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1.
Standing laparoscopic removal of abdominally retained cryptorchid testes may reduce patient morbidity and speed recovery compared with traditional laparotomy because anaesthesia is avoided and skin incisions are smaller. Reliably locating the testis preoperatively is therefore optimal to avoid unnecessary surgical morbidity and expense. We describe and review the results of a simple method of location using ultrasound scanning of the inguinal region, with a negative result indicating abdominal retention. One hundred and twenty‐seven horses with 141 cryptorchid testes were identified. Eighty‐five testes were identified inguinally: 56 abdominal. Two inguinally retained testes were not observed on ultrasound (false negatives) and 2 testes were considered inguinal but subsequently had to be removed from the abdomen (false positives). Sensitivity of inguinal ultrasound to predict the location of cryptorchid testes was therefore 98% and specificity 97%. The technique described herein proved a reliable technique to locate cryptorchid testes prior to surgery, minimising morbidity and cost. Suspect cryptorchids with no external evidence of testes should undergo a screening blood test prior to this ultrasound method of diagnosis.  相似文献   

2.
The location and size of 11 retained testes were accurately determined ultrasonographically. There was 100% correlation between the location of the testis determined by ultrasound vs that determined by surgery. Testicular size determined presurgically in all cases closely approximated the actual size obtained by gross measurement of the excised testis. The cryptorchid testicular echotexture was less dense than that of the normal descended testicles, but was easily identified. Ultrasonographic evaluations were completed by use of an ultrasound base unit with attached 5-MHz transrectal transducer. Rectal scans were started at the pelvic brim and continued in a to-and-fro pattern between the midline and the lateral abdominal wall. When the testis was located, the image was froze to allow measurement. All testicular locations were ascertained ultrasonographically either by rectal or external inguinal scans.  相似文献   

3.
The location of an undescended testicle influences the choice of surgical technique for efficient cryptorchid castration. We review a standardized protocol for preoperative examination to dictate surgical approach to cryptorchidism. Cases are split into two periods: 2004–2006 and 2007–2014. In 2004–2006, conventional cryptorchidectomy and laparoscopic cryptorchid castration (standing) were both offered, but the choice of technique was based primarily on owners' preference for a recumbent or standing procedure. In 2007–2014, ultrasonography was used to locate the testes and dictate the preferred surgical approach; for abdominal testes, laparoscopic intraabdominal spermatic cord ligation without orchidectomy was preferred and for inguinal testes, conventional open orchidectomy. The numbers of animals requiring a second procedure to complete castration were compared between the two periods. In addition, failure rates for individual testes grouped by location were determined separately for the different techniques, and the value of preoperative ultrasonography to locate the retained testes was assessed. In 2004–2006, 15.3% (20/131) of the cryptorchids needed more than one surgery to complete castration, compared to 0.7% (1/144) in 2007–2014. Failure rates for laparoscopic castration were 0/168 (0%) for abdominal, 3/40 (7.5%) for inguinal, and 9/55 (16.4%) for scrotal testes; for conventional castration, failure was recorded for 3/12 (25%) abdominal and 0/92 (0%) inguinal testes. For 94% (156/166) of retained testes, ultrasound-based preoperative advice on surgical approach was correct. Using a standardized preoperative examination to determine choice of surgical technique significantly (P < .001) reduced the number of second surgeries needed to complete castration. Preoperative ultrasound is therefore a useful aid to determining the surgical approach to cryptorchid castration.  相似文献   

4.
Of 1,345 cats admitted for orchiectomy during a 10-year period, 23 (1.7%) were cryptorchid and 2 (0.1%) were monorchid. Persian cats were over-represented in the cryptorchid population (P = 0.01). Cats were more likely to be unilaterally than bilaterally cryptorchid (P = 0.01). A predisposition for location of undescended testes (abdominal vs inguinal or right vs left side) was not identified in unilateral cryptorchids. All bilateral cryptorchids had abdominally located testes. The most common surgical approaches used for orchiectomy of cryptorchid cats were a caudal ventral midline incision for inguinal testes and a caudal ventral midline celiotomy for abdominal testes.  相似文献   

