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ABSTRACT Two strains of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), Bacillus pumilus SE34 and Pseudomonas fluorescens 89B61, elicited systemic protection against late blight on tomato and reduced disease severity by a level equivalent to systemic acquired resistance induced by Phytophthora infestans or induced local resistance by chemical inducer beta-amino butyric acid (BABA) in greenhouse assays. Germination of sporangia and zoospores of P. infestans on leaf surfaces of tomato plants treated with the two PGPR strains, pathogen, and chemical BABA was significantly reduced compared with the noninduced control. Induced protection elicited by PGPR, pathogen, and BABA were examined to determine the signal transduction pathways in three tomato lines: salicylic acid (SA)-hydroxylase transgenic tomato (nahG), ethylene insensitive mutants (Nr/Nr), and jasmonic acid insensitive mutants (def1). Results suggest that induced protection elicited by both bacilli and pseudomonad PGPR strains was SA-independent but ethylene- and jasmonic acid-dependent, whereas systemic acquired resistance elicited by the pathogen and induced local resistance by BABA were SA-dependent. The lack of colonization of tomato leaves by strain 89B61 suggests that the observed induced systemic resistance (ISR) was due to systemic protection by strain 89B61 and not attributable to a direct interaction between pathogen and biological control agent. Although strain SE34 was detected on tomato leaves, ISR mainly accounted for the systemic protection with this strain. 相似文献
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Rhizobacteria-mediated Induced Systemic Resistance: Triggering, Signalling and Expression 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
Corné M.J. Pieterse Johan A. Van Pelt Saskia C.M. Van Wees Jurriaan Ton Karen M. Léon-Kloosterziel Joost J.B. Keurentjes Bas W.M. Verhagen Marga Knoester Ientse Van der Sluis Peter A.H.M. Bakker L.C. Van Loon 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2001,107(1):51-61
Selected strains of rhizosphere bacteria reduce disease by activating a resistance mechanism in the plant named rhizobacteria-mediated induced systemic resistance (ISR). Rhizobacteria-mediated ISR resembles pathogen-induced systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in that both types of induced resistance render uninfected plant parts more resistant towards a broad spectrum of plant pathogens. Some rhizobacteria trigger the salicylic acid (SA)-dependent SAR pathway by producing SA at the root surface. In other cases, rhizobacteria trigger a different signalling pathway that does not require SA. The existence of a SA-independent ISR pathway has been demonstrated in Arabidopsis thaliana. In contrast to pathogen-induced SAR, ISR induced by Pseudomonas fluorescens WCS417r is independent of SA accumulation and pathogenesis-related (PR) gene activation but, instead, requires responsiveness to the plant hormones jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene. Mutant analyses showed that ISR follows a novel signalling pathway in which components from the JA and ethylene response are successively engaged to trigger a defensive state that, like SAR, is controlled by the regulatory factor NPR1. Interestingly, simultaneous activation of both the JA/ethylene-dependent ISR pathway and the SA-dependent SAR pathway results in an enhanced level of protection. Thus combining both types of induced resistance provides an attractive tool for the improvement of disease control. This review focuses on the current status of our research on triggering, signalling, and expression of rhizobacteria-mediated ISR in Arabidopsis. 相似文献
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Costs and trade-offs associated with induced resistance 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Plants resist attack by pathogens and herbivorous insects through constitutive and inducible defences. Based on differences in signalling pathways and spectra of effectiveness, different types of induced resistance have been defined. Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) occurs in distal plant parts following localized infection by a necrotizing pathogen. It is controlled by a signalling pathway that depends upon the accumulation of salicylic acid (SA) and the regulatory protein NPR1. In contrast, induced systemic resistance (ISR) is induced by selected strains of non-pathogenic plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPR). ISR functions independently of SA, but requires NPR1 and is regulated by jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene (ET). It is generally believed that induced resistance evolved to save energy under pathogen or insect-free conditions, although costs still arise when defences are activated following attack. Costs can arise from the allocation of resources to defence and away from plant growth and development, and there are also ecological costs which result from trade-offs between induced resistance and the plant's interaction with beneficial organisms e.g. mycorrhizal fungi. To date, few studies have examined the costs and trade-offs associated with induced resistance to pathogens. There is a clear need for long-term studies of costs and trade-offs associated with induced resistance in crops under commercial conditions. Without such information, the potential offered by induced resistance is unlikely to be realized. 相似文献
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Suppressive effect of abscisic acid on systemic acquired resistance in tobacco plants 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Miyuki Kusajima Michiko Yasuda Akiko Kawashima Hideaki Nojiri Hisakazu Yamane Masami Nakajima Katsumi Akutsu Hideo Nakashita 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2010,76(2):161-167
Recent studies have indicated that the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA), induced in response to a variety of environmental
stresses, plays an important role in modulating diverse plant–pathogen interactions. In Arabidopsis
thaliana, we previously clarified that ABA suppressed the induction of systemic acquired resistance (SAR), a plant defense system
induced by pathogen infection through salicylic acid (SA) accumulation. We investigated the generality of this suppressive
effect by ABA on SAR using tobacco plants. For SAR induction, we used 1,2-benzisothiazole-3(2H)-one 1,1-dioxide (BIT) and benzo(1,2,3)thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid S-methyl ester (BTH) that activate upstream and downstream of SA in the SAR signaling pathway, respectively. Wild-type tobacco
plants treated with BIT or BTH exhibited enhanced disease resistance against Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and tobacco wildfire bacterium, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci (Pst), however, which was suppressed by pretreatment of plants with ABA. Pretreatment with ABA also suppressed the expression
of SAR-marker genes by BIT and BTH, indicating that ABA suppressed the induction of SAR. ABA suppressed BTH-induced disease
resistance and pathogenesis-related (PR) gene expression in NahG-transgenic plants that are unable to accumulate SA. The accumulation of SA in wild-type plants after BIT treatment was also
suppressed by pretreatment with ABA. These data suggest that ABA suppresses both upstream and downstream of SA in the SAR
signaling pathway in tobacco. 相似文献
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ABSTRACT The role of bacterially produced salicylic acid (SA) in the induction of systemic resistance in plants by rhizobacteria is far from clear. The strong SA producer Pseudomonas fluorescens WCS374r induces resistance in radish but not in Arabidopsis thaliana, whereas application of SA leads to induction of resistance in both plant species. In this study, we compared P. fluorescens WCS374r with three other SA-producing fluorescent Pseudomonas strains, P. fluorescens WCS417r and CHA0r, and P. aeruginosa 7NSK2 for their abilities to produce SA under different growth conditions and to induce systemic resistance in A. thaliana against bacterial speck, caused by P. syringae pv. tomato. All strains produced SA in vitro, varying from 5 fg cell(-1) for WCS417r to >25 fg cell(-1) for WCS374r. Addition of 200 muM FeCl(3) to standard succinate medium abolished SA production in all strains. Whereas the incubation temperature did not affect SA production by WCS417r and 7NSK2, strains WCS374r and CHA0r produced more SA when grown at 33 instead of 28 degrees C. WCS417r, CHA0r, and 7NSK2 induced systemic resistance apparently associated with their ability to produce SA, but WCS374r did not. Conversely, a mutant of 7NSK2 unable to produce SA still triggered induced systemic resistance (ISR). The possible involvement of SA in the induction of resistance was evaluated using SA-nonaccumulating transgenic NahG plants. Strains WCS417r, CHA0r, and 7NSK2 induced resistance in NahG Arabidopsis. Also, WCS374r, when grown at 33 or 36 degrees C, triggered ISR in these plants, but not in ethylene-insensitive ein2 or in non-plant pathogenesis- related protein-expressing npr1 mutant plants, irrespective of the growth temperature of the bacteria. These results demonstrate that, whereas WCS374r can be manipulated to trigger ISR in Arabidopsis, SA is not the primary determinant for the induction of systemic resistance against bacterial speck disease by this bacterium. Also, for the other SAproducing strains used in this study, bacterial determinants other than SA must be responsible for inducing resistance. 相似文献
