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1.
从浙江省杭州、嘉兴和绍兴等3个地级市采集了4种不同施肥方式下(分别为施用畜禽粪+化肥、商品有机肥+化肥、沼渣+化肥和单施化肥)的蔬菜地表层土壤样品44个,分析了4类8种抗生素(包括四环素类抗生素的土霉素、四环素和金霉素,喹诺酮类抗生素的恩诺沙星,磺胺类抗生素的磺胺嘧啶、磺胺二甲嘧啶和磺胺甲噁唑及大环内脂类抗生素的泰乐菌素)的残留情况,探讨了施肥方式对蔬菜地土壤中抗生素残留的影响。结果表明,蔬菜地土壤中抗生素的检出率和残留含量与施肥方式密切相关。8种检测的抗生素中土霉素的检出率和残留含量明显高于其他种类的抗生素,土霉素的平均含量占8种抗生素总量平均值的67.03%。抗生素的检出率和平均含量由高至低依次为:土霉素磺胺二甲嘧啶恩诺沙星四环素磺胺甲噁唑、泰乐菌素金霉素磺胺嘧啶;四环素类抗生素磺胺类抗生素。土壤中各类抗生素的检出率及含量均为施用畜禽粪的蔬菜地施用商品有机肥的蔬菜地施用沼渣的蔬菜地单施化肥的蔬菜地,施用畜禽粪的蔬菜地土壤中抗生素残留量明显高于其他蔬菜地。试验结果表明,畜禽粪是蔬菜地土壤抗生素的主要来源,商品有机肥和沼渣的施用对蔬菜地土壤中抗生素的残留也有一定的贡献。  相似文献   

2.
兽用抗生素胁迫对水芹生长及其抗生素积累的影响   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
土壤和水体环境中抗生素的积累与污染已呈现增加趋势,为了解水体与土壤抗生素污染对植物生长与吸收抗生素的影响及二种介质上植物生长对抗生素污染响应的差异,以水芹为研究植物,分别设计了土培与水培试验,研究了土壤与培养液中不同浓度抗生素(土霉素、恩诺沙星)污染对水芹生长、根系活力、叶绿素含量、过氧化氢酶活性和地上部氮、磷、钾养分积累以及抗生素在水芹各器官中积累迁移的影响。土培试验和水培试验中2种抗生素浓度范围分别为0~10.00 mg kg~(-1)和0~2000μg L-1。结果表明,相同污染水平下,水培试验中抗生素对水芹生长及生理指标的影响明显大于土培试验;抗生素污染对水芹地下部分生长的影响明显大于对地上部分的影响。水培条件下低浓度(50~100μg L-1)的抗生素污染可促进水芹根系的生长,增强根系活力;但土培试验中的这种效应并不明显。总体上,抗生素在水芹中的积累一般是:恩诺沙星土霉素;抗生素在水芹各器官中的积累顺序:根叶、茎。水培试验条件下抗生素在水芹根系中的富集明显高于土培条件下。土霉素对水芹生长的抑制作用大于恩诺沙星。水培条件下高浓度的土霉素和恩诺沙星可促进水芹地上部氮、磷、钾的积累。研究认为,水体抗生素污染对植物生长影响的风险比土壤污染更为明显。  相似文献   

3.
不同质地土壤对烤烟地上部生长动态的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
不同质地土壤的烤烟叶片品质有差异,探明造成这种烟叶品质差异的烤烟地上部生长动态,可以为不同土壤质地条件下烤烟栽培措施的提出和完善提供依据。2012年选取不同质地土壤:砂质壤土、粉砂质黏土和壤土,以烤烟品种NC89为试验材料开展试验。结果表明:砂质壤土处理的烤烟株高较大、茎围较小,地上部干重较小,地上部干重和叶片淀粉积累速率较低但积累时间长,叶片色素含量显著高于其他两个处理,色素降解速率较低;壤土处理的地上部干重和叶片淀粉含量较高,干重积累速率较高而淀粉积累速率在生长前期较高;粉砂质黏土处理在生长初期叶片色素含量较高,但色素降解速率也高,成熟期叶片色素含量较低,淀粉含量在成熟期显著高于其他两个处理。砂质壤土处理烤烟叶片的品质最好,粉砂质黏土烤烟叶片的品质不佳。烤烟在株高不超过120 cm,茎围不超过12 cm的前提下,地上部干重和叶片淀粉积累速率较低但积累时间较长,同时叶片色素含量在成熟期稍高有利于优质烤烟的形成。  相似文献   

