共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
In southern Aragua state, Venezuela—an area regarded as high priority for local and national development—important sources
of income and traditions are related to a history of manufacturing wood products including furniture and woodcraft made of
the native tree species Samanea saman. However, scarcity of wood has recently become a major constraint for people of Magdaleno, putting at risk traditional knowledge
and employment opportunities. Based on an integrated approach taking into account biophysical, ecological, social and technological
issues, a broad group of potential tree species were assessed in a landscape-scale analysis to promote a plantation project.
Analysis of policy implications is made in the context of national legislation, socio-economic, institutional and environmental
issues. The role of research and communication to improve decision-making processes at all scales are also examined. At least
three wood species (Samanea saman, Acacia mangium and Gmelina arborea) with a total of 37 sites and an aggregate area of approximately 26,600 ha (266 km2), were found to be potentially able to sustain a local development initiative for all five municipalities located in southern
Aragua state. In terms of implementation, small-scale forestry (SSF) is viewed as a new policy shift for forest management
according to the new national forest legislation where local development is a central element. SSF faces several constraints
and faces a wide variety of political issues. Critical among these issues are: (a) how SSF approaches deal with legislation
and land tenure regulations; (b) the creation of community-based forest enterprises based on simplified management plans,
(c) a broad assessment of potential ecosystem services delivered by forest plantations; and (d) improving communication of
research for decision-making. Decentralization and institutional strengthening are identified as two basic conditions for
pursuing sustainable management. 相似文献
2.
Community forestry has been characterized as a successful model of community-based forest governance in Nepal that shifts
forest management and use rights to local users, often socially heterogeneous in caste, gender and wealth status. This heterogeneity
forms the basis of social groups, which differ in their needs, priorities and perceptions regarding community forestry implementation
processes. This paper explores the dynamics of three community forestry processes—users’ participation, institutional development,
and decision-making and benefit-sharing—among forest user groups as perceived by three social groups of forest users—elite,
women and disadvantaged—from eight community forests of Dhading district, Nepal, using qualitative and quantitative techniques.
It is found that social groups have differing levels of perception about community forestry processes occurring in their user
groups. In particular, social elites differ from women and disadvantaged members of the group in users’ participation in community
forestry activities and institutional development of forest user groups. An important policy implication of the findings is
that social inclusiveness is central to the effective implementation of community forestry processes, not only to safeguard
its past successes but also to internalize the economic opportunities it poses through reducing deforestation and forest degradation
in the future. 相似文献
3.
Ajit Menon Christelle Hinnewinkel Claude Garcia Sylvie Guillerme Nitin Rai Siddhartha Krishnan 《Small-Scale Forestry》2009,8(4):515-527
Rural people in developing countries including India continue to access a number of types of ‘forests’ to meet specific needs
such as fuelwood, fodder, food, non-timber forest produce and timber for both subsistence and income generation. While a plethora
of terms exist to describe the types of forests that rural people use—such as farm forests, social forests, community forests
and small-scale forests—the expression domestic forest has recently been proposed. Domestic forest is a term aimed at capturing the diversity of forests transformed and managed
by rural communities and a way to introduce a new scientific domain that recognises that production and conservation can be
reconciled and that local communities can be effective managers. This paper argues in the context of the central Western Ghats
of south India that while the domestic forest concept is a useful umbrella term to capture the diversity of forests used by
rural people, these domestic forests are often not autonomous local forests but sites of contestation between local actors
and the state forest bureaucracy. Hence, a paradigm shift within the forest bureaucracy will only occur if the scientific
forestry community questions its own normative views on forest management and sees forest policy as a means to recognise local
claims and support existing practices of forest dependent communities. 相似文献
4.
Ikuo Ota 《Small-Scale Forestry》2002,1(1):25-37
About 80% of annual wood fiber consumption in Japan is imported. Even though most of the land surface is covered by forests
in Japan, the domestic forestry and forest industry are threatened by such imports flooding the local market. Fragmented land
ownership, steep terrain, rapid growth of weeds, and high labor costs have all contributed to the decline of domestic forestry.
