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1.
Chellemi DO 《Phytopathology》2002,92(12):1367-1372
ABSTRACT Nonchemical methods including host resistance, organic amendments, crop rotation, soil solarization, and cultural practices have been used to control soilborne pests in fresh market vegetable production systems. Their suitability as alternatives to methyl bromide will depend on the approach to pest management used by the grower. Traditionally, methyl bromide is used in production systems that rely on the single application of a broad-spectrum biocide to disinfest soils prior to planting. Non-chemical methods are not suitable for a single tactic approach to pest management because they do not provide the same broad spectrum of activity or consistency as fumigation with methyl bromide. Nonchemical methods are compatible with an integrated pest management (IPM) approach, where multiple tactics are used to maintain damage from pests below an economic threshold while minimizing the impact to beneficial organisms. However, adoption of IPM is hindered by the paucity of economically feasible sampling programs and thresholds for soilborne pests and by a reluctance of growers to commit additional resources to the collection and management of biological information. A novel approach to the management of soilborne pests is to design the crop production system to avoid pest outbreaks. Using this "proactive" approach, a tomato production system was developed using strip-tillage into existing bahia-grass pasture. By minimizing inputs and disruption to the pasture, growers were able to reap the rotational benefits of bahiagrass without cultivating the rotational crop. While minimizing the need for interventive procedures, a proactive approach is difficult to integrate into existing crop production systems and will require several years of testing and validation. 相似文献
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太阳能消毒技术在世界范围内广泛使用, 由于其经常受到气候差异的影响导致效果不稳定, 通常与其他措施结合以加强防治效果。种植前采用土壤熏蒸是土传病害的有效预防策略, 本研究通过监测土壤温度、理化性质、土传病原菌、草莓植株长势、产量和分析经济效益, 评价了不同浓度的土壤熏蒸剂棉隆和太阳能消毒联合处理对草莓土传病害的防治效果及经济效益分析。种植前棉隆熏蒸和太阳能消毒处理不仅能很好地控制土传病害, 其对镰刀菌属、疫霉属的抑制率分别为64.41%~84.75%、51.59%~86.94%, 而且显著提高了草莓的产量, 增产率为79.9%~99.4%;联合处理的成本较单独太阳能消毒处理仅增加约3.29%~13.17%, 但净收入增长率高达49.77%~66.28%。因此, 在草莓土传病害管理中, 土壤熏蒸与太阳能消毒处理相结合, 可以降低作物感染土传病害的风险, 保证作物稳定高产。 相似文献
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Jon S. West James A. Townsend Mark Stevens Bruce D. L. Fitt 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2012,133(1):315-331
This review describes environmental factors that influence severity of crop disease epidemics, especially in the UK and north-west
Europe, in order to assess the effects of climate change on crop growth and yield and severity of disease epidemics. While
work on some diseases, such as phoma stem canker of oilseed rape and fusarium ear blight of wheat, that combine crop growth,
disease development and climate change models is described in detail, climate-change projections and predictions of the resulting
biotic responses to them are complex to predict and detailed models linking climate, crop growth and disease development are
not available for many crop-pathogen systems. This review uses a novel approach of comparing pathogen biology according to
‘ecotype’ (a categorization based on aspects such as epidemic type, dissemination method and infection biology), guided by
detailed disease progress models where available to identify potential future research priorities for disease control. Consequences
of projected climate change are assessed for factors driving elements of disease cycles of fungal pathogens (nine important
pathogens are assessed in detail), viruses, bacteria and phytoplasmas. Other diseases classified according to ‘ecotypes’ were
reviewed and likely changes in their severity used to guide comparable diseases about which less information is available.
Both direct and indirect effects of climate change are discussed, with an emphasis on examples from the UK, and considered
in the context of other factors that influence diseases and particularly emergence of new diseases, such as changes to farm
practices and introductions of exotic material and effects of other environment changes such as elevated CO2. Good crop disease control will contribute to climate change mitigation by decreasing greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture
while sustaining production. Strategies for adaptation to climate change are needed to maintain disease control and crop yields
in north-west Europe. 相似文献
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土壤消毒主要用于土壤病虫草害防控。过去几十年,土壤主要采用化学药品熏蒸消毒,不合理使用容易造成环境污染。土壤蒸汽消毒、火焰消毒和热水浇灌等需要专门的仪器设备,且存在能耗较高、灭生性强、容易破坏土壤结构等缺点。目前,土壤日晒技术受到意大利、美国、以色列等70多个国家农业科学家的广泛关注,但在中国依然处于初级阶段。本文总结了国内外学者关于土壤日晒对农业病虫草害、土壤肥力、农作物产量等方面的影响与应用,分析了土壤日晒存在的局限性,并对土壤日晒在未来农业绿色防控上的应用前景进行了展望,以期为农产品无公害生产提供理论依据和实践参考。 相似文献
6.