4.
不同质地小麦根际土壤有机碳、氮含量及特性研究   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
测定了两种不同质地土壤小麦根际土及非根际土中不同形态有机碳、氮的含量及特性。结果表明,粘壤土及砂质壤土两种不同质地土壤小麦根际土中有机碳、可溶性有机碳(WEOC),土壤全氮、可溶性有机氮(WEON)、游离氨基酸及硝态氮和铵态氮均显著高于非根际土;根际土及非根际土中WEON的含量均高于硝态氮及铵态氮含量,其在根-土界面氮素转化中的作用值得关注。不同质地土壤相比,粘壤土中各指标的含量均显著高于砂质壤土。根际土有机碳矿化累积量及矿化率均高于非根际土;培养期间粘壤土释放的CO2量明显低于沙质壤土,这可能与粘壤土粘粒含量高,对土壤有机碳的保护作用有关。  相似文献   

5.
在对土霉素（OTC）、四环素（TC）和金霉素（CTC）3 种四环素类抗生素的高效液相色谱（HPLC）检测分析方法以及在土壤和堆肥中的提取方法进行改进和优化的基础上,采用该方法进行了 3 种抗生素在土壤中的降解试验。结果表明,选用 Agilent Eclipse XDB-C8（4.6150 mm,5 m）色谱柱,以 0.01 mol/L草酸/乙腈/甲醇（79/10.5/10.5,v/v/v）为流动相,紫外检测波长 268 nm,流速 1.0 mL/min,进样量 5 L,采用外标法定量,可使 3 种四环素类抗生素在 20 min 内全部洗脱并达到基线分离; 在 0~10 mg/L 范围内,抗生素浓度与峰面积呈显著的线性关系,相关系数（r）均 0.999。土壤和堆肥样品中的 OTC、TC 和 CTC可用1 mol/L NaCl/0.5 mol/L 草酸/乙醇（25/25/50,v/v/v）混合溶液提取,其回收率在 76.0%~92.5% 之间。加入到土壤中的抗生素在 25℃下避光培养 49 d 后,在壤土和红土中的降解率分别是 67%~72% 和 36%~46%,对应的半衰期分别为 2630 d 和 4675 d,说明抗生素在壤土中比红土中容易降解。此外,3种抗生素在壤土中的半衰期没有显著性差异,而在红土中 CTC 和 TC 的降解速率显著高于 OTC。  相似文献   

6.
砂质农业土壤养分积累和迁移特点的研究   总被引：11，自引：2，他引：11  
研究表明，砂质土壤开垦农用后，土壤有机质和保肥性（CEC）明显下降。除大棚蔬菜地外，施用的氮和钾肥不易在土壤中积累，很容易在短时间内沿剖面迁移至地下水，或随地表径流迁移至周围水体。但磷可以活性较高的可提取态形式积累在砂质土壤剖面中，并可逐渐随水进入地下水或迁至地表水，对环境造成危害。长期施用化肥的砂质农地地下水中磷、氮浓度可达到较高的水平。田间观测和模拟淋洗试验表明，砂土中养分极易随水迁移，高浓度的养分流失常发生在施肥后的降雨过程中。因此在砂质土壤上应避免高量施肥，肥料宜少量多次施用，不宜在雨前施用肥料。  相似文献   

7.
选择湖北通城花岗岩发育较典型、质地差异较大的粘壤土和砂质土为研究对象,设计室内试验小区,进行3场人工模拟降雨,利用三维激光扫描技术对土壤表面侵蚀形态的微观变化及过程进行高精度、实时监测,从形态学上探讨了土壤侵蚀过程及分布特征。结果表明:(1)三维激光扫描仪及其配套的软件能准确地测量降雨前后2个坡面的土表微域DEM。结合ArcGIS软件对DEM进一步分析,计算了降雨后土壤侵蚀体积与土壤流失量,且3场人工降雨试验测得的试验误差均低于5%。经过精度验证表明,三维激光扫描仪可应用于坡面产流产沙研究,且测算精度较高;(2)将DEM导入到ArcGIS中进行分析处理,获取了坡面侵蚀后的微地形坡度变化,分析得出高级别的坡度主要分布在坡底,说明坡底以上土体表面遭受侵蚀的面积较少,在坡底部易形成冲沟;一次降雨后粘壤土和砂质土的1,2级的栅格比例分别减少了19.26%和12.39%,说明砂质土在降雨时土壤的侵蚀速度更快。后2场降雨中侵蚀速度趋于稳定;(3)获取了坡面侵蚀后的微地形粗糙度变化,分析得出在第1场降雨中土壤含水率较小时,粘壤土粗糙度的增幅为14.29%,砂质土则为11.32%,粘壤土的增幅高于砂质土;在第2,3场降雨中土壤含水率达到饱和时,砂质土粗糙度的降幅分别为3.39%,4.24%,粘壤土则分别为3.33%,4.17%,砂质土粗糙度的下降速度较大,侵蚀速度大于粘壤土。试验定量研究了土壤侵蚀形态的微观变化,可以为花岗岩区域土壤侵蚀监测提供技术支撑。  相似文献   