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Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) colonization led to a decrease in the severity of fusarium wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici in tomato plants. The involvement of two plant defense hormones, namely methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and salicylic acid (SA), in the expression of mycorrhiza induced resistance (MIR) against this vascular pathogen was studied in the AM colonized and non-colonized (controls) plants. Activity of lipoxygenase (LOX), which plays a role in jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis, as well as levels of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) increased in AM colonized plants as compared to controls, but did not show any further changes in response to F. oxysporum inoculation. On the other hand, activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), which is an enzyme from salicylic acid (SA) biosynthetic pathway, as well as SA levels, increased in both controls and AM colonized plants in response to application of F. oxysporum spores. Hence the JA and not the SA signalling pathway appeared to play a role in the expression of MIR against this vascular pathogen. The resistance observed in AM colonized plants was completely compromised when plants were treated with the JA biosynthesis inhibitor salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM). This confirmed that the AM-induced increase in JA levels was involved in the expression of resistance toward F. oxysporum. The SA response gene pathogenesis-related 1 (PR1) showed an increased expression in response to F. oxysporum infection in SHAM treated AM colonized plants as compared to plants that were not treated with this JA inhibitor. This suggested the possibility that JA inhibited SA responses, at least in the roots. AM colonization therefore appeared to prime plants for improved tolerance against the vascular pathogen F. oxysporum, which was mediated through the JA signalling pathway. 相似文献
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BACKGROUND: Trichoderma asperellum SKT-1 is a microbial pesticide of seedborne diseases of rice. To investigate the mechanisms of disease suppression in SKT-1, the ability to induce systemic resistance by SKT-1, or its cell-free culture filtrate (CF), was tested using Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 plants. RESULTS: Both SKT-1 and its CF elicit an induced systemic resistance against the bacterial leaf speck pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 in Col-0 plants. Involvement of plant hormones in the induced resistance by SKT-1 and CF was assessed using Arabidopsis genotypes such as the jasmonic acid (JA)-resistant mutant jar1, the ethylene (ET)-resistant mutant etr1, the plant impaired in salicylic acid (SA) signalling transgenic NahG and the mutant npr1 impaired in NPR1 activity. In soil experiments using SKT-1, no significant disease suppression effect was observed in NahG transgenic plants or npr1 mutant plants. Expression levels of SA-inducible genes such as PR-1, PR-2 and PR-5 increased substantially in the leaves of Col-0 plants. Expression levels of JA/ET-induced genes such as PDF1.2a, PR-3, PR-4 and AtVsp1 were also induced, but the levels were not as high as for SA-inducible genes. In a hydroponic experiment using CF from SKT-1, all Arabidopsis genotypes showed an induced systemic resistance by CF and increased expression levels of JA/ET- and SA-inducible genes in leaves of CF-treated plants. CONCLUSION: The SA signalling pathway is important in inducing systemic resistance to colonisation by SKT-1, and both SA and JA/ET signalling pathways combine in the signalling of induced resistance by CF. These results indicate that the response of A. thaliana is different from that found in root treatments with barley grain inoculum and CF from SKT-1. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
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Robert A. Andersson Motomu Akita Minna Pirhonen Elin Gammelgård Jari P.T. Valkonen 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2005,71(1):23-28
Vascular plants have various inducible resistance mechanisms as defense against pathogens. Mosses, small nonvascular plants (subkingdom Bryophyta), have been little studied in regard to their pathogens or modes of defense. Data here show that Erwinia carotovora, a bacterial plant pathogen that causes softrot in many dicotyledonous plants, can also cause soft rot symptoms in the moss Physcomitrella patens. Infection of moss by E. carotovora required pathogenicity factors similar to those required to infect vascular plants and, again as in vascular plants, salicylic acid (SA) induced moss to inhibit tissue maceration by Erwinia. These data reveal that SA-dependent defense pathways may have evolved before differentiation of vascular and nonvascular plants. 相似文献
