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种植密度对玉米三值变化的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
通过种植密度对玉米产量要素影响的研究,基本明确了种植密度与产量要素的变化关系,以及随种植密度的增加,产量要素对玉米产量的贡献变化。 相似文献
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品种、空间布局及种植密度对春玉米冠层结构、物质生产及产量的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
试验以农华101、先玉335及郑单958为材料,通过空间布局及种植密度塑造不同的冠层结构,分析其对玉米物质生产、转运及产量的影响。结果表明,不同品种的叶面积指数(LAI)及冠层透光率(DIFN)差异显著,以郑单958表现较好,常规种植与簇生种植的LAI差异不显著,冠层透光率以常规种植较好;随着密度增加LAI升高,冠层透光率随之降低。不同品种成熟期干物质生产以先玉335较高,空间布局差异不显著,随密度增加干物质生产能力提高;花后物质生产以先玉335较高,簇生种植高于常规种植,随密度增加花后物质生产能力升高;叶茎转运量以郑单958较大,常规种植转运量较多,随密度增加叶茎转运量提高。品种间产量差异显著,郑单958显著高于其他品种;常规种植与簇生种植产量无显著差异;各密度处理产量差异显著,高密度中密度低密度处理。 相似文献
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在大田条件下,研究种植密度对高油玉米HE-2灌浆后期光合特性及产量的影响。结果表明,高油玉米HE-2在灌浆后期能保持较高的叶面积和净光合速率,叶面积、叶绿素含量、净光合速率及各荧光参数等均随种植密度增加而降低;子粒产量随种植密度增加先增加后下降,种植密度为52 500～60 000株/hm2时,高油玉米产量较高,最高为6 679.80kg/hm2。 相似文献
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种植密度对3个玉米杂交种产量及品质的影响 总被引：30，自引：7，他引：30
2002年在吉林省梨树,以中单9409、郑单18和哲单14为试材,在30000、60000、90000和120000株/hm2种植密度下,研究了种植密度对3个玉米品种产量及子粒品质的影响。结果表明,3个品种产量的种植密度效应基本相同,产量随种植密度增加先升后降。随种植密度增加,高淀粉玉米郑单18的蛋白质含量和油分含量逐渐下降,淀粉含量上升,而蛋白质、油分、淀粉含量之和穴POSC雪呈现升-降-升的变化趋势。普通玉米哲单14蛋白质含量和POSC随种植密度增加而上升,淀粉含量下降,而油分含量呈现降-升-升趋势。优质蛋白玉米中单9409随种植密度增加POSC和油分含量呈下降趋势,而蛋白质含量和淀粉含量变化较为复杂。以上表明,玉米子粒养分含量在不同种植密度时品种间具有很大的差异。 相似文献
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密度和施氮量对垄膜沟播春玉米干物质积累和产量的影响 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
2012、2014年,以玉米杂交种沈禾201为试验材料,探讨垄膜沟播条件下种植密度和施氮量对植株干物质积累和产量的影响。两年试验结果表明,在抽雄期和灌浆期,玉米个体干物质积累量随密度的增加而减小,随施氮量的增加而增加;群体干物质积累量随密度和施氮量的增加而增加。种植密度和施氮量对玉米群体产量的综合影响呈开口向下的凸面体,2012年施氮量对群体产量的影响大于密度处理,2014年施氮量对群体产量的影响小于密度处理。通过对产量方程模型寻优,得到超过平均产量的管理方案,2012、2014年种植密度分别为69 727~84 818株/hm~2、39 880~51 778株/hm~2;施氮量分别为342~478 kg/hm~2、223~413 kg/hm~2。在试验区特定的生态环境条件下,适宜的种植密度和中高施氮量可显著增加垄膜沟播春玉米产量。 相似文献
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An assessment of the relative importance of specific traits for the genetic improvement of nutritive value in dairy pasture 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
There have been few successful programmes to select forage plants with improved nutritive value for dairy cattle, despite the implications of improved forage quality for dairy production. Part of this lack of progress has been attributed to differences in opinion on the relative importance of improving individual traits relating to nutritive value. This paper reports the use of the Delphi survey technique to obtain an estimate of the priority for improvement of individual nutritive value traits among a large group of respondents. The Delphi technique has been used previously to rank nutritive value traits in forages for liveweight gain and wool production (Wheeler and Corbett, 1989, Grass and Forage Science , 44 , 77–83). Increasing dry-matter digestibility (DMD) was ranked as the most important goal for grasses; increased non-structural carbohydrate (WSC) and improved rate of digestion were ranked second and third in importance. The absence of anti-quality factors, and an 'optimal ratio' of rumen degradable protein to undegradable protein (RDP/UDP) were ranked most highly for legumes, with increased DMD and WSC following closely behind. Increased magnesium and increased lipid content were ranked lowest for both grasses and legumes. Similar rankings were achieved when mean rankings from Australian and New Zealand scientists were compared with those from US and European scientists. Rankings were also similar when results from nutrition scientists were compared with those from plant breeders/agronomists. 相似文献
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J. H. HARRISON R. L. KINCAID K. A. LONEY R. E. RILEY J. CRONRATH 《Grass and Forage Science》1994,49(2):130-137
The effect of adding rolled barley on the ensiling characteristics and nutritive value of lucerne and corn ( Zea mays ) forage was studied using 19-1 plastic mini-silos. Other factors evaluated with lucerne were the effect of wilting and added lactic acid bacteria. Rolled barley was added at rates of 0, 50, 100 and 150gkg−1 (wet weight) to lucerne or corn forage. Lucerne was ensiled at 170–330 g kg−1 dry matter (DM) and lactic acid bacteria were applied at 105 g−1 wet forage. Addition of rolled barley consistently improved the fermentation of lucerne by lowering the pH and decreasing the concentration of acetate and ammonia nitrogen. Wilting of lucerne had variable effects on fermentation in two experiments. The addition of lactic acid bacteria improved fermentation by decreasing the concentrations of acetate and ammonia nitrogen, improved the nutritive value by increasing the in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), and was associated with decreased amounts of lactic acid. Corn was ensiled at 250 g kg−1 DM, and added rolled barley had little effect on the fermentation of corn silage. The digestibility of all silages determined in vitro was improved by the addition of rolled barley. 相似文献
