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1.
生物碳对土壤中镉的影响研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
重金属镉在土壤中的污染日益严重,降低土壤中有效镉的含量相当必要。为降低土壤镉污染程度,探讨生物碳降低土壤镉活性的应用效果。试验结果表明,施用生物碳能降低交换态镉的含量,促进碳酸盐结合态、铁猛氧化结合态及有机态镉的形成,其最佳施用量为6g/kg土。 相似文献
2.
《灌溉排水学报》2015,(10)
采用盆栽试验,研究了不同配施菌糠肥料对玉米生长状况及收获后土壤中不同形态Cu的质量分数及酶活性的影响。结果表明,与未配施菌糠处理相比,施用不同配方菌糠肥料后玉米株高、干物质量都有所增加,土壤中全Cu的质量分数降低了7.35%~11.56%,土壤中可交换态Cu质量分数平均增长了25.41%,碳结合态Cu质量分数平均升高了8.03%,有机结合态Cu质量分数有所升高,残渣态Cu质量分数有所降低,铁锰氧化态Cu质量分数变化不明显;与未配施菌糠处理相比,施用菌糠肥料后土壤中蔗糖酶活性变化显著,最大增幅96.25%,脲酶活性增幅最大为54.50%,过氧化氢酶活性平均增幅31.67%。说明不同配施菌糠肥料可有效改善Cu污染土壤环境,改善土壤微生物状况,促进玉米生长。 相似文献
3.
铅污染对玉米生长及铅积累的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过玉米盆栽试验,研究4种不同形态Pb在棕壤中的分布规律、不同土壤Pb浓度与玉米生物量的关系和玉米各营养器官Pb积累规律,分析土壤有效态Pb含量与玉米籽粒Pb含量的相关性。研究结果表明：棕壤中各形态Pb的比例为铁锰氧化态〉有机结合态〉碳酸盐结合态〉可交换态;土壤中Pb浓度不同,玉米各器官的Pb积累规律也随之变化;玉米各器官Pb的吸收积累量大小依次为根、叶、茎、籽粒;Pb全量、各形态Pb含量均与玉米各器官的Pb累积量呈显著正相关关系,可交换态Pb与玉米籽实Pb积累的关系较为密切,可作为Pb污染的评价指标。 相似文献
4.
采用改进的Tessier连续提取法分析了焦家金矿土壤中不同赋存形态汞的含量,阐述了金矿水平剖面土壤中不同形态汞的分布特征及相互转化规律。结果表明,土壤中汞主要以残渣态存在,不同形态汞平均含量依次为：残渣态＞腐殖酸结合态＞强有机结合态＞水溶态＞铁锰氧化物结合态＞碳酸盐结合态＞离子交换态;金矿对土壤中不同形态汞的影响显著,除碳酸盐结合态外,其他各形态汞都有在金矿附近富集的现象;非残渣态汞占总汞的27％左右,金矿土壤中的汞具有较大的生物可利用性;金矿附近土壤中活性较高的形态（离子交换态、水溶态、碳酸盐结合态及铁锰氧化物结合态）占总汞比例较低,活性较低的形态（腐植酸结合态及强有机结合态）占总汞比例较高。金矿开采活动可能对土壤中汞形态的分布造成影响。 相似文献
5.
为研究生物炭、水分调节措施对污染土壤重金属有效性的影响,从而为利用水分调节措施进一步提高生物炭修复重金属污染土壤效果提供理论依据,以施用生物炭的重金属污染土壤为研究对象,研究了水分调节对施用生物炭土壤重金属形态的影响。研究结果表明：增加土壤水分含量,可以降低施用生物炭土壤可交换态重金属铜含量,促进可交换态重金属铜向可氧化态、可还原态铜转化;尤其是在100%田间持水量条件下,供试土壤可交换态重金属铜含量比对照低18.52%、可氧化态铜比对照增加17.48%、可还原态铜比对照高16.64%,与对照相比均差异显著（P<0.05）,而残渣态与对照相比差异不明显。由此表明,利用水分调节措施可降低施用生物炭土壤可交换态重金属含量,降低土壤重金属生物毒性,提高生物炭对重金属污染土壤的修复效果。 相似文献
6.
