共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 281 毫秒
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本研究针对猪育种中重点考虑的窝产活仔猪数（NBA）、达100 kg体重日增重（ADG）、饲料利用率（FCR）、达100 kg体重的背膘厚（BF）、肌内脂肪含量（IMF） 5个性状,利用连锁平衡（linkage equilibrium,LE）、连锁不平衡（linkage disequilibrium,LD）标记和直接标记（direct marker,DR）3种类型的分子遗传标记,设计了3个规模不同的基础群,母猪数分别为100、200、300头,公猪数都为10头,基础群个体间无亲缘关系,育种群实施闭锁繁育。用Monte Carlo方法模拟了MAS的5个世代选择试验。育种值估计采用标准BLUP（Standard BLUP,SBLUP）模型（此育种值作为对照）、QBLUP模型（使用DR标记）、MBLUP模型（使用LD和LE标记）。结果表明,利用DR标记在各种情况下都比利用LD和LE标记获得的选择效率高;5个性状中,MAS对低遗传力、限性性状NBA的选择效率最高;当性状的QTL方差占遗传方差基本相同时,中等遗传力性状FCR的选择效率比高遗传力性状BF的更高;当性状的遗传力差异不大时,QTL方差占遗传方差比例大的性状FCR的选择效率比QTL方差占遗传方差比例小的性状ADG的更高。当利用QBLUP模型时,MAS对NBA的选择效率最高,ADG的选择效率最低。 相似文献
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本研究通过与玉米胚乳突变基因ae连锁的SSR标记对轮回亲本不同的2个回交一代群体amylose extender(ae)基因两侧的连锁累赘进行了SSR分析.通过均匀分布在ae基因所在的Chr5连锁群上的SSR标记对这2个回交群体的染色体遗传背景回复率开展研究,结果表明,通过MAS可以将回交群体CHBC1F2染色体两侧的连锁累赘分别限定到13.2和17.2 cM,将另一回交群体DHBC1F2的染色体的单侧连锁累赘限定到13.9 cM.背景选择的结果表明,通过基因组的负选择可以使CHBC1F2群体中某些植株的5号染色体的遗传背景回复率达到85.7%,使DHBC1F2群体的染色体的遗传背景回复率达到87.5%.通过高密度的遗传连锁图谱(比如10～20 cM)就可以直接选择在目的基因附近发生重组的个体,减少不需要的染色体片段,降低目标基因附近的搭载效应. 相似文献
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标记辅助选择（MAS）和标记辅助渗入（MAI）是目前应用最多的一个领域．将现代分子生物技术与常规育种方法相结合．借助分子标记选择某一座位基因来改变该座位基因频率的过程。标记辅助导入就是通过遗传标记将某一基因从一个品种渗入到另一个品种。在MAI时．当供体品种与受体品种杂交后．在每次回交前先根据标记信息选出携带有渗入基因的个体．并用这些个体与受体品种进行回交．可以保证在回交过程中要渗入的基因不会丢失．大大提高基因渗入的效率。Hanset等（1995）已经将大白猪的正常的等位基因固定在皮特兰中．并在三次回交后获得无应激综合征的皮特兰品系。 相似文献
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玉米胚乳突变基因ae连锁累赘的SSR分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本研究通过与玉米胚乳突变基因ae连锁的SSR标记对轮回亲本不同的2个回交一代群体amylose extender(ae)基因两侧的连锁累赘进行了SSR分析,通过均匀分布在ae基因所在的Chr5连锁群上的SSR标记对这2个回交群体的染色体遗传背景回复率开展研究,结果表明,通过MAS可以将回交群体CHBC1F2染色体两侧的连锁累赘分别限定到13.2和17.2 cM,将另一回交群体DHBC1F2的染色体的单侧连锁累赘限定到13.9 cM。背景选择的结果表明,通过基因组的负选择可以使CHBC1F2群体中某些植株的5号染色体的遗传背景回复率达到85.7%,使DHBC1F2群体的染色体的遗传背景回复率达到87.5%。通过高密度的遗传连锁图谱(比如10~20 cM)就可以直接选择在目的基因附近发生重组的个体,减少不需要的染色体片段,降低目标基因附近的搭载效应。 相似文献
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1育种技术的发展随着数量遗传学理论的发展,育种学家可以借助一定的统计学方法将性状的表型值进行剖分,并从中估计出可以真实遗传的部分,即育种值,使畜禽育种由表型值选择发展为育种值选择,从而提高了选种的准确性和效率。随着分子生物学技术突飞猛进的发展,对分子遗传标记、QTL图谱分析的研究正不断深入。目前,畜禽遗传图谱的构建已取得了较大的进展,使得利用1个或1群标记以区分不同个体QTL的有利基因型正在逐步成为现实。标记辅助选择就 相似文献
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分子标记及其在标记辅助选择中的应用 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
运用分子标记来进行标记辅助选择，已经成为当今家畜育种的一种趋势。笔者对目前常见的几种分子标记进行了简要介绍，并就分子标记在标记辅助选择中的应用，特别就分子标记在标记辅助选择中分子标记图谱的构建、分子标记的筛选、QTL定位和与分子标记的连锁分析3个方面的应用作了较详尽的综述。 相似文献
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在国家863计划支持下，我国科研人员采用BLUP和MAS技术，并与肉质和繁殖性状的分子标记辅助选择相结合，成功选育如优质瘦肉型猪新品系。通过BLUP和MAS与分子标记辅助选择相结合，探索了多基因合并基因型的途径，并建立了优质瘦肉型猪新品系培育技术体系。 相似文献
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国际奶牛基因组选择的发展概况 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
二十一世纪初,基因组选择(Genomic Selection,GS)技术给传统奶牛育种体系带来新的活力。该方法利用基因芯片技术实现规模化的SNP标记多态检测,基于各国积累的大量后裔测定遗传评估结果,实现单个遗传标记或多个遗传标记构成单倍型的遗传效应估计。基因组选择的方法仅利用新生后备种公牛的基因组检测信息,即可实现动物个体的基因组育种值(GEBV)估计,据研究报道,其可靠性高于传统的系谱选择,最高可达75%左右。基因组选择策略实现乳用种公牛的早期选择,极大缩短了奶牛遗传改良的世代间隔,节约选育成本,提高选育效率,目前已在多个奶业发达国家具体实施并公开发布评定结果。本文对国际奶牛基因组选择的发展概况进行归纳综述。 相似文献
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W.M. Muir 《Zeitschrift für Tierzüchtung und Züchtungsbiologie》2007,124(6):342-355
Accuracy of prediction of estimated breeding values based on genome-wide markers (GEBV) and selection based on GEBV as compared with traditional Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (BLUP) was examined for a number of alternatives, including low heritability, number of generations of training, marker density, initial distributions, and effective population size (Ne). Results show that the more the generations of data in which both genotypes and phenotypes were collected, termed training generations (TG), the better the accuracy and persistency of accuracy based on GEBV. GEBV excelled for traits of low heritability regardless of initial equilibrium conditions, as opposed to traditional marker-assisted