8.
在滇池流域的设施大棚和露地两种土地利用类型上,选择粉砂质壤土、粘壤土、砂质粘土、壤质粘土等4种典型土壤质地,应用原位模拟人工降雨设备,对地表径流和渗漏的流失过程以及水中的总磷(TP)、水溶性总磷(DTP)和溶解性正磷酸盐(DRP)的浓度、流失量变化特征进行了研究,模拟降雨量为80 mm,雨强采用40 mm/h以模拟渗漏流失过程和120 mm/h以模拟径流流失过程。结果表明:在不同土壤质地下,壤质粘土在两种流失方式下都极易发生养分流失,而砂质土的径流量和渗漏量较高,养分流失风险增加;壤质粘土的TP流失浓度和流失量高,而砂质土的DTP、DRP流失浓度和流失量高;在两种不同流失方式下,径流比渗漏初始产流时间早,产流历时短;而且径流是磷素流失的主要途径,砂质壤土、粘壤土、壤质粘土(露地)径流水中的TP、DTP、DRP流失浓度和流失量要高于渗漏,但砂质粘土和壤质粘土(大棚)的渗漏流失量较高。在不同土地利用方式下,露地比大棚更易发生径流流失,且土壤磷素流失多以泥砂结合态的PP为主要流失形态,而砂质粘土和壤质粘土(大棚)以水溶性总磷(DTP)为磷素流失的主要流失形态;在本研究区域内,土壤速效磷含量已经高达272.38 mg/kg,远远超过了作物适宜生长的土壤速效磷含量,也超过了土壤磷素淋溶的临界值,因此,滇池流域土壤磷素向下淋溶的趋势对地下水的富营养化造成了巨大威胁。  相似文献   

9.
土壤中兽用抗生素污染对水稻生长的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
为了解农田土壤兽用抗生素污染对粮食作物水稻生长的潜在影响,选择我国养殖业中常用的抗生素之一土霉素作为目标化合物,试验研究了不同土霉素浓度水平对水稻苗期、生长期生长与产量的影响,探讨了水稻各器官中土霉素积累与土壤中土霉素浓度水平的关系。结果表明,土壤土霉素污染对水稻生长的影响主要发生在苗期,对地下部分的影响显著大于地上部分;苗期地下部生物量、根系活力、叶片叶绿素含量和氧化酶活性随浓度水平(30 mg·kg~(-1)以上)的升高而显著降低。苗期受到土霉素污染影响的水稻其影响一直可延续至整个生育期,表现在分蘖数降低、产量减少等。土霉素在水稻各器官中的积累量大小顺序:根系叶片茎秆籽粒。水稻对土壤中的土霉素富集能力较小,土霉素由根部向地上部分叶、茎、籽粒的迁移作用也较弱。考虑到当前农田土壤中土霉素污染水平一般较低(多在10 mg·kg~(-1)以下),且在谷物中土霉素积累水平较低,推断在目前农地土壤中土霉素污染水平下,其对水稻生长的直接危害相对较小。  相似文献   

10.
施用有机肥和化肥对菜田土壤酶动态特性的影响   总被引：15，自引：2，他引：15  
通过露地田间栽培黄瓜试验,研究施用有机肥和化肥对土壤中性磷酸酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶和转化酶动态特性的影响。结果表明,露地菜田土壤酶活性随土层的加深而减弱,0～10cm土层酶活性明显高于10～20cm。菜田耕层土壤酶活性季节性变化明显,作物旺盛生长期土壤酶活性高,而作物生长初期和末期,土壤酶活性较低。施用有机肥、化肥在一定条件下可以改变土壤酶活性。施用半腐熟有机肥,生育初期酶活性低,生育后期逐渐升高;施用氮肥,在黄瓜各个生育期均不同程度地降低了酶的活性,而增施磷、钾肥却不同程度地提高了酶的活性。  相似文献   