Duniway JM 《Phytopathology》2002,92(12):1337-1343
ABSTRACT None of the chemical alternatives currently registered and available has the full spectrum of activity and versatility of methyl bromide as a pre-plant soil fumigant. Chloropicrin and 1,3-dichloropropene (Telone) can provide significant control of many plant pathogens in soil and growth stimulation in annual crops. These compounds, however, provide limited control of weeds or other residual plant materials in soil of concern in nursery production systems, and some perennial replant diseases. Methyl isothiocyanate generators such as metam sodium have broad biocidal activity in soil, but are more difficult to apply effectively. In most soil applications, the available alternatives are likely to be used in combinations, either as mixtures (e.g., 1,3-dichloropropene and chloropicrin) or sequentially (e.g., chloropicrin followed by metam sodium). They may also be supplemented with other more specific pesticides and cultural controls. Among the alternatives currently under active development but not yet available, methyl iodide and propargyl bromide probably have activity that most closely parallels that of methyl bromide in soil. However, all of the chemical alternatives to methyl bromide will be subject to continuing review and more regulation. Furthermore, we do not know the actual prospects for registration of the new fumigants currently under development and there is a risk that registered fumigants will not be available for large-scale use in soil indefinitely. 相似文献
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Anaerobic soil disinfestation is an alternative to soil fumigation for control of some soilborne pathogens in strawberry production 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1 
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下载免费PDF全文 C. Shennan J. Muramoto S. Koike G. Baird S. Fennimore J. Samtani M. Bolda S. Dara O. Daugovish G. Lazarovits D. Butler E. Rosskopf N. Kokalis‐Burelle K. Klonsky M. Mazzola 《Plant pathology》2018,67(1):51-66
Alternatives to soil fumigation are needed for soilborne disease control. The aim of this study was to test anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) as an alternative to soil fumigation for control of critical soilborne pathogens in Californian strawberry production. Controlled environment experiments were conducted at 25 and 15 °C to test different materials as carbon sources for ASD using soil inoculated with Verticillium dahliae. Field trials were conducted in three locations comparing ASD with 20 Mg ha?1 rice bran (RB) against fumigated and untreated controls, steam, mustard seed meal and fish emulsion. In ASD‐treated soils, temperature and extent of anaerobic conditions were critical for control of V. dahliae, but multiple carbon inputs reduced inoculum by 80–100%. In field trials, ASD with RB provided control of a number of pathogens, and in three of four trials produced marketable fruit yields equivalent to fumigation. Little weed control benefit from ASD was found. ASD with RB also induced changes in the soil microbiome that persisted through the growing season. When equivalent yields were obtained, net returns above harvest and treatment costs with ASD RB were 92–96% of those with bed fumigation based on average prices over the previous 5 years. ASD can be a viable alternative for control of some soilborne pathogens. Growers are adopting ASD in California strawberry production, but research to determine optimal soil temperatures, anaerobicity thresholds and carbon sources for effective control of specific pathogens is needed. 相似文献
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微生物菌肥对熏蒸剂处理后土壤微生态的影响研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
土壤熏蒸是防治土传病害的有效手段,但化学熏蒸剂在杀死病原微生物的同时也会对有益微生物群落的组成与活性造成影响。微生物菌肥不仅能够减少农作物的病虫害侵染,而且能够改善农产品的品质与产量。将土壤熏蒸剂与微生物菌肥配合使用将有利于连作土壤修复、土壤-植物微生态环境的改良与重塑。一方面,土壤熏蒸剂用于消灭前茬作物遗留下的土壤病原物,给土壤进行消毒处理;另一方面,施用微生物菌肥给“纯净”的土壤环境输入有益菌群,引导更利于植物生长的土壤微生态环境(土壤理化性质、土壤微生物群落结构)形成。本文简述了土壤熏蒸剂、微生物菌肥以及微生物菌肥介入熏蒸后的土壤对土壤理化性质、土壤酶系及土壤微生物群落变化的研究进展,旨在系统解析微生物菌肥对经熏蒸剂处理后土壤微环境变化的影响,以期为解决连作障碍、防治土传病害、恢复植物根际功能提供相关理论与技术参考。 相似文献
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Molecular breeding technologies and strategies for rust resistance in wheat (Triticum aestivum) for sustained food security 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Wheat is an important cereal food crop providing key nutrients to humankind. Rusts are the most destructive pathogens of cereal crops, with the exception of rice, across the world and resistant cultivars have been widely employed to reduce the yield losses caused by them. The modern intensive monoculture of cultivars and changing climatic conditions has created congenial conditions for the emergence of new virulent races such as Ug99, which is a great concern for world food security. Conventional breeding efforts have not been effective in quickly developing new varieties with durable and broad‐spectrum resistance against the rapidly evolving rust pathogen races. However, in the last two decades, biotechnological methods such as marker‐assisted selection (MAS) and transgenic technology have provided novel strategies for enhancing resistance levels and durability in crop plants in a short span of time. Nevertheless, broad application of transgenics in agriculture is hindered by biosafety apprehensions. In recent years, improved versions of biotechnological breeding methods such as genomic selection, genome editing technologies, cisgenesis and intragenesis, RNA‐dependent DNA methylation (RdDM), agroinfiltration and reverse breeding are gaining popularity. These technologies provide a tremendous capability to manipulate crop plants more precisely than before and accelerate crop improvement efforts for sustained food production as well as overcoming safety concerns associated with food crops. 相似文献
10.