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《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(1-2):261-284
Abstract Legume forage quality research is now concerned not only with nutritive value of forage for ruminant animals, but the impact of these nutrients on environmental quality. If we are to move to a more sustainable agriculture worldwide, more legumes must be incorporated into animal production systems. The goal of forage legume breeders is to tailor legume nutritive value to the needs of the consuming animals. A generalized priority list for legume nutritive value research includes high fiber digestibility, low anti-quality compounds, appropriate condensed tannins, reduced nonprotein nitrogen, and high sulfur amino acids. Although breeders have regularly found a wide range in forage quality within a given legume species, very few varieties with proven forage quality advantages have been released. Yield and persistence issues have dominated forage legume breeding. Improvement in forage quality often is linked to a reduction in yield and/or persistence, and also frequently results in complex genotype X environment interactions. Transgenic technology has almost limitless potential for improving legume forage quality and environmental quality, but only if the public can be convinced that transgenics are an acceptable risk. Structural and functional roles of legume plant cell walls and their relationships to forage quality are poorly understood. Research on the basic processes of forage legume growth and the relationships between growth and forage composition should result in the development of more accurate simulation models, and transgenic technology can provide us with the tools to understand these basic processes. 相似文献
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Effects of shrub encroachment on herbage production and nutritive value in semi-arid Mediterranean grasslands 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
There is limited information on the effects of the increase in the density of shrubs on herbage production and nutritive value of natural grasslands in the Mediterranean region, currently facing major land use changes. Herbage production of drymatter (herbaceous fractions, of plant functional groups and by species), crude protein (CP), neutral‐detergent fibre (NDF), acid‐detergent fibre (ADF), acid‐detergent lignin (ADL) and hemicellulose concentrations and in vitro organic matter digestibility were determined at the time of peak of annual growth across four types of grassland vegetation each characterized by different shrub cover regimes. A sharp reduction in herbage production and a reduction in nutritive value were found as a result of the increase in shrub cover. These changes appeared to be closely related to the shift in plant functional groups detected as shrub density increased. Herbage production from grasses and legumes was found to be more sensitive to shrub cover changes than herbage production from forbs, whereas, as grassland types became denser, annual species were gradually replaced by perennials and C4 grasses by C3 ones. The impact of shrub encroachment on Mediterranean grasslands is discussed in relation to their use by livestock. 相似文献
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Factors affecting digestibility of temperate forages from seminatural grasslands: a review 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Abstract To indicate possibilities for the use of forages from seminatural grasslands in ruminant production systems, a literature study to describe the nutritive value of those forages was carried out. In species‐rich grasslands, the digestibility of forages is usually lower than the digestibility of forages produced by grasslands used for intensive production. There is also more variation within a species‐rich sward, because of different stages of maturity of the individual species and because of likely variations in digestibility among forage species independent of stage of maturity. Moreover, the presence of dicotyledonous species may have a positive or negative effect on digestibility. In forages from seminatural grasslands, the relationship between chemical composition and digestibility differs from that of Lolium perenne, which is often used as a research standard. Therefore, predictions of the digestibility of species‐rich forage can be inaccurate. The relationship between in vivo and in vitro digestibility may also be different from the relationship that is common for L. perenne. In some cases, the in vivo digestibility is higher than the in vitro value, as calibrations are based on L. perenne. Therefore, the quality of forages from seminatural grasslands might be higher than predicted, and this may increase the scope for practical use of this kind of forage in ruminant nutrition systems. 相似文献
