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木霉几丁质酶及其对植物病原真菌的拮抗作用 总被引：54，自引：1，他引：54
木霉(Trichoderma spp.)作为重要的植病生防因子(biocontrol agents)一直受到普遍关注。木霉菌株产生的包括几丁质酶在内的细胞壁降解酶,在木霉重寄生中起重要作用。本文论述木霉几丁质酶的种类、诱导产生、理化特性及其对植物病原真菌的拮抗作用,并对木霉几丁质酶及其基因的生防应用进行讨论。 相似文献
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木霉-植物互作机制的研究进展 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
木霉作为是一种重要的生防制剂已经成为化学农药替代化和减量化的主要产品,也是公认的最有前防治病害的目的。随着木霉-植物互作研究的深入,关于互作机制方面的研究已取得了明显的进展。木霉与植物的互作过程包括木霉对植物的感知、木霉在植物体表和体内的定殖并引起植物的一系列变化等复杂的过程,本文重点对木霉-植物互作过程中木霉在植物中的定殖、木霉和植物的生理生化变化以及激素信号传递模式进行综述,以明确木霉促进植物生长和防治植物病害的机理,明确木霉与植物的互作机制对进一步提高木霉的生防效果、扩大木霉的应用具有重要的意义。 相似文献
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Overview of Mechanisms and Uses of Trichoderma spp 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Harman GE 《Phytopathology》2006,96(2):190-194
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木霉对植物的促生及诱导抗性研究进展 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
木霉不仅能够直接抑制植物病原菌的生长,还可通过定殖于植物的根部引起植物新陈代谢的改变。本文综述了木霉在植物根部定殖后,通过产生植物生长调节剂、抑制或降解根际有害物质、增加养分利用率以促进植物生长以及通过产生激发子诱导植物形成胞壁沉积物、合成抗菌物质以诱导植物局部或系统抗性的研究进展,以期为进一步扩大木霉在农业生产中的应用提供参考。 相似文献
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陈捷 《中国生物防治学报》2015,31(5):733-741
木霉菌是广泛应用于植物病害生物防治的微生物,具有多重植物病害生物防治机制,其中关于诱导抗性的研究取得明显进展。木霉菌能产生20余种微生物相关分子模式/损伤相关分子模式(MAMPs/DAMPs)分子,植物根系有相对应的大约30种受体或响应基因。木霉菌通过定殖植物根系使MAMPs/DAMPs与植物根系受体或响应基因互作,触发水杨酸、苿莉酸/乙烯等防御反应信号长距离传导至植物叶片,诱导植物叶片防御反应基因表达。将木霉菌诱导的植物转录组、蛋白质组、代谢组变化的信息相结合,能全面反映木霉菌?植物有益互作所激发的诱导抗病性的分子机理。 相似文献
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Commercial fertilizers are commonly applied in farming to maximize crop yield. Lifting nutrient limitation to plant growth when water and light conditions are sufficient may permit plants to grow to the maximum of their ability; however, plant ability to resist pathogen infections is also modified. A meta‐analysis was conducted on 57 articles to identify the way plant disease severity of fungal pathogen‐induced infection is modified following fertilization, and the key regulators of such an effect. The analysis largely focused on N fertilization events in order to minimize the effect of heterogeneity that could result from differences in the way different nutrient fertilizers are able to modify plant disease severity. Fungal pathogen identity and fungal pathogen lifestyle were the main significant regulators affecting the extent of the modification of plant disease resistance following N fertilization, whereas contradictory results were obtained with the susceptibility of plant species. No differences were detected between pot or field experiments and following artificial or natural infection. Although in the vast majority of instances N fertilization increased disease severity, characteristic plant species and fungal pathogens could be identified for which disease severity following N fertilization declined. It is concluded that the potential of some plant species such as Solanum spp. to show reduced disease severity following N fertilization requires further investigation, as in such cases N fertilization could potentially be used as an additional means of suppressing fungal pathogens. 相似文献
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Infested wooden boxes, previously used for carrot storage, were sampled in four commercial carrot production farms in Bradford Marsh, Ontario, and screened for fungal occurrence. At least 128 and 465 fungal isolates were recovered from these boxes in 2001 and 2002, respectively, and were classified into 10 taxonomic groups, including Alternaria spp., Aspergillus spp., Botrytis cinerea , Fusarium spp., Mucor spp., Penicillium spp., Rhizoctonia carotae , Rhizopus spp., Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Trichoderma spp. A subsample of 27 putative pathogenic isolates was further tested for the ability to cause disease on carrots and to colonize wood surfaces under growth room and cold storage conditions. Approximately 60% of the taxa growing on wood caused lesions upon contact with intact carrots in cold storage. Isolates of S. sclerotiorum , B. cinerea and R. carotae caused the most severe diseases, developed most extensively on wooden surfaces in cold storage, and represented 12% of the recovered fungi. Isolates of Alternaria spp., Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp., Mucor spp., Penicillium spp., Rhizopus spp. and Trichoderma spp. caused negligible or no disease on carrots and represented 88% of recovered fungi. Several of these fungi, however, showed potential to colonize wooden surfaces and cause disease on sliced carrots. This study suggests that pathogenic inocula occurring on used wooden boxes can initiate disease upon contact with healthy carrots and reusing infested boxes can affect carrots in storage. 相似文献