污灌区玉米地土壤重金属铜化学形态时空变化及风险评价 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《灌溉排水学报》2019,(Z2)
【目的】研究调查土壤中Cu的不同化学形态时空变化,为重金属污染农田的环境及土壤的修复提供科学依据。【方法】以山西省晋中市某污灌区作为研究对象,利用Tessier连续提取法,2016—2019年春季,对不同耕作层(0～20、20～40、40～60 cm),不同小区土壤中重金属Cu各化学形态以及研究区种植玉米籽粒中的Cu含量进行了分析及其风险评价。【结果】该区域污染土壤中全量Cu含量超过国家土壤环境质量标准(GB 15618-2018)。在0～20 cm土层中,随时间推移Cu元素除铁锰氧化物结合态无明显变化外,其余各形态呈下降趋势;在20～40 cm土层中,碳酸盐结合态随时间呈下降趋势,残渣态无明显变化,可交换态、铁锰氧化物结合态、有机结合态呈上升趋势;在40～60 cm土层中,除有机结合态和残渣态无明显变化,其余形态呈上升趋势。根据次生相与原生相分布比值法(RSP)风险评价,污灌区土壤中重金属Cu对土壤环境构成重度环境污染。【结论】玉米种植对该污灌区污染土壤Cu的污染风险有明显降低作用,污染土壤得到一定程度的修复。 相似文献
7.
采集毕节热电厂和毕节化肥厂周边耕地土壤样品,采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法（ICP-MS）测定土壤中Zn、Pb 、Cd、Ni、V、Cu、Cr和Co等元素,采用原子荧光光谱法（AFS）测试土壤中As、Hg元素,以Tessier连续持续法分析土壤重金属的形态。结果表明,土壤中Pb、Ni、Cr、V、Cu和As元素主要以残渣态形式存在,其含量所占比例在50.88%以上,其次为铁锰氧化物结合态,在环境中比较稳定;Co主要以铁锰氧化物结合态形式存在,其含量所占比例为76.26%;Hg以强有机结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态为主,对环境具有一定的潜在影响力;Cd以离子交换态与残渣态为主,Zn在各态中含量分布都较高,其生物可利用态与潜在可利用态所占比例较高,对环境的影响较大。厂区土壤受到了不同程度的重金属污染,潜在危害性较大,可能会影响农作物的质量与产量,进而威胁当地居民的生产生活。 相似文献
8.
不同钝化材料对污灌农田镉污染土壤修复效果研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
为了探讨不同钝化材料对镉污染土壤修复效果及其差异性,利用田间小区试验研究了5种钝化材料(赤泥、海泡石、过磷酸钙、钙镁磷肥和生物质炭)对夏玉米生长及其吸收镉的影响。结果表明,5种钝化剂及其施用量均对玉米各部位干物质量及其含镉量以及根际土壤有效态镉量均产生极显著影响(P0.001)。高量施用钝化剂对玉米各部位干物质增加比例最大,其中又以钙镁磷肥增加比例最大,根、茎叶、籽粒干物质量分别增加9.6%、7.0%、1.1%。5种钝化剂低量和高量处理均显著降低了玉米根、茎叶、籽粒含镉量以及根际土壤有效态镉量,其降低范围分别为10.8%~26.3%、9.0%~34.8%、15.7%~37.1%、5.1%~20.5%,其中高量赤泥处理降低玉米对镉的吸收效果最显著。 相似文献
9.
针对宁夏扬黄灌区严重缺水、土壤瘠薄、肥力低下等问题,在玉米苗期穴施不同用量(0,30,60,90和120 kg/hm2)的沃特保水剂,并以不施保水剂为对照,研究保水剂不同施用量对土壤水肥状况及作物生长的影响,以探寻玉米滴灌条件下砂质土壤田的保水剂最佳施用量.结果表明,在玉米整个生育期,0~100 cm土壤层贮水量随保水剂施用量增加而增加,施用保水剂90和120 kg/hm2处理使土壤贮水量,分别较对照显著提高14.0%和17.1%;施用保水剂60 kg/hm2处理下,土壤养分含量较对照显著增加,其保肥和供肥效果最佳;施用保水剂不同量可促进玉米生长,施用保水剂90 kg/hm2处理对玉米吐丝期的促进效果显著.与对照处理相比,施用保水剂60 kg/hm2处理对提高玉米水分利用效率、增产和增收效果最佳,分别较对照处理显著增加41.8%,22.2%和33.9%.因此,适量穴施沃特保水剂可有效改善土壤水肥状况,实现玉米增产增收,以施用保水剂60~90 kg/hm2为最优,适宜于在宁夏扬黄灌区进行推广应用. 相似文献
10.