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Morphological development and forage quality changes in crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
The development of efficient forage management and utilization is facilitated by a knowledge of the changes in nutritive value and patterns of dry matter (DM) distribution within plants. The objectives of this experiment were to determine the patterns of DM accumulation and the change in nutritive value during maturation of crimson clover ( Trifolium incarnatum L.), a cool-season annual forage legume adapted to mild winter areas and acid soils. Crimson clover was established on a Dystric Eurocrept soil with pH 5·4 in Galicia, north-western Spain, during three consecutive years (1990–92). Shoot samples were taken at approximately biweekly intervals in the spring and summer after autumn sowing, and were separated into stems, leaves and seed pods. DM accumulation, crude protein (CP) and acid-detergent fibre (ADF) concentrations and in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) were determined for each plant part at each stage. Average annual DM production at initial flowering was 4·2 t ha–1 , whereas the CP and ADF concentrations and IVOMD values were 134 g kg–1 DM, 302 g kg–1 DM and 0·720 respectively. The nutritive value declined with age, coinciding with a reduction in leaf:stem ratio (from 0·53 at the vegetative stage to 0·13 at the ripe seed stage). This decline was more rapid than that reported for other legumes, possibly because of the low leaf:stem ratio of crimson clover. However, as it is used in the Atlantic coastal areas of north-western Spain, where it is harvested around initial flowering, it can provide forage of good quality. 相似文献
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Dorycnium hirsutum and D. rectum are perennial legumes which may have potential for use as pastures for the control of groundwater recharge in southern Australia. Little is known about the quality of the forage of Dorycnium species for grazing livestock or how these species respond to cutting. The effect of cutting height on plant survival, production of dry matter (DM), the proportion of leaf, edible stem (approximately <5 mm diameter) and woody stem in the DM and the nutritive value of the edible components was investigated. Biomass above five cutting‐height treatments (uncut, ground level, 5–8 cm, 10–15 cm and 15–30 cm above ground level) was removed at 8‐week intervals from plots of D. hirsutum and D. rectum from September 2002 to July 2003. In both species, plants subjected to lower cutting height treatments produced less DM above the height of the cut than those cut at higher heights. DM production declined over time in all treatments. Plants cut to ground level failed to regrow after the second harvest in D. hirsutum and the fourth harvest in D. rectum. Thus, these Dorycnium species were susceptible to high severity defoliations at 8‐week intervals. Negligible inedible woody stem was present in regrowth of both species after 8 weeks but D. hirsutum regrowth had a higher proportion of leaf (0·72) than D. rectum (0·56). Plants left uncut accumulated a large proportion of inedible woody stem in the DM (0·69 in both species) by July 2003, particularly at the base of the plant. Edible DM from regrowth of D. hirsutum and D. rectum had crude protein (CP) concentrations of 120 and 150 g kg?1 DM; dry matter digestibility (DMD) values of 0·45 and 0·58; organic matter digestibility (OMD) values of 0·50 and 0·64; neutral‐detergent fibre (NDF) concentrations of 370 and 290 g kg?1 DM; and acid‐detergent fibre (ADF) concentrations of 260 and 210 g kg?1 DM, respectively. Medicago sativa, grown under similar conditions, had higher digestibility values (0·63 DMD and 0·66 OMD) and similar CP concentrations to D. rectum (140 g kg?1 DM), but higher concentrations of NDF and ADF (410 and 290 g kg?1 DM). Leaf material from both Dorycnium species had a higher nutritive value than edible stems, with DMD and OMD values of leaf of D. rectum being 0·68 and 0·74 respectively. Uncut plants had a much lower nutritive value of edible DM than the regrowth from cut treatments; older material was also of a lower nutritive value. The relatively low nutritive value of even the young regrowth of Dorycnium species suggests that forage quality is a major limitation to its use. Forage of Dorycnium species could be used during periods when other sources of forage are in short supply but infrequent grazing it is likely to produce forage of a low nutritive value. 相似文献