11.
Animal slurry can be separated into solid and liquid manure fractions to facilitate the transport of nutrients from livestock farms. In Denmark, untreated slurry is normally applied in spring whereas the solid fraction may be applied in autumn, causing increased risk of nitrate and phosphorus (P) leaching. We studied the leaching of nitrate and P in lysimeters with winter wheat crops (Triticum aestivum L.) after autumn incorporation versus spring surface application of solid manure fractions, and we compared also spring applications of mineral N fertilizer and pig slurry. Leaching was compared on a loamy sand and a sandy loam soil. The leaching experiment lasted for 2 yr, and the whole experiment was replicated twice. Nitrate leaching was generally low (19–34 kg N/ha) after spring applications of mineral fertilizer and manures. Nitrate leaching increased significantly after autumn application of the solid manures, and the extra nitrate leached was equivalent to 23–35% of total manure N and corresponded to the ammonium content of the manures. After spring application of solid manures and pig slurry, only a slight rise in N leaching was observed during the following autumn/winter (<5% of total manure N). Total P leaching was 40–165 g P/ha/yr, and the application of solid manure in autumn did not increase P leaching. The nitrogen fertilizer replacement value of solid manure N was similar after autumn and spring application (17–32% of total N). We conclude that from an environmental perspective, solid manure fractions should not be applied to winter wheat on sandy and sandy loam soils under humid North European conditions.  相似文献   

12.
Utilization of N in cattle slurry and liquid manure with Dicyandiamide in field trials In several field trials on deep loess soils, effects of DCD on utilization of N in cattle slurry and liquid manure by silage maize, sugar beets and turf was tested. DCD inhibited nitrification of NH4 nitrogen added with slurry or liquid manure and thus decreased losses by infiltration or leaching considerably. If measured as so called “Nmin nitrogen” at the start of vegetation, amounts of nitrogen actually present in the soil are underrated in plots with slurry or liquid manure + DCD. Addition of DCD at a rate of 30 kg/ha to slurry and 15–30 kg to liquid manure improved in all cases utilization of N in slurry applied in April or between August and November and of liquid manure applied in November. By use of the nitrification inhibitor Dicyandiamide as complement to slurry or liquid manure it is therefore possible to inhibit decomposition of ammonium nitrogen in these organic manures for 2–4 months depending on temperature, and to “preserve” it during periods without vegetation when soils are especially exposed to leaching. By this means, utilization of slurry-nitrogen by the following crop can be improved considerably.  相似文献   

13.
Abstract

An adequate supply of available Ca in the soil solution of the pegging zone during fruit development is required for production of high yields of high quality peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.). On low Ca soils, application of gypsum during early bloom is recommended in order to ascertain adequate availability of Ca. Reaction of gypsum in soils under leaching conditions vary considerably and play an important role in fruit development and yield of peanuts. A laboratory study was conducted in leaching soil columns to investigate the effects of one gypsum amendment on leaching of Ca, K, Mg, and SO4 to a depth of 8 cm (fruiting zone of peanut). Six soils of varying physical and chemical properties representative of major peanut growing soils in Georgia were utilized. Following leaching with 15 cm water through gypsum‐amended soil columns, 50% to 56% and 74% to 77% of applied Ca and SO4, respectively, were leached below 8 cm in the sandy‐Carnegie, Dothan, Fuquay and Tifton soils. The respective values for the sandy clay loam‐Greenville and Faceville soils were 28% to 36% and 58% to 69%. Lower initial Ca status and greater leaching of Ca from the applied gypsum in the sandy soils as compared to sandy clay loam soils suggest greater beneficial effects of supplemental gypsum application for peanut production in the former soils than in the latter soils. Leaching of K or Mg (as percentage of Mehlich 1 extractable K or Mg) in gypsum‐amended treatment was considerably greater in sandy soils than that in the sandy clay loam soils. In view of the reported adverse effects of high concentrations of soil K and Mg in the fruiting zone on the yield and quality of peanuts, greater leaching of K and Mg from the fruiting zone in gypsum amended sandy soils enable them to maintain a favorable cation balance for the production of high yields of quality peanuts.  相似文献   