为探究秸秆还田配施稳定性氮肥对关中地区麦玉轮作体系作物生长及水氮利用的综合影响,并确定合理的高产高效施肥管理措施,设置两种秸秆还田模式(秸秆不还田、秸秆全量还田)和两种施氮措施(常规尿素和减量施用稳定性氮肥),以无秸秆还田且不施肥作为对照,共5个处理,研究分析作物产量、地上部生物量、土壤氨挥发累积量、土壤含水率、土壤硝态氮残留量及水氮利用效率。结果表明：秸秆还田配施氮肥会分别显著提高夏玉米和冬小麦产量28.03%～39.63%和90.10%～112.52%、地上部生物量27.88%～34.00%和78.96%～107.64%;施用稳定性氮肥较施用常规尿素分别降低夏玉米季和冬小麦季全生育期土壤氨挥发累积量50.18%～59.32%和68.21%～73.43%;秸秆还田会显著提高夏玉米季0～10 cm土壤含水率6.29%～21.38%,显著提高冬小麦季0～10 cm土壤含水率6.80%～25.06%;相同施肥措施下,秸秆还田会显著降低夏玉米与冬小麦收获期0～100 cm土壤NO-3-N残留量7.34%～10.78%和6.57%～11.24%,在相... 相似文献
11.
Adoption of a new technology, such as irrigation, is a complex phenomenon. Several factors of economic and social nature contribute to the farm-level decisions affecting adoption. In this study, the role played by attitudes of potential adopters towards irrigation and its subsequent adoption on their farm unit was estimated. Two models were estimated, one incorporating only adopters' socio-economic characteristics, and the other, only their attitudes towards irrigation. Results suggest that adopters' attitude, particularly with respect to economic and environmental effects of irrigation, were significant determinants of their decision to proceed with adoption of irrigation, and have a role to play in adoption of irrigation over and above that explained by socio-economic characteristics. In particular, these results suggest that negative perceptions with respect to economics of irrigation and those related to its detrimental impacts on environmental quality, particularly through soil salinity, may be significant deterrents for adoption of irrigation. The study suggests that planning of large scale water development projects, particularly those involving irrigation, must be cognizant of attitudes of potential adopters. Furthermore, during the planning stages, more attention should be paid to the development of proper educational programs, as well as extension packages, to ensure that potential adopters formulate correct attitudes towards the new technology. 相似文献
12.
数学作为一门基础性学科，在学生的各个学习阶段都起到了不可替代的作用，在工科院校中数学教学的重要性更是升到了一个新的高度。通过数学的学习，可以培养学生的应用能力和探究思维，通过对数学知识的学习和灵活运用，学生的综合能力会得到系统性的提高。对于数学的教学工作，应当做到有针对性、有目标，在教学工作中，充分做到对症下药、有的放矢，让学生通过对数学的学习，提高自身的综合能力，更好地为社会建设贡献力量。 相似文献
13.
分析了四川简阳地区砂岩和土壤中的水分运动特性和砂岩中储存的水分对土壤水分补给量的多少。对当地的砂岩和土壤进行了水分特征曲线的测定试验、入渗试验和蒸发试验,并采用研究中常用模型对试验结果进行了拟合,通过对拟合结果的分析,得出了当地土壤和砂岩的水分特性,总结出了该地区表面土层在缺水时水分很容易被下部砂岩层补给,砂岩中的水分是作物利用的重要水资源的结论。这对于充分利用当地水资源,合理确定类似地质条件地区灌溉定额,解决无灌溉条件丘陵区作物缺水问题,实现农业节水灌溉有一定的参考价值。 相似文献
14.
