噁唑禾草灵有效剂量3.83g/hm2二氯喹啉酸有效剂量250.00g/hm2混用,对稗草防效分别为99.5%和88.6%,远高于这两个除草剂单用时的药效.该试验结果表明,菌株J15(2)具有作为微生物除草剂的开发潜力. 相似文献
8.
尖角突脐孢对稻田稗草的防除效果 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
在温室内进行了露水期、接种量、喷液量及稗草叶龄对尖角突脐孢菌(Exserohilummonoceras)除稗效果的试验.结果表明,适合条件下,尖角突脐孢对4叶期以下的稗草幼苗具有极好的防效.要达到理想的除稗效果需要至少24h的露水期,接种菌液的孢子浓度在1.25×105孢子/ml以上.接种孢子浓度和喷液量对尖角突脐孢除稗效果的影响也极明显,它们与防效呈S曲线关系. 相似文献
9.
球茎腐烂病是“新浙八味”浙产中药植物西红花上最为严重的病害。本研究采用菌丝生长速率法测定了82株西红花球茎腐烂病菌——尖孢镰刀菌Fusarium oxysporum对新型甾醇脱甲基酶抑制剂(DMIs)氯氟醚菌唑的敏感性，评价了其对尖孢镰刀菌生长、产孢、萌发和细胞膜透性的影响，同时测定了氯氟醚菌唑对尖孢镰刀菌的保护和治疗作用。结果表明：氯氟醚菌唑对尖孢镰刀菌菌丝生长的EC50值范围在0.182～2.491μg/mL之间，平均EC50值为(0.838±0.438)μg/mL，敏感性频率分布符合正态分布。氯氟醚菌唑对尖孢镰刀菌的菌丝生长和产孢都有显著的抑制作用，对病菌细胞膜表现显著的破坏作用。此外，氯氟醚菌唑对西红花球茎腐烂病的保护作用要强于治疗作用。本研究结果可为生产上有效防治西红花球茎腐烂病提供依据。 相似文献
10.
为探究香豆素对灰葡萄孢霉菌Botrytis cinerea作用机理的影响，通过抑菌试验、酶活试验及电导率试验，分析香豆素对灰葡萄孢霉菌的抑菌活性，以及经香豆素处理后灰葡萄孢霉菌胞内外蛋白质含量、酶活性以及细胞膜透性的变化规律，揭示香豆素对灰葡萄孢霉菌的抑菌机理。结果表明:在PD液体培养基上香豆素对灰葡萄孢霉菌的EC50值为101 mg/L；处理组胞内及胞外蛋白浓度均低于对照组蛋白浓度；香豆素浓度为101 mg/L时对灰葡萄孢霉菌三磷酸腺苷酶 (ATPase) 和过氧化氢酶 (CAT) 的抑制率分别为62.60%和76.5%，对纤维素酶 (CL)、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶 (PG) 和果胶酶 (pectinase) 的抑制率分别为57.63%、64.51%和61.13%；香豆素处理可显著增强灰葡萄孢霉菌的细胞膜透性，经香豆素处理48 h，灰葡萄孢霉菌的电导率为17568.79 μS/cm，为对照组电导率的1.9倍。可见，香豆素可以抑制灰葡萄孢霉菌的生长，使其呼吸代谢受阻，干扰灰葡萄孢霉菌细胞膜的渗透，抑制灰葡萄孢霉菌细胞壁酶的活性。该结果可为以香豆素为主的新型植物源农药开发以及灰霉病的防治提供理论支撑。 相似文献
11.