5.
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Transrectal ultrasonography is a reliable technique to identify intra-abdominal testes, but can be hazardous or impractical in fractious, juvenile or small equids. The transabdominal approach therefore requires validation. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of transabdominal ultrasonography to localise cryptorchid testes. METHODS: Thirty-eight horses admitted for cryptorchidism underwent transabdominal ultrasonography to locate errant testes. Location of the testes was confirmed during surgery (n = 37) or necropsy (n = 1). RESULTS: Horses weighed 175-760 kg. Twenty-two testes were located within the abdomen, 19 in the inguinal space and 3 in a subcutaneous location. In 2 horses, a thick winter coat prevented adequate contact between the probe and the skin, and visualisation of their inguinal testis and one abdominal testis was missed during transabdominal ultrasonography. Excluding the 2 horses with excessive hair, the sensitivity of transabdominal ultrasonography to locate errant testes was 97.6% (93.2% when all horses were included), and its specificity 100%. CONCLUSIONS: Transabdominal ultrasonography is a reliable, safe and immediate technique to diagnose cryptorchidism precisely in horses of all ages, sizes and temperaments. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Transabdominal ultrasonography provides an immediate definitive diagnosis of adominal cryptorchidism and should enhance selection of an appropriate surgical approach for their removal.  相似文献   

6.
Ventral Abdominal Approach for Laparoscopic Cryptorchidectomy in Horses   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Objective —To report a ventral abdominal approach and a ligating loop technique for laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy in horses.
Study Design —Prospective.
Sample Population—Six horses, aged 1 to 5 years, with retained testes.
Methods —One laparoscopic portal and three to four instrument portals were used for ventral abdominal laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy. Laparoscopic instruments were used to maneuver and secure the testis through a ligating loop (modified Roeder knot) that was secured from outside the abdominal cavity. Only minimal enlargement of one instrument portal was used to remove the testicle.
Results —Three horses were bilateral cryptorchids, and three were unilateral (left side, two; right side, one) cryptorchids. Operative time, defined as the time from laparoscope insertion to removal, ranged from 20 to 25 minutes for unilateral cryptorchids and from 40 to 50 minutes for bilateral cryptorchids.
Conclusions —The reported technique allowed decreased tension on the tissues during ligation and removal of the testis from the peritoneal cavity. Improved observation of the abdominal cavity, ligation security, shortened patient confinement time, and minimally invasive technique are all considered to be benefits of laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy.
Clinical Relevance —Direct observation of retained testes and intraabdominal castration are distinct advantages of the use of laparoscopy in horses that have had previous unsuccessful surgical attempts, horses with unknown histories that have retained testicular tissue, or bilateral abdominal cryptorchids.  相似文献   

7.
In this prospective study, we hypothesized that computed tomography (CT) would identify more normal and abnormal iliosacral lymph nodes (LNs) than abdominal ultrasound in dogs with anal sac gland carcinoma (ASGC). Twelve client‐owned dogs with ASGC but without distant metastasis were enrolled. Abdominal ultrasound and contrast‐enhanced CT scans of the abdomen were obtained. Iliosacral LNs were counted and assessed for location, laterality and size. Significantly (P < 0.00001) more iliosacral LNs were identified with CT (61) than ultrasound (30), including significantly (P = 0.00012) more medial iliac LNs with CT (33) than ultrasound (19). There was no difference in number of internal iliac LNs identified with CT versus ultrasound. Significantly (P = 0.000061) more sacral LNs were identified with CT (15) than ultrasound (0). Ultrasound identified slightly more (7) abnormal iliosacral LNs than CT (5). Contrast CT was able to identify more normal but not more abnormal LNs than ultrasound.  相似文献   

8.
We describe the results of the noninvasive inguinal approach in 38 cases of cryptorchidism. Whether the retained testis was intra-abdominal or in the inguinal canal, this technique was found to be an easy, reliable method of locating abdominal and inguinal testes through a normal body opening. No postoperative complications were recorded in this series of cases and the postoperative rest period was minimal.  相似文献   

9.
Two adult horses had colic attributable to spermatic cord torsion and strangulation of abdominally retained neoplastic testes. Both horses had caudal abdominal soft tissue masses palpable per rectum. One horse was treated successfully by surgical removal of the testis, and the other was euthanatized without treatment. Histopathologic diagnosis of the involved testes was testicular seminoma. Spermatic cord torsion of an abdominally retained testis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of signs of abdominal pain in cryptorchid stallions, especially those with a palpable caudal abdominal mass.  相似文献   