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Andrea Mainetti Simone Ravetto Enri Marco Pittarello Giampiero Lombardi Michele Lonati 《Grass and Forage Science》2023,78(2):254-267
Summer pastures in the European Alps play a crucial role in providing high quality forage for grazing livestock and encompass a wide variety of vegetation communities. The main issue of their management is the optimal exploitation of the available forage in relation to environmental constraints, aiming at obtaining the highest forage yield and quality from each vegetation community. In this work, we monitored six different vegetation communities characterized by contrasting topographic features and species compositions throughout the grazing season for two years. We performed botanical and phenological surveys, climate-related measurements, and herbage samplings to assess forage quantity and quality (i.e., digestibility and proximate composition, estimated by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy). We analysed the influence of climatic, topographic, and vegetation variables on pasture herbage through univariate and multivariate analyses. The cover of wide-leaf grasses primarily promoted biomass production, which was in turn lowered by increasing elevation and slope. On the other hand, a minor effect on forage yield was observed for an increasing cover of sedges and rushes and mean temperatures. Climatic variables (especially water deficit) and advanced phenological stages were the main degrading factors of forage quality in terms of crude protein and digestibility, while enhancing fibre contents. At increasing cover of legumes, fibre content declined and digestibility increased consequently, while the abundance of other non-legume forbs played a significant role in lowering fibre content. Multivariate analysis highlighted the differing influence of single plant species on forage features even within the same functional species pool. However, attention should be paid to the toxicity and low palatability of some plants, especially forbs. Eutrophic vegetation communities, rich in wide-leaf grasses and legumes, could be maintained and enhanced through pastoral management to increase alpine pasture production and quality. 相似文献
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Neal W. Tilhou Renata L. G. Nave J. Travis Mulliniks Zachary D. McFarlane 《Grass and Forage Science》2019,74(1):171-176
In the Southeastern United States, native warm‐season grasses (NWSG) are not harvested during autumn to rebuild root reserves, resulting in de facto stockpiled winter forage. Senesced NWSG forage is considered nutritionally inadequate by temperate livestock managers, but comparable forage is regularly utilized in rangeland systems. This experiment compared the forage characteristics of two NWSG pastures: switchgrass [Panicum virgatum L. (SG)] and a two species mixture of big bluestem/indiangrass [Andropogon gerardii Vitman/Sorghastrum nutans L. (BBIG)] to tall fescue [Festuca arundinacea Schreb. (TF)]. During two winter periods (January‐April), monthly samples were collected and measured for dry‐matter herbage mass (HM), crude protein (CP), in‐vitro true dry‐matter digestibility (48 hr; IVTDMD), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), NDF digestibility (dNDF) and lignin. Across sampling dates, TF provided adequate forage for low‐input animal maintenance (90.3 CP g/kg; 488 g IVTDMD/kg; 4,040 kg DM/ha), while SG had lowest nutritive values and greatest DM (21.0 g CP/kg; 366 g IVTDMD/kg; 7,670 kg DM/ha). Samples of BBIG had results intermediate to SG and TF (32.1 g CP/kg; 410 g IVTDMD/kg; 5,160 kg DM/ha). Leaf sub‐samples of NWSG indicated greater forage nutritive value compared to whole plant samples (e.g., SG: 65 vs 27 g CP/kg respectively). This indicates that selective grazing could allow superior outcomes to those expected from whole plant NWSG nutritive values. Although consistently nutritionally inferior to TF, further research could reveal strategies to make stockpiled NWSG economically useful to livestock managers. 相似文献