Xiao-Yong Luo 《Pesticide biochemistry and physiology》2004,78(2):93-102
In order to clarify the action mechanism of fluazifop-butyl, an aryloxyphenoxypropionate (AOPP) herbicide in bristly starbur (Acanthospermum hispidum DC.), a unique fluazifop-butyl-susceptible broad-leaved weed, ethylene evolution and membrane lipid peroxidation in the plant seedlings were investigated. Foliar application of fluazifop-P-butyl induced ethylene evolution only from bristly starbur, but not from oat (Avena sativa L.), another fluazifop-butyl-susceptible species, and two tolerant species, pea (Pisum sativum L.) and hairy beggarticks (Bidens pilosa L.). The other AOPP herbicides, quizalofop-ethyl and fenoxaprop-ethyl, and a cyclohexanedione (CHD) herbicide, sethoxydim, did not enhance ethylene production from bristly starbur. This fluazifop-butyl-induced ethylene production in bristly starbur was completely suppressed by aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG), a 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase inhibitor, but not by p-chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid (PCIB), an anti-auxin compound, suggesting this evolved ethylene was not auxin-induced. Phytotoxic action by fluazifop-P-butyl (5 μM) in bristly starbur was reduced markedly by two lipid-soluble antioxidants, vitamin E, and ethoxyquin. The ethylene production from the plant was also inhibited by these two antioxidants. Content of malondialdehyde, an indicator of lipid peroxidation, increased only by fluazifop-P-butyl in bristly starbur seedlings but not in oat, and this increase was inhibited by ethoxyquin. These results strongly suggest that the primary site of action for fluazifop-butyl in bristly starbur is on the membranes and active oxygen species and/or free radicals are involved in peroxidation. Ethylene evolution is probably induced by these reactive oxygen species. 相似文献
12.
AKIHIRO YAMAMOTO IE-SUNG SHIM SHINSUKE FUJIHARA TADAKATSU YONEYAMA KENJI USUI 《Weed Biology and Management》2003,3(2):98-104
The effects of NaCl-induced stress on physiochemical factors such as inorganic cations, proline, malondialdehyde (MDA) and polyamines were investigated in the gramineous weed, Echinochloa crus-galli Beauv. var. formosensis Ohwi ( E. crus-galli ) and rice ( Oryza sativa L. cv. Nipponbare). Growth inhibition at the 2nd leaf stage under salt stress was more severe in rice than in E. crus-galli . Water content in the 2nd leaves was also more severely decreased in rice, indicating that E. crus-galli was more salt-tolerant. After NaCl treatment, Na+ accumulated in the 2nd leaves of both plant species but not in their roots. Proline accumulation in the 2nd leaves was significantly higher in salt stressed E. crus-galli than in rice, suggesting the significance of proline production in the salt tolerance of this weed. Content of MDA of the rice increased more greatly with NaCl treatment than that in E. crus-galli . NaCl treatment affected polyamine metabolism of both plant species, but the response of each plant to salt stress was somewhat different, especially in the leaves. Leaf putrescine and spermidine contents were high in non-stressed plants in salt-sensitive rice, although rather lower in E. crus-galli in response to NaCl concentrations. These results indicate that an increase in proline and changes in polyamines relates to the salt tolerance of E. crus-galli . 相似文献
13.
KANGETSU HIRASE SATOSHI YOSHIGAI MAKOTO NISHIDA KAZUNORI TAKANAKA TATSUO SHINMI 《Weed Biology and Management》2004,4(2):71-74
MTB-951 is a potential mycoherbicide using a fungal plant pathogen ( Drechslera monoceras ) isolated from native Echinochloa species in Japan. Conidia of this pathogen were used as the active ingredient and its herbicidal performance was examined in a greenhouse. The efficacy of MTB-951 on Echinochloa crus-galli L. was higher in deep water (7–9 cm) than in relatively shallow water (3–5 cm). In a postemergence application, the efficacy decreased as the leaf stage of E. crus-galli proceeded between the 1 and 2.5 leaf stage. For example, the control ratio (%) of E. crus-galli was 95% when applied at the 1 leaf stage, and 72% at the 2.5 leaf stage in 5 cm water. Generally, mycoherbicidal efficacy was less when applied pre-emergence rather than postemergence. Efficacy was also influenced by the duration of submergence in deep water. For example, when water depth was kept at 5 cm for more than 7 days after application and then decreased down to 3 cm, the efficacy was high. However, when the water depth was kept at 5 cm for less than 7 days, the efficacy was low. Efficacy was lower under high temperatures (35°C/25°C, day/night) than under low temperatures (25°C/15°C, day/night). Water management, application timing and temperature are important factors on herbicidal efficacy of MTB-951 to control E. crus-galli . 相似文献
14.