14.
Most studies of the effects of manure amendment on the occurrence of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in soil employ the investigation of grab samples or short-term laboratory studies. However, the effects of long-term manure applications on antibiotics, ARGs and their vertical distribution in paddy soil in field experiments are lacking. We assessed the concentrations of antibiotics, ARGs and their vertical distribution in paddy soil receiving long-term manure applications in four field experiments. High concentrations of tetracyclines were detected in most manured soils, while sulfonamides were not detectable. Long-term manure amendments generally increased the antibiotic concentrations and ARGs abundances in the paddy soil over decades. However, in some sites such significant trends of ARGs could not be observed. The abundance of ARGs was statistically correlated with antibiotics and soil properties including pH and soil organic matter (SOM), indicating their importance in the selection of resistance genes. Tetracyclines could be detected in soil at different depths and the concentrations of tetracyclines and abundance of ARGs generally decreased with increasing soil depths.  相似文献   

15.
ABSTRACT

The response of potted pear trees grafted on quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill.) Sydo stock to increasing concentrations (0, 50, 100, 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1000 mg kg?1) of copper (Cu) in sandy and clay-loam soils were evaluated and crop toxicity thresholds and symptoms were determined. Reductions of shoot growth and leaf area were observed only for pear grown in sandy soil with more than 400 mg Cu/kg. During the growing season, carbon assimilation and soil microbial biomass were reduced as concentration of soil Cu increased. However, the effect was always stronger in sandy than clay-loam soil. Copper accumulated in roots, with response to soil Cu additions described by a linear and a quadratic function for sandy and clay-loam soil, respectively. A possible antagonism was observed between Cu and zinc (Zn) in the roots. Root Zn concentration decreased as soil Cu concentration increased.  相似文献   

16.
Abstract

As livestock operations become larger and concerns about water quality become greater, attention must be paid to the composition of animal manure and its potential impact on the environment. One current concern involves the amount and forms of phosphorus (P) being added to land with manure. The objective of this experiment was to determine the forms and availability of P in soils receiving 4 years of continuous dairy manure applications. Soil samples were collected from lysimeter plots established in 1991 to study the impact of dairy manure applications on surface water and groundwater. Soil P was fractionated into available (NaHCO3), iron (Fe)‐ and aluminum (Al)‐bound (NaOH), and calcium (Ca)‐bound (HC1) forms. These data were related to manure application rates, soluble P concentrations, and anion exchange membrane (AEM) bound P. Results indicate that the potential to move P by leaching through these loessial soils is very low even at high manure application rates. Large manure additions resulted in increases in all P forms; however, the inorganic pools increased more than the organic pools. The AEM values were a good tool for predicting potential P movement by soil erosion or runoff with membrane bound P being strongly correlated with manure application rate (r2=0.82) and available P (NaHCO3). Best management practices for manure disposal need to consider the potential for P movement through erosion and runoff, and the AEM technique provides a means for evaluating this potential.  相似文献   

17.
Abstract. The repeated application of pig slurry to agricultural soils may result in an accumulation of salts and a risk of aquifer pollution due to nitrate leaching and salinization. Under Mediterranean conditions, a field experiment on a sandy loam soil (Typic Xerofluvent) was performed with maize (Zea mays) in 1998, 1999 and 2001 to study the effects of applying optimal (P1) and excessive rates (P3) of pig slurry on soil salinization, nitrate leaching and groundwater pollution. The rate of pig slurry was established considering the optimal N rate for maize in this soil (170, 162 and 176 kg N ha?1 for 1998, 1999 and 2001, respectively). Pig slurry treatments were compared to an optimal N rate supplied as urea (U) and a control treatment without N fertilizer (P0). The composition of the slurries showed great variability between years. Mean NO3? leaching losses from 1998 to 2001 were 329, 215, 173 and 78 kg N ha?1 for P3, P1, U and P0 treatments, respectively. The amount of total dissolved salts (TDS) added to the soil in slurry application between 1998 and 2001 was 2019 kg TDS ha?1 for the P1 treatment and 6058 kg TDS ha?1 for the P3 treatment. As a consequence, the electrical conductivity (EC) of the slurry‐treated soils was greater than that of the control soil. The EC correlated significantly with the sodium concentration of the soil solution. Over the entire experimental period, 2653, 2202 and 2110 kg Na ha?1 entered the aquifer from the P3, P1 and P0 treatments, respectively. The P3 treatment did not significantly increase grain production in 1999 and 2001 compared with that achieved with the optimal N rate treatment (P1). This behaviour shows the importance of establishing application guidelines for pig slurry that will reduce the risk of soil and groundwater pollution.  相似文献   