10.
Contrast‐enhanced ultrasound with sulphur hexafluoride microbubbles was performed in seven healthy dogs without a history of reproductive pathology and with histologically confirmed normal testes and in 42 dogs with chronic scrotal anomalies. All dogs underwent orchiectomy and histological examination. Enhancement patterns and perfusion parameters (peak intensity and regional blood flow) of testes of healthy dogs and testes with chronic lesions were compared. Fourteen non‐pathologic and 60 pathologic testes were considered. Forty testes were neoplastic (24 interstitial cell tumours, 9 seminomas, 7 Sertoli cell tumours), 20 were non‐neoplastic (16 testicular degenerations, 2 chronic orchitis, 1 testicular atrophy, 1 interstitial cell hyperplasia). In healthy dogs, the contrast medium flow had a rapid homogeneous wash‐in and wash‐out, with a short peak phase. With contrast ultrasound, testes that were inhomogeneous with a hyperenhancing pattern were associated with neoplasia (sensitivity: 87.5%, specificity: 100%). Lesions with persistent inner vessels and a hypo‐to‐isoechoic background were significantly associated with seminomas (sensitivity: 77.8%, specificity: 100%). Testes with non‐neoplastic lesions were characterized by a scant/moderate homogeneous enhancement. Perfusion parameters were higher in neoplastic lesions. Contrast ultrasound was a feasible diagnostic tool in the assessment of testicular lesions, with hyperenhancement being an important feature in the diagnosis of malignancy.  相似文献   

11.
Cryptorchidism is a partial or total failure of testicular descent. For a proper diagnosis different methods are required. The main aim of this study was to compare different diagnostic methods. Sixty two horses (15 stallions, 32 cryptorchids and 15 geldings) were used in the experiment. They were clinically examined and ultrasonography was used to locate the testes. Blood samples were taken from the animals to measure the plasma level of testosterone and total estrogen (RIA method). In 22 horses suspected of cryptorchidism, the hCG stimulation test was performed. Blood samples were taken every 20 minutes for 8 hours and then 24 and 48 hours after injection. Clinical examination had a 60% success rate in detecting superficial and profound canal cryptorchids. Inguinal ultrasonography had a 100% rate of detection when the retained testes were in the area of the internal or external inguinal ring. The rate of detection with abdominal cryptorchids was 72.7%. The highest levels of testosterone were found in stallions' blood (2.3 ng/ml), they were lower in cryptorchids (0.68 ng/ml) and lowest in geldings (0.15 ng/ml). Total estrogen levels revealed a similar tendency (respectively: 395 pg/ml, 228 pg/ml and 26 pg/ml). Administration of hCG usually increased the level of testosterone from 0.68 ng/ml to 1.05 ng/ml 60 minutes after injection. We found that to successfully diagnose cryptorchids in veterinary practice a combination of clinical, ultrasonographic and hormonal examinations should be used.  相似文献   

12.
Surgical techniques for castration of the Vietnamese pot-bellied boar and outcome are described. Vietnamese pot-bellied pig (VPBP) boars (n = 8) were admitted for castration. Data retrieved from medical records (2002–2011) for these pigs included signalment, history, reason for castration, perioperative management, surgical technique, and complications. Follow-up information was obtained from owners. A scrotal approach with closed technique was used for 6 boars with normally descended testes. A scrotal approach and open technique was used in 1 inguinal cryptorchid boar. In a hemicastrated abdominal cryptorchid boar an ipsilateral parainguinal approach was used. No complications occurred. Castration of the Vietnamese pot-bellied boar is associated with minimal complications and a satisfactory cosmetic outcome. We recommend the routine closure of the external inguinal rings, a simple and fast procedure that may prevent post-castration inguinal herniation.  相似文献   