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ABSTRACT Several factors affect the ability of Trichoderma spp. to provide systemic disease control. This paper focuses on the role of the substrate in which plants are grown, resistance of the host to disease, and the ability of introduced Trichoderma inoculum to spread under commercial conditions. Several reports reveal that foliar disease control provided by Trichoderma spp. is more effective on plants grown in compost-amended media compared with in lower-in-microbial-carrying-capacity sphagnum peat media. In Rhododendron spp., host resistance affects control of Phytophthora dieback provided by Trichoderma spp. For example, T. hamatum 382 (T382) significantly (P = 0.05) suppressed the disease on susceptible cv. Roseum Elegans while plant vigor was increased. The disease was not suppressed, however, on highly susceptible cvs. Aglo and PJM Elite even though the vigor of these plants was increased. Using a strain-specific polymerase chain reaction assay under commercial conditions, it was demonstrated that introduced inoculum of T382 did not spread frequently from inoculated to control compost-amended media. Other Trichoderma isolates typically are abundant in control media within days after potting unless inoculated with a specific Trichoderma isolate. Thus, the low population of isolates that can induce systemic resistance in composting and potting mix environments may explain why most compost-amended substrates do not naturally suppress foliar diseases. 相似文献
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Nonspecific toxins as components of a host‐specific culture filtrate from Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense race 1 
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下载免费PDF全文 N. Portal A. Soler P. A. M. Alphonsine O. Borras‐Hidalgo R. Portieles L. M. Peña‐Rodriguez E. Yanes L. Herrera J. Solano C. Ribadeneira J. D. Walton R. Santos 《Plant pathology》2018,67(2):467-476
Bananas and plantains (Musa spp.) are among the most important crops in the world providing staple food for hundreds of millions of people. However, banana production has been devastated by fungal infestations caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc). Despite the fact that there is very little known on the role of microbial metabolites in the molecular mechanism of Foc infections, it has been proposed that the toxins fusaric acid and beauvericin produced by Foc play an important role during pathogenesis. The aim of this contribution was to study the toxic components of culture filtrates (CF) of Foc and to isolate the extracellular microbial metabolites involved in the plant response. An in vitro bioassay was used to evaluate the production of phytotoxic metabolites as well as the specificity of culture from a strain of Foc belonging to VCG 01210 (race 1). A host‐specific CF was obtained and the phytotoxic compounds characterized as fusaric acid, beauvericin and fumonisin B1. Despite the presence of these nonspecific toxins, a water‐soluble extract from the CF induced protection to the main phytotoxic fraction, measured by lesion area. This hydrophilic fraction induced a fast and strong response of just jasmonic acid (JA)‐dependent defence genes rather than salicylic acid (SA)‐ and ethylene (ET)‐response genes in resistant cultivars. Extracellular proteins isolated from CF of Foc provide an important source for further investigations on the molecular basis of the interaction between Foc and banana. 相似文献
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Alfano G Ivey ML Cakir C Bos JI Miller SA Madden LV Kamoun S Hoitink HA 《Phytopathology》2007,97(4):429-437
ABSTRACT A light sphagnum peat mix inoculated with Trichoderma hamatum 382 consistently provided a significant (P = 0.05) degree of protection against bacterial spot of tomato and its pathogen Xanthomonas euvesicatoria 110c compared with the control peat mix, even though this biocontrol agent did not colonize aboveground plant parts. To gain insight into the mechanism by which T. hamatum 382 induced resistance in tomato, high-density oligonucleotide microarrays were used to determine its effect on the expression pattern of 15,925 genes in leaves just before they were inoculated with the pathogen. T. hamatum 382 consistently modulated the expression of genes in tomato leaves. We identified 45 genes to be differentially expressed across the replicated treatments, and 41 of these genes could be assigned to at least one of seven functional categories. T. hamatum 382-induced genes have functions associated with biotic or abiotic stress, as well as RNA, DNA, and protein metabolism. Four extensin and extensin-like proteins were induced. However, besides pathogenesis-related protein 5, the main markers of systemic acquired resistance were not significantly induced. This work showed that T. hamatum 382 actively induces systemic changes in plant physiology and disease resistance through systemic modulation of the expression of stress and metabolism genes. 相似文献