Accurate identification of fungal phytopathogens is essential for virtually all aspects of plant pathology, from fundamental research on the biology of pathogens to the control of the diseases they cause. Although molecular methods, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), are routinely used in the diagnosis of human diseases, they are not yet widely used to detect and identify plant pathogens. Here we review some of the diagnostic tools currently used for fungal plant pathogens and describe some novel applications. Technological advances in PCR-based methods, such as real-time PCR, allow fast, accurate detection and quantification of plant pathogens and are now being applied to practical problems. Molecular methods have been used to detect several pathogens simultaneously in wheat, and to study the development of fungicide resistance in wheat pathogens. Information resulting from such work could be used to improve disease control by allowing more rational decisions to be made about the choice and use of fungicides and resistant cultivars. Molecular methods have also been applied to the study of variation in plant pathogen populations, for example detection of different mating types or virulence types. PCR-based methods can provide new tools to monitor the exposure of a crop to pathogen inoculum that are more reliable and faster than conventional methods. This information can be used to improve disease control decision making. The development and application of molecular diagnostic methods in the future is discussed and we expect that new developments will increase the adoption of these new technologies for the diagnosis and study of plant disease. 相似文献
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我国土壤熏蒸消毒60年回顾 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
熏蒸剂棉隆和氯化苦于20世纪60年代在我国曾用于棉花黄萎病的防治,由于缺乏施药机械、相关施药标准和方法,加之与国外交流甚少,虽然发现熏蒸剂对土传病害有一定的效果,但一直未形成规模化应用。我国大量使用熏蒸剂进行土壤消毒处理始于20世纪90年代,随着溴甲烷的引进与广泛应用,溴甲烷的替代技术及产品研发,开启了我国土壤熏蒸消毒的新纪元。伴随着土壤消毒技术与理论的不断丰富,新型配套机械装备的成功研发,社会化服务模式的广泛运用,土壤熏蒸消毒在我国进入快速发展时期,大批专业化服务组织应运而生,为我国农作物病虫害的绿色防控、实施乡村振兴战略提供了强有力的技术支撑。该文从土壤熏蒸剂的种类、发展历史、基础理论的建立与阐明3方面综述了我国土壤熏蒸发展情况,并对我国土壤熏蒸消毒未来发展方向提出了展望。 相似文献
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Precision agriculture is a management concept depending on information technologies related to within-field variability. Site-specific plant production requires the use of technologies, such as global positioning systems, sensors, and information management tools to assess variations in soil, crop canopy and micro-climate. Crop protection is an important production factor, which at present is applied in high-input cropping systems homogeneously in the field despite of site-specific heterogeneity in the incidence and distribution of weeds, pests and pathogens. The spatial and temporal heterogeneity of pests in the field is assessed using remote sensing techniques linked to global positioning systems. The generation and management of information on pest incidence with high spatial resolution and its conversion into precise control systems will enable a targeted and resource-preserving integrated pest management system under high productivity conditions, which is economically successful, environmentally sound and socially acceptable. The recording of disease-related weather data and the assessment of spatial heterogeneity of micro-climate in the field as well as the detection of disease specific symptoms with remote and near range sensors (multispectral and hyperspectral cameras, thermography, chlorophyll fluorescence etc.) have the potential to make crop protection more precise in space and time. Innovative approaches are discussed in detail. 相似文献
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BACKGROUND: Producers of several high‐value crops in California have traditionally used preplant soil fumigation with methyl bromide/chloropicrin combinations. Although methyl bromide has been phased out since 2005, several crop industries, including cut flower producers, have continued methyl bromide use under Critical Use Exemptions, a provision of the Montreal Protocol. This research was conducted to evaluate newer, emerging methyl bromide alternative chemicals. RESULTS: Two field trials were conducted to test several emerging chemicals in combination with metam sodium as replacements for methyl bromide. Emerging chemicals included 2‐bromoethanol, dimethyl disulfide, furfural, propylene oxide and sodium azide. Weed and pathogen populations were measured after chemical application, and seed viability was assessed from weed seed previously buried in the plots. In the first trial, the emerging chemicals did not improve pest control compared with metam sodium alone. However, in the second