13.
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Intra-abdominal ligation/ transection of the spermatic cord may result in necrosis of the testis; castration of abdominal cryptorchids via laparoscopy has therefore become common. Notwithstanding some adaptations of the technique, a small percentage of operations fail, prompting research into the anatomical background and clinical relevance of the procedure. HYPOTHESIS: That an alternate blood supply may prevent complete necrosis of the testis after spermatic cord transection. OBJECTIVE: To establish the prevalence of the problem in normal and cryptorchid stallions. METHODS: In a preliminary study, the spermatic cords of 8 normal stallions were ligated and transected at different sites and in various manners. Five weeks later the testes were removed and the vitality of both the testes and epididymes was evaluated. In a prospective clinical trial, intra-abdominal spermatic cord transection was performed in 241 cryptorchid and normal stallions. In cases of surgical failure, the testes were removed and histology performed. RESULTS: Examination of the specimen removed from the 8 animals of the preliminary study revealed that all epididymes were completely or largely spared. All except one testis were completely necrotic. In the patients that underwent surgery all abdominally retained testes (n = 123) were necrotic, while 5 out of 88 inguinally retained and 8 out of 236 normally descended testes had partially survived. The pattern of survival differed between inguinally retained and normally descended testes. The epididymes of these 13 horses were (largely) vital. The (partial) survival of the epididymes and inguinally retained testes was ascribed to an alternate blood supply via anastomosing vessels derived from the cremasteric artery. A tributary from the external pudendal artery was considered responsible for the partial survival of normally descended testes. CONCLUSIONS AND POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: After intra-abdominal transection of the entire spermatic cord, 5.6% of inguinally retained and 3.4% of normally descended testes failed to become completely necrotic, as a result of an alternate blood supply via the cremasteric and/or external pudendal artery. Therefore, laparoscopic castration without orchidectomy cannot be recommended as a trustworthy method for castration of inguinal cryptorchids and normal stallions.  相似文献   

14.
The inverse relationship of testicular size and circulating follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) concentrations has been documented, and accompanying this relationship is the change in color of the parenchymal tissue of the testes. Large testes (300 to 400 g) are pink to light red and small testes (100 g) are dark maroon with color gradations for weights in between. It was hypothesized that this color most likely represented an iron protein. Chromatographic analysis of testicular tissue indicated that the Fe was associated primarily with ferritin, and immunohistochemistry showed that Leydig cells were the primary location of ferritin storage within the testes. Concentrations of Fe and ferritin were higher in small testes and decreased as testes weight increased (P < 0.05). As testicular Fe concentrations increased, daily sperm production (DSP) and total DSP declined (P < 0.05). Genotyping six generations of Meishan x White composite boars (n = 288) for a quantitative trait locus that is indicative of elevated FSH and small testes in boars indicated that the Meishan genotype had elevated testicular iron concentrations and darker color in conjunction with reduced total DSP (P < 0.01). It is not thought the elevated iron concentrations affect testicular weights but are probably a result of elevated FSH and FSH inducement of Fe transport. The storage of Fe in Leydig cells may provide a reservoir of Fe for easy access by Sertoli and germ cells, but still provide a degree of protection to germ cells from ionic iron.  相似文献   

15.
The position and histological structure of the testes of 33 brown hares (Lepus europaeus) were studied from July to December. From July to September, the testes were located in the scrotum; in October and November, in some animals, the testes were positioned more or less in the inguinal canal towards the abdominal cavity, and in December none of the investigated animals had testes located in the scrotum. Testes were weighed and a quantitative analysis of tissue components was performed: the diameter of the seminiferous tubules, the depth of the seminiferous epithelium, the thickness of the tunica albuginea, the thickness of the peritubular tissue and the relative proportion of seminiferous tubules were determined. The tunica albuginea and peritubular tissue were thickest in September, October and at the beginning of November. In the same months the testis weight was low, and the diameter of the seminiferous tubules, the depth of the seminiferous epithelium and the relative proportion of seminiferous tubules in the testis tissue were significantly lower than in other months. We did not find any correlation between testicular regression or testis weight reduction and the change in the position of the testes. During recrudescence of spermatogenesis in November and December the testes were located in the inguinal canal.  相似文献   

16.
OBJECTIVE-To determine whether a surgical technique used in cryptorchid horses can be used successfully to remove testicles retained in the inguinal region or abdominal cavity in dogs and cats. DESIGN-Retrospective case series. ANIMALS-22 dogs and 4 cats with cryptorchidism. PROCEDURES-In 1999 through 2010, 26 cryptorchid patients underwent surgery during which an incision was made over the inguinal ring and the undescended testicle was located for removal via identification of the vaginal process and the embryonic gubernaculum. Castration was performed once a testicle was located in the inguinal region or via removal of an intra-abdominally located testicle through the inguinal canal. RESULTS-4 dogs and 1 cat were bilaterally cryptorchid. Testicles were retained in the abdominal cavity in 18 dogs and in the inguinal region in 4 dogs; in all 4 cats, undescended testicles were located in the inguinal region. Twenty-one dogs and 4 cats were castrated without breaching the abdominal cavity; in one of those dogs, the inguinal ring was enlarged to permit extraction of a tumorous testicle. In 1 dog, the inguinal ring was enlarged into a paramedian laparotomy and viscera were manipulated to exteriorize an intra-abdominally located testicle because the gubernaculum had ruptured. Major intraoperative or long-term complications did not occur. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE-Results suggested that as in horses, the surgical approach over the inguinal ring, wherein the vaginal process and the remnant of the gubernaculum are identified and used to locate an undescended testicle for removal, can be used successfully in dogs and cats.  相似文献   