椰心叶甲人工饲料的研制及应用效果评价 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了获得入侵害虫椰心叶甲Brontispa longissima(Gestro)的人工饲料,在分析其天然寄主叶片水分和营养成分基础上,借鉴其它鞘翅目昆虫人工饲料配方,进行椰心叶甲人工饲料的配制和筛选,并评价人工饲料饲养的椰心叶甲对其寄生蜂椰甲截脉姬小蜂Asecodes hispinarum和椰心叶甲啮小蜂Tetrastichus brontispae的适合性。人工饲料配方的成分:蔗糖4%、椰子粉2%、大豆粉2%、椰树叶粉10%、酵母2%、维生素E 0.3%、抗坏血酸0.2%、对羟基苯甲酸甲酯0.2%、琼脂4%、链霉素0.03%和水75%。用所配制的人工饲料饲养椰心叶甲初孵幼虫,其蛹成活率可达36%,蛹羽化率与对照无显著差异,均在90%以上;雌成虫占52.4%,与对照无显著差异。表明人工饲料饲养所得的椰心叶甲可用于其幼虫寄生蜂椰甲截脉姬小蜂和蛹寄生蜂椰心叶甲啮小蜂的扩繁。 相似文献
15.
甲哌鎓对甜椒幼苗抗寒性的诱导作用研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以甜椒为材料,采用砂培法, 用不同浓度(50 ,175和500 mg/L)甲哌鎓灌根处理(10 mL/株)并于低温(10~15 ℃)下生长30 d后,研究低温(5 ℃,48 h)胁迫下幼苗生长、细胞质膜透性、渗透物质、内源激素平衡、植株体内活性氧代谢及其抗氧化酶活性的变化特征,探讨甲哌鎓对甜椒抗寒性的诱导作用及机理。结果表明,甲哌鎓灌根处理对甜椒幼苗生长和抗寒性有显著的调控作用,表现为超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性提高,从而能更加有效地清除体内的过氧化氢,并通过提高叶片脯氨酸、可溶性糖等渗透调节物质的含量,增加脱落酸(ABA)的积累,从而减轻低温胁迫造成的伤害,表现出相对电导率和丙二醛(MDA)含量降低。因此,甲哌鎓对提高甜椒抗寒性有一定的应用前景,且其适宜的使用浓度在175~500 mg/L之间。 相似文献
16.
MTB-951 is a plant pathogen ( Drechslera monoceras ), which was isolated from native Echinochloa spp. in Japan. The conidia of this pathogen were used as the herbicidal active ingredient to control Echinochloa crus-galli L. The herbicidal efficacy of MTB-951 on E. crus-galli was drastically increased with an increasing water depth of between 1 and 10 cm. The efficacy also was increased when shoots were lodged by pushing down on them with a stainless steel net so that all parts of the weed were submerged. These results suggest that the contact area of the leaf surface of E. crus-galli with water is important for infection and that lodging the shoots of E. crus-galli might be effective in increasing the herbicidal efficacy. In order to find other methods to lodge the weed, we investigated several materials, of which diisononyl phthalate (DINP) was found to be the most effective. Using this material as a model, the effect of lodging on the herbicidal efficacy of MTB-951 was examined. The lodging ratio (ratio of the number of the plants lodged on the water surface to that of the total plants) was increased with an increased amount of DINP, between 0.5 and 8 kg ha−1 . The herbicidal efficacy of MTB-951 also was increased by DINP and a positive correlation was observed between the lodging ratio and herbicidal efficacy. These results indicate that lodging, which can increase the contact area between the leaf surface and water, enhances the herbicidal efficacy of MTB-951. 相似文献
17.
芒果苷对马铃薯晚疫病菌的抑菌作用机制初探 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
芒果苷是知母Anemarrhena asphodeloides中的一种有效成分,室内生物测定结果表明,其 对马铃薯晚疫病菌Phytophthora infestans的菌丝生长有较强的抑制作用,其EC50值为32.65 μg/mL, 但对游动孢子释放的抑制作用较弱,其EC50值为100.97 μg/mL。采用考马斯亮蓝G-250比色法对马铃薯晚疫病菌菌丝体内蛋白质含量变化的测定结果表明,芒果苷对晚疫病菌菌丝体的蛋白质合成有抑制作用;在浓度低于12.5 μg/mL时,芒果苷对晚疫病菌菌丝体细胞膜的通透性影响不大,随浓度的增加,使菌丝体细胞膜电导率明显增大。利用孢子悬浮液中溶氧量的变化进行呼吸代谢抑制试验的结果显示:芒果苷对马铃薯晚疫病菌呼吸代谢的糖酵解途径(EMP)、三羧酸循环(TCA)、磷酸戊糖途径(HMP)均有抑制作用,其中对HMP途径的抑制作用最明显。 相似文献