trial, several of these chemicals did improve the pest control performance of metam sodium. CONCLUSIONS: The emerging alternative chemicals have the potential to provide better control of soilborne pathogens and weeds when used with metam sodium than metam sodium alone. Registration of these materials could provide California growers with a broader choice of tools compared with the limited methyl bromide alternatives now available. Published 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Herbicide research and development: challenges and opportunities 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The high adoption of chemical weed control and the broad range of solutions already available to manage most weed problems are significant hurdles to the development and launch of new herbicides. Business potentials are influenced by the high technical and biological standards provided by existing herbicides, as well as the intense competition in the marketplace. Other factors adding complexity are agronomic, structural and technological changes, including the introduction of herbicide‐tolerant crops, and the high costs of development for new active ingredients, mainly due to increasing regulatory requirements. In the light of increasing weed resistance to widely used herbicides, securing diversity in agronomy as well as weed management is a key to efficient crop production in future. In order to support this objective, new herbicides, preferably with new modes‐of‐action, will need to be discovered and developed. 相似文献
15.
Coffee in East Africa (Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda) is an important cash and export crop for small-scale farmers. The crop suffers heavy yield losses due to damage caused by a wide range of indigenous pests (insects, diseases, nematodes and weeds). Current recommended pest control measures include a combination of cultural, resistant/tolerant cultivars and the use of broad spectrum chemical pesticides. Chemical pesticides are far more popular at the farm level than any of the other recommended pest control measures. Coffee pest control strategies are often aimed at individual pests with little consideration of the implications for the total coffee pest complex and its agro-ecosystem. This unilateral approach has resulted in increased pest pressure on coffee and some of its companion crops, outbreak of new pests of coffee, development of pest strains resistant to the cheap and commonly available chemical pesticides, increased environmental problems, increased health risks to man and livestock and an overall increase in the costs of coffee production, thus forcing many farmers to neglect their coffee plantations. Measures to alleviate the above problems, particularly the high production costs, are needed to improve coffee production and increase the cash return to the small-scale farmer. Integrated pest management (IPM) offers the best prospects for solving the above problems. However, lack of national IPM policies, poor extension systems, inefficient research-extension-farmer linkage and the lack of a holistic approach will delay the development and implementation of appropriate, acceptable and sustainable IPM practices. 相似文献
16.
M R RYAN D A MORTENSEN L BASTIAANS† J R TEASDALE‡ S B MIRSKY‡ W S CURRAN R SEIDEL§ D O WILSON§ & P R HEPPERLY§ 《Weed Research》2010,50(1):25-36
In a long-term cropping systems trial comparing organically and conventionally managed systems, organic maize production sustained crop yields equal to conventional methods despite higher weed levels. In 2005 and 2006, an experiment nested within the trial was conducted to gain insight into this apparent crop tolerance to weed competition. Density of mixed weed species was experimentally manipulated to achieve a broad range of weed infestation levels. Under standard management conditions, all cropping systems produced equivalent maize yields, even though weedy plant biomass in the organic treatments was between fourfold and sevenfold greater than in the conventionally managed maize. Increased yield capacity, evidenced when plots were maintained weed-free, and enhanced crop competitiveness, were the main pillars of this apparent crop tolerance to weed competition in the organic systems. Increased soil resource availability and a faster relative crop growth rate in the organic systems probably contributed to these factors, which play an important role in buffering crop fitness during years of less than ideal weed control. Simultaneously, the experiment illustrated the poor efficacy of mechanical weed management in the organic systems, which is the main reason organic maize did not out-yield conventional maize under standard management conditions. 相似文献
17.