17.
Laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy has provided the surgeon with an easy, efficient means of locating and castrating abdominally retained testes without the complications associated with routine open approaches. It is especially useful when the horse's castration history is unknown, or if previous attempts at cryptorchid castration have been made. With the direct visualization that laparoscopy provides, surgeons are able to visualize both vaginal rings for presence of intra abdominal and inguinal testis in addition to testicular remnants and adhesion formation from previous surgical manipulations. Furthermore, because it is minimally invasive, laparoscopy shortens patient confinement time and reduces postoperative complications such as eventration. With experience, it is a technically easy procedure and can safely be performed on anesthetized or standing sedated horses.  相似文献   

18.
Scrotal (n = 66), inguinal (n = 7) and abdominal (n = 36) testes from pigs differing in age (from 1 day to 4 years) were collected after slaughtering or by castration, fixed in 4% formalin and examined by light microscopy. The expression of vimentin, desmin, alpha-actin and PCNA was detected by immunohistochemical technique. Histologically no differences between scrotal and cryptorchid testes are obvious during the prepubertal period, until the age of 10-12 weeks, but with the onset of puberty degenerative alterations (Sertoli-cell-only morphology, giant cells) in dystopic testes occur. Additionally the differentiation of the interstitial cells is disturbed in abdominal testes resulting in a deviating expression pattern of alpha-actin. The Sertoli cells show different distribution patterns (basal, perinuclear, apical) of vimentin depending on the position of the testis and the age of the animal.  相似文献   

19.
The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of and risk factors for pathological conditions of the reproductive organs in stray dogs under tropical conditions. Three hundred and eighteen dogs were examined post-mortem in the period from 1 July 2002 to 30 June 2003. Before killing, a blood sample (from the cephalic vein) for testosterone assay was taken. Pathological conditions of the reproductive organs were found in 135 of the dogs (42.5%) and in 175 of the testes (64.8%). The most frequent pathologies found were testicular degeneration, cryptorchidism, testicular hypoplasia and testicular tumours (in 15.1%, 6.6%, 6.6% and 5.4% of the dogs and 15.1, 4.6, 6.0 and 3.5 of the testes, respectively). Transmissible venereal tumour (TVT) was seen in 5.4% of the dogs. Testicular degeneration was more common in old dogs and underweight dogs (p < 0.05). Testicular tumours were 14.3 times more common in cryptorchid dogs. Age was another important factor for the development of testicular tumours (p < 0.05). Lower levels of testosterone concentration (p < 0.05) were observed in dogs with advanced testicular degeneration (0.7 +/- 0.8 nM), dogs with hypoplastic testicles (0.8 +/- 0.9 nM) and dogs with one degenerated and one retained testis or with bilateral cryptorchidism (1.2 +/- 0.9 nM) compared to dogs with one or two normal testes (7.0 +/- 5.5 nM). Testicular volume and weight were significantly lower in degenerated, hypoplastic and retained testes compared with the contralateral normal testis. Some spermatogenic activity was found in three of the retained testes, producing oligozoospermic smears with a high percentage of sperm abnormalities. No comparable epidemiological data about male pathological conditions of the reproductive organs in the dog is available. The prevalence found in this study, yet, appears high.  相似文献   

20.
Equine cryptorchidism was examined by a review of the literature and a retrospective study of 350 horses over a 14-year period. The incidence of left vs right testis retention was nearly equal. On the left side, 75.2% of the retained testes were retained abdominally and 24.8% inguinally; on the right side, 41.8% of the retained testes were retained abdominally and 58.2% inguinally. Preoperative diagnosis by rectal palpation of the vaginal rings was considered a valuable technique, with 87.9% accuracy in 190 horses. Invasive and nonivasive surgical techniques for abdominal cryptorchidectomy and associated complications were compared. The results supported the technique of traction on gonadal structures outside the abdominal cavity (noninvasive) as superior to techniques requiring intraabdominal manipulation (invasive).  相似文献   

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