selection, which is not useful for traits of low heritability. Effective population size is critical for populations starting in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium but not for populations started from mutation-drift equilibrium. In comparison with traditional BLUP, GEBV can exceed the accuracy of BLUP provided enough TG are included. Unfortunately selection rapidly reduces the accuracy of GEBV. In all cases examined, classic BLUP selection exceeds what was possible for GEBV selection. Even still, GEBV could have an advantage over traditional BLUP in cases such as sex-limited traits, traits that are expensive to measure, or can only be measured on relatives. A combined approach, utilizing a mixed model with a second random effect to account for quantitative trait loci in linkage equilibrium (the polygenic effect) was suggested as a way to capitalize on both methodologies. 相似文献
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The present study investigated the effects of the choices of animals of reference populations on long‐term responses to genomic selection. Simulated populations comprised 300 individuals and 10 generations of selection practiced for a trait with heritability of 0.1, 0.3 or 0.5. Thirty individuals were randomly selected in the first five generations and selected by estimated breeding values from best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) and genomic BLUP in the subsequent five generations. The reference populations comprise all animals for all generations (scenario 1), all animals for 6‐10 generations (scenario 2) and 2‐6 generations (scenario 3), and half of the animals for all generations (scenario 4). For all heritability levels, the genetic gains in generation 10 were similar in scenarios 1 and 2. Among scenarios 2 to 4, the highest genetic gains were obtained in scenario 2, with heritabilities of 0.1 and 0.3 as well as scenario 4 with heritability of 0.5. The inbreeding coefficients in scenarios 1, 2 and 4 were lower than those in BLUP, especially within cases with low heritability. These results indicate an appropriate choice of reference population can improve genetic gain and restrict inbreeding even when the reference population size is limited. 相似文献
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Marker‐assisted selection reduces expected inbreeding but can result in large effects of hitchhiking
L.D. Pedersen A.C. Sørensen P. Berg 《Zeitschrift für Tierzüchtung und Züchtungsbiologie》2010,127(3):189-198
We used computer simulations to investigate to what extent true inbreeding, i.e. identity‐by‐descent, is affected by the use of marker‐assisted selection (MAS) relative to traditional best linear unbiased predictions (BLUP) selection. The effect was studied by varying the heritability (h2 = 0.04 vs. 0.25), the marker distance (MAS vs. selection on the gene, GAS), the favourable QTL allele effect (α = 0.118 vs. 0.236) and the initial frequency of the favourable QTL allele (p = 0.01 vs. 0.1) in a population resembling the breeding nucleus of a dairy cattle population. The simulated genome consisted of two chromosomes of 100 cM each in addition to a polygenic component. On chromosome 1, a biallelic QTL as well as 4 markers were simulated in linkage disequilibrium. Chromosome 2 was selectively neutral. The results showed that, while reducing pedigree estimated inbreeding, MAS and GAS did not always reduce true inbreeding at the QTL relative to BLUP. MAS and GAS differs from BLUP by increasing the weight on Mendelian sampling terms and thereby lowering inbreeding, while increasing the fixation rate of the favourable QTL allele and thereby increasing inbreeding. The total outcome in terms of inbreeding at the QTL depends on the balance between these two effects. In addition, as a result of hitchhiking, MAS results in extra inbreeding in the region surrounding QTL, which could affect the overall genomic inbreeding. 相似文献