采用室内培养法研究棉隆熏蒸后添加常用剂量的生物炭和沸石对土壤微生态和土传病原菌的影响。结果表明：与对照相比,各处理土壤硝态氮的含量均显著增加。与仅棉隆熏蒸相比,熏蒸后添加沸石处理土壤硝态氮含量显著增加6.29%～11.74%。棉隆熏蒸后添加生物炭处理在培养期结束时土壤有效磷、速效钾、有机质含量以及电导率显著增加,土壤酸碱度降低,效果优于添加沸石处理。此外,与对照相比,棉隆熏蒸后添加生物炭还可提高土壤过氧化氢酶(5.68%～14.51%)和蔗糖酶(3.71%～12.08%)的活性。棉隆熏蒸后添加沸石的处理其土壤酶活性在培养期结束时和对照、仅棉隆熏蒸处理间无显著差异。对土壤微生物的分析结果表明,与仅棉隆熏蒸相比,棉隆熏蒸后添加生物炭和沸石处理其细菌数量显著增加3.49%～33.95%,真菌数量呈现先降低后增加的趋势。对病原菌数据分析表明,棉隆熏蒸后添加生物炭和沸石均可提高对镰刀菌和疫霉的防治效果,但沸石防治效果更好、更持久,培养期结束时对镰刀菌和疫霉的抑制率高达89.29%和72.58%。我们的研究结果表明棉隆熏蒸土壤后添加生物炭和沸石可提高土壤养分,改善土壤微生态环境,同时加强对病原菌的... 相似文献
18.
Crop diseases affect crop yield and quality and cause significant losses of total food production worldwide. With the ever-increasing world population and decreasing land and water resources, there is a need not only to produce more food but also to reduce agricultural greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to mitigate climate change and avoid land use change and biodiversity loss. Thus, alternative climate-smart farming systems need to adapt to produce more food per hectare in a more sustainable way than conventional high-input farming systems. In addition to breeding new high-yielding cultivars adapted to future climates, there is a need to deploy Integrated Crop Management (ICM) strategies, relying less on synthetic inputs for fertilization and crop protection and less on fossil fuel-powered machinery to decrease yield losses due to pest and pathogens and guarantee food security. In this review, we compare some low-input farming systems to conventional agricultural systems with a focus on ICM solutions being developed to reduce synthetic inputs; these include crop genetic resistance to pathogens, intercropping, canopy architecture manipulation, and crop rotation. These techniques have potential to decrease crop disease frequency and severity by decreasing amounts and dispersal of pathogen inoculum and by producing microclimates that are less favourable for pathogen development, while decreasing GHG emissions and improving environmental sustainability. More research is needed to determine the best deployment of these ICM strategies in various cropping systems to maximize yield, crop protection, and other ecosystem services to address trade-offs between climate change and food security. 相似文献
19.
土壤熏蒸对土壤氮循环及其功能微生物的影响研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
土壤熏蒸凭借高效、广谱等优点已被广泛应用,但正因为其具有广谱性,熏蒸剂在杀死土壤中有害生物的同时,也影响着驱动土壤中各种元素循环、转化的非靶标微生物。土壤氮循环是连接大气、土壤和水体的重要枢纽,而与氮循环有关的关键过程主要由微生物所驱动,因此,土壤熏蒸势必会影响氮循环中的物质转化。已有研究表明,熏蒸剂可显著改变一些与土壤氮循环相关的功能基因及功能微生物的种类及丰度,其中一些熏蒸剂在进行熏蒸处理后,短期内均能提高土壤中氮的矿化速率,增加土壤中的氮素累积矿化量,而固氮、硝化和反硝化过程均受到抑制,可提高对氮素的利用率。本文就常用的几种熏蒸剂在进行土壤熏蒸后,对土壤中氮循环中的固氮、矿化、硝化和反硝化等反应中的各个关键过程和功能微生物产生的影响进行综述,可为研究土壤熏蒸的环境风险提供依据。 相似文献
20.
The current global area equipped for irrigation provides 30–40% of the world's gross food output. Water used for plant irrigation may harbour plant pathogens and foster their spread. This represents a serious risk for crop health, with heavy socio‐economic consequences. More specifically to plant pathogenic bacteria (PPB), a range of species have been reported from irrigation systems and their potential role in epidemic development has long been recognized. However, only a few studies have been performed to date on the ecology of PPB in the context of water habitats. Consequently, current knowledge of the biology, ecology and epidemiology of PPB in irrigation water is poor. In light of this, an attempt is made to describe the most relevant information concerning the role of open irrigation systems in the survival and dissemination of PPB throughout the range of cultivations and the possible consequences for crop health. The information described in this paper will help to improve understanding on the overlooked role of irrigation water as a reservoir of PPB. 相似文献