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Samuels GJ 《Phytopathology》2006,96(2):195-206
ABSTRACT A chronology is presented that charts the development of a genus and species concept in Trichoderma. Eighty-nine species of Trichoderma have been named, and several species of Hypocrea have been linked to unnamed Trichoderma anamorphs. Eighty-three taxa of Trichoderma and their teleomorphs, Hypocrea spp., have been included in phylogenetic analyses, including 11 species of Hypocrea with unnamed Trichoderma anamorphs. Phylogenetic analyses show that Trichoderma and Hypocrea are congeneric. Trichoderma species not linked to Hypocrea teleomorphs are derived from among species that are linked to teleomorphs, indicating sexual and asexual lineages are not independent of each other. Many more species remain to be discovered and described. Molecular phylogenetic analyses have revealed the existence of more species than have been recognized on the basis of morphology alone. A suggestion is made to modify the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature to enable adoption of a single generic name for Trichoderma/Hypocrea, with Trichoderma being the older and more utilitarian name. As increasing numbers of species are studied, the few morphological characters of anamorph and teleomorph have reached their limit for defining species. DNA-based characters have assumed an indispensable role. Exploration of new niches, such as within tree trunks and new geographic locations, have resulted in a substantial increase in the number of species of Trichoderma. Trichoderma is usually considered a genus of free-living soil fungi but evidence suggests that Trichoderma species may be opportunistic, avirulent plant symbionts as well as parasites of other fungi. Members of the genus Trichoderma are universally present in soils, although individual species may be either cosmopolitan (e.g., T. harzianum) or limited (e.g., T. viride) in their geographic distribution. To facilitate identification of species, a list of correctly identified strains of Trichoderma and their GenBank numbers for sequences of translation-elongation factor EF-1alpha and internal transcribed spacer rDNA is provided. 相似文献
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Floriane L’Haridon Sébastien Aimé Sébastien Duplessis Claude Alabouvette Christian Steinberg Chantal Olivain 《Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology》2011,76(1):9-19
Pathogenic isolates of Fusarium oxysporum applied on a non-host plant species, as soil-borne non-pathogenic isolates, are able to protect this plant against pathogenic strains inducing wilts. Several modes of action contribute to the biocontrol activity of these protective strains; however the genetic basis of the biocontrol mechanisms is far from being understood. The aim of this study was to identify genes involved in biocontrol activity of F. oxysporum using an original model made of Fom24, a strain protective on tomato and its mutant rev157 which has lost its protective capacity. A Rapid Subtractive Hybridization (RaSH) approach was chosen to identify genes up-regulated in the protective or in the non-protective interaction when germinated conidia of either Fom24 or rev157 are confronted to tomato cell cultures. A total of 86 up-regulated sequences were generated, 42 and 44 from the protective and the non-protective interaction respectively. Homology searches led to identification of both plant and fungal genes that were grouped according to their putative functions. Among plant genes, those involved in plant response to stresses were the most abundant. Expression profiles of genes homolog to a basic endochitinase, a ferredoxine-NADP(H) reductase (FNR), an ATP synthase and the RPM1-interacting protein 4 (RIN4) were confirmed by Northern blotting. A large proportion of fungal sequences were encoding genes of unknown function; among other, those involved in response to oxidative stress and a gene putatively encoding an enolase are the most promising to further study their potential role in the protective interaction between F. oxysporum and tomato. 相似文献
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植物病害生防芽孢杆菌抗菌机制与遗传改良研究 总被引：93，自引：5，他引：93