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A preinoculative soil drench application of 0·5 mm β‐aminobutyric acid (BABA) significantly inhibited colonization of oilseed rape (Brassica napus, susceptible cultivar Falcon) by Verticillium longisporum and also prevented plant stunting caused by the pathogen. To better understand the defence responses induced by BABA, the presence of occlusions in the plant hypocotyl, levels of salicylic acid (SA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity and expression of PR‐1 and PDF1.2 genes were examined. Transverse sections through the hypocotyl region of BABA‐treated plants showed clear vessels surrounded by phenol‐storing cells, in contrast to numerous obstructed vessels in water‐treated plants, in response to the pathogen. A significant increase in SA levels was observed in the hypocotyls of both water‐ and BABA‐treated plants in response to the pathogen; however, SA levels were unrelated to disease resistance. The level of H2O2 decreased in both treatments in response to the pathogen. A significant increase in PAL activity was observed in hypocotyl tissues of BABA‐treated plants. The expression patterns of PR‐1 and PDF1.2 were similar in the two treatments in response to the pathogen, indicating no involvement of these genes in resistance. The results indicate a similar organ specificity of the plant hypocotyl for chemically induced internal resistance as for genotype‐related resistance, two phenomena which, however, are based on contrasting cytological responses in the vascular tissues. Nonetheless, evidence is provided that the activity of the phenylpropanoid pathway plays a crucial role in both types of resistance. 相似文献
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ABSTRACT Alternaria solani is the causal agent of early blight disease in tomato and is responsible for significant economic losses sustained by tomato producers each year. Because salicylic acid (SA) is an important signal molecule that plays a critical role in plant defense against pathogen invasion, we investigated if the exogenous application of SA would activate systemic acquired resistance (SAR) against A. solani in tomato leaves. The addition of 200 muM SA to the root system significantly increased the endogenous SA content of leaves. Free SA levels increased 65-fold over basal levels to 5.85 mug g(-1) fresh weight (FW) after 48 h. This level of SA had no visible phytotoxic effects. Total SA content (free SA + SA-glucose conjugate) increased to 108 mug g(-1) FW after 48 h. Concomitant with elevated SA levels, expression of the tomato pathogenesis-related (PR)-1B gene was strongly induced within 24 h of the addition of 200 muM SA. PR-1B expression was still evident after 48 h; however, PR-1B induction was not observed in plants not receiving SA treatment. Challenge inoculation of SA-treated tomato plants using conidia of A. solani resulted in 83% fewer lesions per leaf and a 77% reduction in blighted leaf area as compared with control plants not receiving SA. Our data indicate that root feeding 200 muM SA to tomato plants can (i) significantly elevate foliar SA levels, (ii) induce PR-1B gene expression, and (iii) activate SAR that is effective against A. solani. 相似文献
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Geert De Meyer Kris Audenaert Monica Höfte 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1999,105(5):513-517
Root colonization by rhizobacteria can induce a systemic resistance in plants that is phenotypically similar to systemic acquired resistance induced by a localized pathogen infection. We used the tobacco–tobacco mosaic virus model to investigate whether the systemic resistance induced by the rhizobacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa 7NSK2 is mediated by the systemic acquired resistance signal transduction pathway. Experiments with nahG-transformed tobacco revealed that Pseudomonas aeruginosa 7NSK2-induced resistance depended on in planta salicylic acid accumulation for its expression but not for its induction and is, in this respect, similar to systemic acquired resistance. However, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 7NSK2-induced resistance was, unlike systemic acquired resistance, not associated with PR1a expression at the time of challenge with tobacco mosaic virus. This suggests that Pseudomonas aeruginosa 7NSK2 treatment would only potentiate defense gene expression in systemic tissue, which would also explain why its level of resistance is lower than in case of systemic acquired resistance. Because we demonstrated that induced resistance by Pseudomonas aeruginosa 7NSK2 exclusively depends on the production of salicylic acid by this strain our conclusions might also account for other salicylic acid-producing and resistance-inducing rhizobacteria. 相似文献