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This study investigated, through stochastic computer simulation, the extra gains expected from marker-assisted selection (MAS) in an infinitesimal model with linkage. The trait under selection was assumed to be controlled by 2,000 loci of additive small effect and evenly distributed in c chromosomes of one Morgan each (and c = 5, 10, 20, or 30). This approach differs from previous studies on the benefits of MAS that have considered mixed inheritance models. Marker information was used together with pedigree information to compute the relationship matrix used in BLUP genetic evaluations. The MAS schemes were compared with schemes where genetic evaluations were performed using standard BLUP (i.e., the relationship matrix is obtained using pedigree information only). When the number of markers was large enough (approximately one marker every 10 cM), there were increases in the accuracy of selection with MAS, and this led to extra gains compared with standard BLUP for all genome sizes considered. The benefit from MAS increased over generations. At the last generation of selection (Generation 10), the response from MAS was 11, 9, 7, and 5% greater than with standard BLUP for genomes with 5, 10, 20, and 30 chromosomes, respectively. Thus, although small, gains from MAS were nonetheless detectable for genome sizes typical of livestock populations. 相似文献
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性别比例和性状遗传力对闭锁群体BLUP选择效果的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
采用MonteCarlo方法模拟研究了性别比例和性状遗传力对闭锁群体动物模型BLUP选择效果的影响 ,选育过程中世代不重叠 ,共进行了 1 5个世代的选择。结果表明性别比例对群体育种值和近交系数的变化都有明显的影响。在育种值达到最大值以前 ,群体平均育种值提高的速度随着公畜比例的增加而有所减慢 ,但会使育种值达到最大值的时间后移 ,在育种值达到最大值后 ,其下降的速度则随着公畜比例的降低而加快。随着公畜比例的增加 ,群体近交系数的上升速度会明显变慢。高遗传力性状的选择效果要优于低遗传力性状 相似文献
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The optimal selection method was investigated for establishing an inbred strain of laboratory animals with high performance for litter size at weaning (LSW). A Monte Carlo computer simulation was used to assess the effects of our selection methods on the genetic change of LSW under the continuous use of full‐sib mating for 20 generations. Smaller number of growing animals of each sex per litter and genetic evaluation for selection using a BLUP animal model increased LSW. Use of information on another trait genetically related to LSW, larger population size, and greater number of generations for random selection before starting full‐sib mating were useful for establishing an inbred strain of laboratory animals with high performance for LSW. It was concluded that LSW can be increased by directional selection when establishing inbred strains. 相似文献
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Performance of genomic selection under a single-step approach in autochthonous Spanish beef cattle populations 
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下载免费PDF全文 E.-F. Mouresan J. Altarriba C. Moreno S. Munilla A. González-Rodríguez L. Varona 《Zeitschrift für Tierzüchtung und Züchtungsbiologie》2017,134(4):289-299
This study evaluated different strategies for implementing a single-step genomic selection programme in two autochthonous Spanish beef cattle populations (Pirenaica—Pi and Rubia Gallega—RG). The strategies were compared in terms of accuracy attained under different scenarios by simulating genomic data over the known genealogy. Several genotyping approaches were tested, as well as, other factors like marker density, effective population size, mutation rate and heritability of the trait. The results obtained showed gains in accuracy with respect to pedigree BLUP evaluation in all cases. The greatest benefit was obtained when the candidates to selection had their genotypes included in the evaluation. Moreover, genotyping the individuals with the most accurate predictions maximized the gains but other suboptimal strategies also yielded satisfactory results. Furthermore, the gains in accuracy increased with the marker density reaching a plateau at around 50,000 markers. Likewise, the effective population size and the mutation rate have also shown an effect, both increasing the accuracy with decreasing values of these population parameters. Finally, the results obtained for the RG population showed greater gains compared to the Pi population, probably attributed to the wider implantation of artificial insemination. 相似文献