18.
 An improved understanding of the cycling of animal manure N is a prerequisite for making better use of this N source. A sheep was fed 15N-labelled grass in order to study the fate of 15N-labelled ruminant manure N in the plant-soil system. The uniformity of labelling was found to be satisfactory when an appropriate feeding strategy was used. The mineralization of labelled faecal N was compared to the mineralization of labelled feed N and indigestible feed N by measuring residual labelled organic N in unplanted topsoil in the field. After 18 months, 61% of both faecal N and feed N was recovered in organic form in the topsoil, while 94% of the indigestible feed N was still present in the soil. The influence of slurry distribution in soil on the crop uptake of labelled faecal N in slurry was studied in a sandy and a sandy loam soil. The crop uptake of labelled faecal N was compared with the uptake of 15N-labelled mineral fertilizer in a reference treatment. The uptake was 28–32% of that of the reference treatment with simulated slurry injection, 13–25% with incorporated slurry and 18–19% with slurry on the soil surface. The mineralization of faecal N in the autumn after application in spring was low irrespective of the slurry distribution in soil. The results demonstrate that the contact between animal manure and the soil matrix significantly influences the short-term turnover and availability of faecal and ammonium N in slurry, especially in fine-textured soils. Received: 31 October 1997  相似文献   

19.
High rates of cattle slurry application induce NO inf3 sup- leaching from grassland soils. Therefore, field and lysimeter trials were conducted at Gumpenstein (Austria) to determine the residual effect of various rates of cattle slurry on microbial biomass, N mineralization, activities of soil enzymes, root densities, and N leaching in a grassland soil profile (Orthic Luvisol, sandy silt, pH 6.6). The cattle slurry applications corresponded to rates of 0, 96, 240, and 480 kg N ha-1. N leaching was estimated in the lysimeter trial from 1981 to 1991. At a depth of 0.50 m, N leaching was elevated in the plot with the highest slurry application. In October 1991, deeper soil layers (0–10, 10–20, 20–30, 30–40, and 40–50 cm) from control and slurry-amended plots (480 kg N ha-1) were investigated. Soil biological properties decreased with soil depth. N mineralization, nitrification, and enzymes involved in N cycling (protease, deaminase, and urease) were enhanced significantly (P<0.05) at all soil depths of the slurry-amended grassland. High rates of cattle slurry application reduced the weight of root dry matter and changed the root distribution in the different soil layers. In the slurry-amended plots the roots were mainly located in the topsoil (0–10 cm). As a result of this study, low root densities and high N mineralization rates are held to be the main reasons for NO inf3 sup- leaching after heavy slurry applications on grassland.  相似文献   

20.
Plots of a tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) sward in the south coastal region of BC, Canada, were treated with dairy manure slurry or fertilizer at 50 or 100 kg NH4-N ha−1 up to four times per year for six consecutive years; control plots received no manure or fertilizer. The length of fungal hyphae and abundance of bacterial cells were determined by direct counting at 19 sample dates during the fourth (1997), fifth (1998) and sixth (1999) application years. Bacterial abundance was significantly greater in manured soil than in fertilized and untreated soils. In contrast, hyphal length was significantly greater in untreated soil than in manured and fertilized soils. In subplots that ceased to receive manure in 1998, bacterial abundance remained greater through 1998 and 1999 than in previously fertilized plots, indicating that the 4 year cumulative effect of manure was detectable for at least two growing seasons after applications cease. The apparently negative effect of manure and fertilizer on fungal hyphae also appeared to persist through 2 years after applications ceased. Bacterial abundance increased after an initial application of manure for 1 year to previously untreated plots, but not to levels comparable to plots treated with manure continuously from 1994 to 1998.Increases in bacterial abundance, during the one to three week intervals immediately following individual applications of manure, were inconsistent and other factors, such as soil moisture, temperature and perhaps crop phenology appear to have had strong effects on the timing of these microbial responses. Annual means for bacterial abundance and total microbial biomass in the continuous manure treatment were similar for all 3 years. This suggested that the manure-induced increase in microbial biomass probably reached a plateau between one and 3 years after applications commenced. The large bacterial populations along with abundant carbon substrates in manured soil, relative to fertilized soil, were probably capable of immobilizing influxes of mineral N, explaining the observations that less leaching occured from manured than from fertilized soils.  相似文献   

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