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S. Hase S. Takahashi S. Takenaka K. Nakaho T. Arie S. Seo Y. Ohashi H. Takahashi 《Plant pathology》2008,57(5):870-876
When the biocontrol agent Pythium oligandrum (PO) colonizes the rhizosphere, it suppresses bacterial wilt disease in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Micro‐Tom) caused by Ralstonia solanacearum, and a homogenate of its mycelia exhibits elicitor activity, inducing an ethylene (ET)‐dependent defence response in Micro‐Tom. Since salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) play an important role in plant defence responses to pathogens, the involvement of SA‐ and JA‐dependent signal transduction pathways in resistance to R. solanacearum was investigated in tomato roots treated with a mycelial homogenate of PO. Bacterial wilt disease was also suppressed in tomato cv. Moneymaker treated with the PO homogenate. However, the SA‐inducible PR‐1(P6) gene was not up‐regulated in either Micro‐Tom or Moneymaker. SA did not accumulate in homogenate‐treated roots in comparison with distilled water‐treated controls, even 24 h after inoculation. Induced resistance against R. solanacearum was not compromised in SA‐non‐accumulating NahG transgenic plants treated with the PO homogenate. On the other hand, the expression of the JA‐responsive gene for the basic PR‐6 protein was induced in both tomato cultivars treated with the PO homogenate. Furthermore, quantitative disease assays showed that the induced resistance against R. solanacearum was compromized in PO homogenate‐treated jai1‐1 mutant plants defective in JA signalling. These results indicated that the JA‐dependent signalling pathway is required for PO‐induced resistance against R. solanacearum in tomato. 相似文献
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枯草芽孢杆菌PTS-394诱导番茄对灰霉病的系统抗性 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
本文研究了枯草芽孢杆菌PTS-394对番茄的防御相关酶活性、抗病信号转导通路的标志基因表达的诱导情况和诱导抗病性对灰霉病的防治效果。结果显示,菌株PTS-394灌根番茄后,在24~72 h内番茄顶端叶片中PAL、PPO、POX、LOX的活性都有不同程度的持续增加,且72 h时达到最高峰值,随后在96 h下降,与对照相比差异显著;此外,番茄抗病信号通路节点基因NPR1和水杨酸(SA)信号通路激发的防卫基因PR-1a,在24~72 h得到了显著持续高表达。以上结果表明,利用菌株PTS-394灌根番茄后,能够诱导植株产生系统抗病性。菌株PTS-394灌根番茄后48 h,离体叶片挑战接种番茄灰霉菌,结果显示,菌株PTS-394处理的番茄叶片病斑面积仅为对照处理的50%,防控效果达47.1%;温室盆栽试验显示,菌株PTS-394处理后对番茄灰霉的防治效果为58.2%。综上所述,枯草芽孢杆菌PTS-394灌根番茄后,可以触发番茄植株系统性的抗病性,增强植株免疫能力。 相似文献
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Rosalía Núñez-Pastrana Guadalupe Fabiola Arcos-Ortega Ramón Armando Souza-Perera Carlos Alberto Sánchez-Borges Yumi Elena Nakazawa-Ueji Francisco Javier García-Villalobos Adolfo Alberto Guzmán-Antonio José Juan Zúñiga-Aguilar 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2011,131(4):669-683
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The salicylic acid-dependent defence pathway is effective against different pathogens in tomato and tobacco 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
The role of salicylic acid (SA) was investigated in basal defence and induced resistance to powdery mildew ( Oidium neolycopersici ) and grey mould ( Botrytis cinerea ) in tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum ) and tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum ). A comparison of NahG transgenic tomato and tobacco (unable to accumulate SA) to their respective wild types revealed that in tomato, SA was not involved in basal defence against O. neolycopersici but NahG tobacco showed an enhanced susceptibility to O. neolycopersici infection, the effect becoming more obvious as the plants grew older. In contrast, SA played no role in the basal defence of tobacco against B. cinerea , but seemed to contribute to basal defence of tomato against B. cinerea. Activation of the SA-dependent defence pathway via benzothiadiazole (BTH) resulted in induced resistance against O. neolycopersici in tobacco but not in tomato. Microscopic analysis revealed that BTH treatment could prevent penetration of the Oidium germ tube through tobacco leaves, whereas penetration was successful on tomato leaves irrespective of BTH treatment. In contrast, soil or leaf treatment with BTH induced resistance against B. cinerea in tomato but not in tobacco. It is concluded that the SA-dependent defence pathway is effective against different pathogens in tomato and tobacco. 相似文献