G. L. Hammer J. W. Hansen J. G. Phillips J. W. Mjelde H. Hill A. Love A. Potgieter 《Agricultural Systems》2001,70(2-3):515-553
Agricultural ecosystems and their associated business and government systems are diverse and varied. They range from farms, to input supply businesses, to marketing and government policy systems, among others. These systems are dynamic and responsive to fluctuations in climate. Skill in climate prediction offers considerable opportunities to managers via its potential to realise system improvements (i.e. increased food production and profit and/or reduced risks). Realising these opportunities, however, is not straightforward as the forecasting skill is imperfect and approaches to applying the existing skill to management issues have not been developed and tested extensively. While there has been much written about impacts of climate variability, there has been relatively little done in relation to applying knowledge of climate predictions to modify actions ahead of likely impacts. However, a considerable body of effort in various parts of the world is now being focused on this issue of applying climate predictions to improve agricultural systems.
In this paper, we outline the basis for climate prediction, with emphasis on the El Niño-Southern Oscillation phenomenon, and catalogue experiences at field, national and global scales in applying climate predictions to agriculture. These diverse experiences are synthesised to derive general lessons about approaches to applying climate prediction in agriculture. The case studies have been selected to represent a diversity of agricultural systems and scales of operation. They also represent the on-going activities of some of the key research and development groups in this field around the world. The case studies include applications at field/farm scale to dryland cropping systems in Australia, Zimbabwe, and Argentina. This spectrum covers resource-rich and resource-poor farming with motivations ranging from profit to food security. At national and global scale we consider possible applications of climate prediction in commodity forecasting (wheat in Australia) and examine implications on global wheat trade and price associated with global consequences of climate prediction.
In cataloguing these experiences we note some general lessons. Foremost is the value of an interdisciplinary systems approach in connecting disciplinary knowledge in a manner most suited to decision-makers. This approach often includes scenario analysis based on simulation with credible models as a key aspect of the learning process. Interaction among researchers, analysts and decision-makers is vital in the development of effective applications — all of the players learn. Issues associated with balance between information demand and supply as well as appreciation of awareness limitations of decision-makers, analysts, and scientists are highlighted. It is argued that understanding and communicating decision risks is one of the keys to successful applications of climate prediction.
We consider that advances of the future will be made by better connecting agricultural scientists and practitioners with the science of climate prediction. Professions involved in decision making must take a proactive role in the development of climate forecasts if the design and use of climate predictions are to reach their full potential. 相似文献
15.
S.H. KimM. Fan S.O. Prasher R.M. PatelS.A. Hussain 《Agricultural Water Management》2011,98(4):653-660
Pesticides degrade principally through biodegradation processes, whereas antibiotics kill microorganisms or inhibit their growth in soils and thus may affect the fate of pesticides. In this study, the impact of antibiotics on the degradation of atrazine in a sandy soil is investigated in lysimeters over a ninety-day period. Four treatments, monensin, narasin, salinomycin and non-antibiotic, were assigned in triplicate to twelve PVC lysimeters. Both soil and leachate samples were collected and analyzed at predetermined time intervals. In all treatments, atrazine was found to leach down through the soil profiles with the concentration level decreasing with depth, and only trace amounts of atrazine were found in the leachate. However, the statistical analysis of the results showed that all the three antibiotic treatments yielded a significantly slower dissipation of the atrazine level as compared to the non-antibiotic treatment; the mass balance analysis indicated an increased half-life of atrazine in the presence of antibiotics. 相似文献
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北京典型灌区土壤和农产品多氯联苯污染风险评估 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
为明确北京东南郊灌区表层土壤和农作物多氯联苯(PCBs)含量和污染水平以及人体健康风险,2015年在该灌区采集了20个土壤样品和28个作物样品,利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪分析了样品中7大类PCBs含量。研究结果表明,灌区表层土壤PCBs质量比为ND(低于检出限)到0.711 776μg/kg,均值为0.43μg/kg,总体上土壤PCBs含量随污灌历史年限增加而增加。本研究区表层土壤PCBs含量处于较低水平,土壤未受到PCBs污染且其生态风险概率均小于10%。灌区采集的冬小麦籽粒、大葱、茄子、梨、白薯、芥蓝PCBs含量均低于实验检出限,未检出;夏玉米籽粒、菜心和油菜PCBs总量分别为0.17~0.47μg/kg、1.63μg/kg和5.91μg/kg。不同污灌历史年限并未显著影响夏玉米籽粒PCBs含量。本研究区农产品PCBs含量处于较低水平,均低于美国卫生及公共服务部建议限量。采集的土壤和农产品样品仅四氯联苯含量高于实验检出限,能检测出;一氯联苯到三氯联苯和五氯联苯到七氯联苯均低于实验检出限,未检出。本研究中成人和儿童PCBs致癌风险分别为8.49×10-7和4.66×10-7,非致癌风险分别为1.41×10-1和3.88×10-1,均低于US EPA规定限值,说明PCBs未对人群产生明显的健康危害。致癌危害和非致癌危害均以口-作物(玉米和蔬菜)为主,其对人体健康所造成的风险占总个人年风险的比例分别为99.79%~99.95%和99.81%~99.94%。 相似文献
18.