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S. Malm A.C. Sørensen W.F. Fikse E. Strandberg 《Zeitschrift für Tierzüchtung und Züchtungsbiologie》2013,130(2):154-164
Breeding to reduce the prevalence of categorically scored hip dysplasia (HD), based on phenotypic assessment of radiographic hip status, has had limited success. The aim of this study was to evaluate two selection strategies for improved hip status: truncation selection based on phenotypic record versus best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP), using stochastic simulation and selection scenarios resembling those in real dog populations. In addition, optimum contribution selection (OCS) was evaluated. Two traits were considered: HD (as a categorical trait with five classes and a heritability of 0.45 on the liability scale) and a continuous trait (with a heritability of 0.25) intended to represent other characteristics in the breeding goal. A population structure mimicking that in real dog populations was modelled. The categorical nature of HD caused a considerably lower genetic gain compared to simulating HD as a continuous trait. Genetic gain was larger for BLUP selection than for phenotypic selection in all scenarios. However, BLUP selection resulted in higher rates of inbreeding. By applying OCS, the rate of inbreeding was lowered to about the same level as phenotypic selection but with increased genetic improvement. For efficient selection against HD, use of BLUP breeding values should be prioritized. In small populations, BLUP should be used together with OCS or similar strategy to maintain genetic variation. 相似文献
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E.C. Akanno F.S. Schenkel M. Sargolzaei R.M. Friendship J.A.B. Robinson 《Zeitschrift für Tierzüchtung und Züchtungsbiologie》2014,131(5):367-378
Genetic improvement of pigs in tropical developing countries has focused on imported exotic populations which have been subjected to intensive selection with attendant high population‐wide linkage disequilibrium (LD). Presently, indigenous pig population with limited selection and low LD are being considered for improvement. Given that the infrastructure for genetic improvement using the conventional BLUP selection methods are lacking, a genome‐wide selection (GS) program was proposed for developing countries. A simulation study was conducted to evaluate the option of using 60 K SNP panel and observed amount of LD in the exotic and indigenous pig populations. Several scenarios were evaluated including different size and structure of training and validation populations, different selection methods and long‐term accuracy of GS in different population/breeding structures and traits. The training set included previously selected exotic population, unselected indigenous population and their crossbreds. Traits studied included number born alive (NBA), average daily gain (ADG) and back fat thickness (BFT). The ridge regression method was used to train the prediction model. The results showed that accuracies of genomic breeding values (GBVs) in the range of 0.30 (NBA) to 0.86 (BFT) in the validation population are expected if high density marker panels are utilized. The GS method improved accuracy of breeding values better than pedigree‐based approach for traits with low heritability and in young animals with no performance data. Crossbred training population performed better than purebreds when validation was in populations with similar or a different structure as in the training set. Genome‐wide selection holds promise for genetic improvement of pigs in the tropics. 相似文献