芽孢杆菌是土壤和植物微生态的优势微生物种群,具有很强的抗逆能力和抗菌防病作用,许多性状优良的天然分离株已成功地应用于植物病害生物防治。芽孢杆菌抗菌防病机制包括竞争作用、拮抗作用和诱导植物抗病性。其中,核糖体合成的细菌素、几丁质酶和葡聚糖酶等抗菌蛋白以及次生代谢产生的抗生素与挥发性抗菌物质产生的拮抗作用是生防细菌最主要的抗菌机制。通过现代生物技术提高抗菌基因的表达水平和实现外源杀虫或抗菌基因的高效稳定共表达是增强生防芽孢杆菌抗菌活性和扩大防治对象的重要途径。基因组和蛋白组研究的迅猛发展必将极大地促进芽孢杆菌抗菌分子机制和抗菌基因工程研究的深入发展和广泛应用。 相似文献
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Yuki Ichinose Fumiko Taguchi Takafumi Mukaihara 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2013,79(5):285-296
In 1994, Oku reported that plant pathogens, mainly fungal pathogens, require three essential abilities to infect plants: to enter plants, to overcome host resistance, and to evoke disease. Because the infectious process of phytopathogenic bacteria differs from that of fungal pathogens, we have attempted to characterize pathogenicity, the ability of a pathogen to cause disease, using the phytopathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas syringae as a representative pathogen. To establish infection and incite disease development, bacteria first have to enter a plant. This process requires flagella- and type IV pili-mediated motility, and active taxis is probably necessary for effective infection. After bacteria enter a plant’s apoplastic spaces, they need to overcome host plant resistance. To do this, they secrete a wide variety of hypersensitive response and pathogenicity (Hrp) effector proteins into the plant cytoplasm to interfere with pathogen/microbe-associated molecular pattern- and effector-triggered immunity, produce phytohormones and/or phytotoxins to suppress plant defense responses and extracellular polysaccharides to prevent access by antibiotics and to chelate Ca2+, and activate the multidrug resistance efflux pump to extrude antimicrobial compounds for successful colonization. Furthermore, to evoke disease, bacteria produce toxins and Hrp effectors that compromise a plant’s homeostasis and injure plant cells. The expression of these virulence factors depends on the infection processes and environmental conditions. Thus, the expression and function of virulence factors interact with each other, creating complex networks in the regulation of bacterial virulence-related genes. 相似文献
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ABSTRACT Elicitation of induced systemic resistance (ISR) by plant-associated bacteria was initially demonstrated using Pseudomonas spp. and other gram-negative bacteria. Several reviews have summarized various aspects of the large volume of literature on Pseudomonas spp. as elicitors of ISR. Fewer published accounts of ISR by Bacillus spp. are available, and we review this literature for the first time. Published results are summarized showing that specific strains of the species B. amyloliquefaciens, B. subtilis, B. pasteurii, B. cereus, B. pumilus, B. mycoides, and B. sphaericus elicit significant reductions in the incidence or severity of various diseases on a diversity of hosts. Elicitation of ISR by these strains has been demonstrated in greenhouse or field trials on tomato, bell pepper, muskmelon, watermelon, sugar beet, tobacco, Arabidopsis sp., cucumber, loblolly pine, and two tropical crops (long cayenne pepper and green kuang futsoi). Protection resulting from ISR elicited by Bacillus spp. has been reported against leaf-spotting fungal and bacterial pathogens, systemic viruses, a crown-rotting fungal pathogen, root-knot nematodes, and a stem-blight fungal pathogen as well as damping-off, blue mold, and late blight diseases. Reductions in populations of three insect vectors have also been noted in the field: striped and spotted cucumber beetles that transmit cucurbit wilt disease and the silver leaf whitefly that transmits Tomato mottle virus. In most cases, Bacillus spp. that elicit ISR also elicit plant growth promotion. Studies on mechanisms indicate that elicitation of ISR by Bacillus spp. is associated with ultrastructural changes in plants during pathogen attack and with cytochemical alterations. Investigations into the signal transduction pathways of elicited plants suggest that Bacillus spp. activate some of the same pathways as Pseudomonas spp. and some additional pathways. For example, ISR elicited by several strains of Bacillus spp. is independent of salicylic acid but dependent on jasmonic acid, ethylene, and the regulatory gene NPR1-results that are in agreement with the model for ISR elicited by Pseudomonas spp. However, in other cases, ISR elicited by Bacillus spp. is dependent on salicylic acid and independent of jasmonic acid and NPR1. In addition, while ISR by Pseudomonas spp. does not lead to accumulation of the defense gene PR1 in plants, in some cases, ISR by Bacillus spp. does. Based on the strains and results summarized in this review, two products for commercial agriculture have been developed, one aimed mainly at plant growth promotion for transplanted vegetables and one, which has received registration from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, for disease protection on soybean. 相似文献