沈阳市既是重工业城市,也是农业大市,发展现代农业必须依靠科技进步。在介绍沈阳市农业发展现状及农业科技条件的基础上,探讨科技进步在沈阳农业发展中的重要作用,并根据沈阳市的实际情况展望今后科技进步的发展方向,为加快沈阳市的农业发展提供理论参考。 相似文献
19.
针对野生刺五加叶片中黄酮含量的测量方法繁琐、时间较长及需破坏叶片等问题,提出了一种基于高光谱技术对不同时段的刺五加叶片中黄酮含量的估算模型。首先,分析提取地域、年龄、长势相近的20株刺五加叶片光谱特征,通过对叶片进行烘干、磨粉及利用紫外分光光度计等化学方法测得叶片中黄酮的真实含量,并选择4种预处理互相结合、比较的方式,判断出最优预处理模型;通过SPA与PCA算法的结合,选择出较明显的特征波段,通过MatLab2018a将特征波段的反射率分别与40组预测集验证相关性后,再分别选取预测值和20组实测值与BP神经网络、支持向量机进行模型建立。实验结果表明:利用BP神经网络建立的模型的校正集决定系数Rc2分别为0.8649、0.7976、0.8485,支持向量机建立的模型的校正集决定系数Rc2分别为0.7526、0.7742、0.7243,证明SNV和1 Der结合的预处理方式与BP神经网络所构建的模型效果最好。研究为高光谱技术对刺五加叶片中黄酮的反演提供了有力的支持,也会提高工业和药用采摘的效率及刺五加的利用价值。 相似文献
20.
Targeted sampling of water was performed in streams, the river mouth, and the municipal drinking-water tap in the vicinity of San Francisco, South Leyte, Philippines. Samples were processed on site and transported back to Sweden for analysis by gas chromatography mass spectrometry to identify and quantify the pesticides commonly used in the area. Collaborations were initiated with employees at the local Department of Agriculture and Municipal Disaster Coordinating Council to learn more about the rice cultivation in this area and times for spraying. Detectable levels of pesticides λ-cyhalothrin, cypermethrin and deltamethrin (0.0005-1.4 μg/L) were found in representative water samples. In 47% of samples the detected levels exceeded the recommended limit values for pesticides in surface water according to Swedish guidelines (Swedish Chemicals Agency, 2008). The analysis of samples taken at the river mouth revealed measurable levels of λ-cyhalothrin and cypermethrin, which means that residues of pesticides applied to rice paddy fields were shown to end up at the river mouth. The success of the sampling and analysis methods was confirmed by the data which was in accordance with the expected effect of dilution from day to day. Variable levels of insecticides in the river and all the way down to the sea may have adverse health effects on people using the water and on the aquatic environment, including sensitive coral reefs. This situation is applicable not only to the Philippines, but also to the whole of Southeast Asia, with approximately 70% of their human population living in coastal areas. As Southeast Asia encompasses approximately 34% of the world's coral reefs and between a quarter and a third of the world's mangroves, as well as the global biodiversity triangle formed by the Malay Peninsula, the Philippines, and New Guinea, the need to reduce the impacts of marine pollution in this region is of great importance. 相似文献