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ABSTRACT The effect of the fungal mycoparasite Coniothyrium minitans applied as a spray to crops infected with Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (causal agent of white mold) on contamination of soil with S. sclerotiorum sclerotia was studied in a 5-year field experiment. Sclerotial survival also was monitored during two subsequent years, when the field was returned to commercial agriculture. In a randomized block design, factorial combinations of four crops and three treatments were repeated 10 times. Potato (Solanum tuberosum), bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), carrot (Daucus carota), and chicory (Cichorium intybus), which are all susceptible to S. sclerotiorum, were grown in rotation. Plots were treated with C. minitans or Trichoderma spp. or were nontreated (control). Crops were rotated in each plot, but treatments were applied to the same plot every year. After 3 years during which it showed no effect on sclerotial survival, the Trichoderma spp. treatment was replaced by a single spray with C. minitans during the fourth and fifth years of the trial. The effect of treatments was monitored in subsequent seasons by counting apothecia as a measure of surviving S. sclerotiorum sclerotia and scoring disease incidence. Trichoderma spp. did not suppress S. sclerotiorum, but C. minitans infected at least 90% of S. sclerotiorum sclerotia on treated crops by the end of the each season. C. minitans lowered the number of apothecia compared with the other treatments during the second year after the bean crop. C. minitans reduced the number of apothecia by approximately 90% when compared with the control and Trichoderma spp. treatments and reduced disease incidence in the bean crop by 50% during the fifth year of the trial, resulting in a slightly higher yield. In 1993, but not 1994, a single spray with C. minitans was nearly as effective at reducing apothecia as three sprays (monitored in 1995). The final population size of sclerotia in soil at the end of the 7-year period was lower in all C. minitans plots than at the beginning of the trial, even in plots where two highly susceptible bean crops were grown during the period. The results indicate that the mycoparasite C. minitans has the potential to keep contamination of soil with sclerotia low in crop rotations with a high number of crops susceptible to S. sclerotiorum. 相似文献
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木霉对草坪褐斑病的拮抗效果及耐药性 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过木霉属5菌株与大连高尔夫球场上草坪褐斑病菌的对峙培养试验,研究结果表明:哈茨木霉Thar1菌株、哈茨木霉Thar2菌株、深绿木霉Tat菌株、钩状木霉Tha菌株及桔绿木霉Tci菌株对病原菌的抑制率为:66%、73%、71%、77%、55%,而相对抑菌效果分别为2.06、3.94、2.35、3.54、2.27,可以作为草坪褐斑病菌的生防菌加以利用。在这5株木霉中以哈茨木霉Thar2对草坪褐斑病菌的拮抗作用最强。观察结果表明,哈茨木霉Thar2对草坪褐斑病菌的拮抗机制主要表现为生长竞争、重寄生及产生抗菌物质。 相似文献
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RNAi as an emerging approach to control Fusarium head blight disease and mycotoxin contamination in cereals 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Ana Karla Machado Neil A Brown Martin Urban Kostya Kanyuka Kim E Hammond‐Kosack 《Pest management science》2018,74(4):790-799
Fusarium graminearum is a major fungal pathogen of cereals worldwide, causing seedling, stem base and floral diseases, including Fusarium head blight (FHB). In addition to yield and quality losses, FHB contaminates cereal grain with mycotoxins, including deoxynivalenol, which are harmful to human, animal and ecosystem health. Currently, FHB control is only partially effective due to several intractable problems. RNA interference (RNAi) is a natural mechanism that regulates gene expression. RNAi has been exploited in the development of new genomic tools that allow the targeted silencing of genes of interest in many eukaryotes. Host‐induced gene silencing (HIGS) is a transgenic technology used to silence fungal genes in planta during attempted infection and thereby reduces disease levels. HIGS relies on the host plant's ability to produce mobile small interfering RNA molecules, generated from long double‐stranded RNA, which are complementary to targeted fungal genes. These molecules are transferred from the plant to invading fungi via an uncharacterised mechanism, to cause gene silencing. Here, we describe recent advances in RNAi‐mediated control of plant pathogenic fungi, highlighting the key advantages and disadvantages. We then discuss the developments and implications of combining HIGS with other methods of disease control. © 2017 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. 相似文献