Further, the purchasing power of the Japanese Yen has become very strong in recent years, and the decreasing prices of imported
timber have depressed the prices of domestic timber, eroding profitability and discouraging small-scale forestry. In spite
of these difficult circumstances, there are several interesting new developments in Japanese forestry. One is the revision
of the Basic Forestry Law of 1964, through which the Japanese government is steering forest policy from timber production towards environmental services.
Because of this change, new ways to assist rural forestry activities will become available in the near future. Another change
is the certification movement, where recent examples of Japanese companies acquiring ISO 14001 and Forest Stewardship Council
(FSC) forest certifications provide hope to depressed domestic forestry activities. In particular, FSC group certification
is useful in motivating small-scale forest owners to implement and maintain sustainable forestry practices.
This paper is based on the presentation at IUFRO Group 3.08.00 Symposium at Joensuu, Finland 2001. The original article, ‘The
economic situation of small-scale forestry in Japan’, is in Niskanen and Vayrynen (2001). 相似文献
5.
关于发展人工林与建立人工林业问题探讨 总被引：13，自引：1，他引：12
全世界森林面积为 34 5 4× 1 0 8hm2 ,其中 3%是人工林。人工林是重要的森林生态系统 ,在木材生产、环境保护和景观建设中具有重要功能和作用。人工林在生产功能方面的补偿作用 ,使天然林可以更好地发挥生态环境价值、森林娱乐和生物多样性保护功能。人工林可持续经营的前提是遗传材料的正确选择与营林实践艺术的结合以及保证这种结合的林业政策。愈来愈多地使用外来树种营建人工林是全球趋势。人工林对于环境和生物多样性的影响 ,可以通过合理的规划和经营措施得到解决。林木育种与遗传改良和经营制度的技术创新是不断提高人工林生态系统生产力的动力。人工林的可持续经营是一个十分复杂的问题 ,中国人工林实现可持续经营面临技术和体制两方面的挑战 ,但是 ,根本出路在于林业经济体制的改革 ,象农业那样 ,在市场经济环境中实行人工林产业化经营 ,建立人工林业 (Forestplantationindustry)。 相似文献
6.
Community forestry is practiced in various countries throughout the world, with respect to both native forests and plantations,
for livelihood and forest protection purposes and also for urban amenity values. While forests have been managed to some extent
by communities for thousands of years, modern models of community forestry have been practiced widely for only about 30 years.
Community forestry takes many forms; there is no unique definition or categorisation, although a number of characteristics
are frequently present. There is in general, involvement of a local community in forest planning as well as management, for
a form of forestry which is usually relatively small-scale, motivated by multiple objectives, and receiving some financial
support and organisational assistance by government and non-government organisations. Where plantations are established, these
may be managed as common property, individual property rights may apply, or there may be a combination of both. Analysis of
the specific research studies included in this issue reveals that community forestry systems have been refined over time as
experience is gained in program designs, and notable successes have been achieved. However, ‘the jury is still out’ on whether
community forestry has lived up to the optimistic expectations of its proponents. 相似文献
7.
8.
Mohammad Samaun Safa 《Small-Scale Forestry》2004,3(2):223-238
The sal forest is the only plainland forest in Bangladesh, and is of national economic and environmental importance. High
population and ever increasing poverty has stimulated exploitation of the forest alarmingly and brought it near extinction.
In facing this situation, the Bangladesh Forest Department implemented a participatory management approach, involving the
householders living in and around the forests, for forest maintenance and protection. This study examines the effectiveness
of practicing participatory forestry on the settlers’ livelihood in the encorached area of the sal forest. The settlers were
given degraded and encroached forest land through the program. Two major social forestry models — namely agroforestry and
woodlots — are included in the study. Participation in the resettlement increased household income, employment opportunities
and financial and non-land assets. It was found that the participatory management regime could attain the sustainability of
the forest and accelerate the standard of settlers’ livelihood, hence the program is an efficient management option towards
sustainability of the forest resources. These findings suggest that there is a role for extending the approach to rehabilitate
other degraded and encroached forest lands in Bangladesh. 相似文献
9.
Irina Kouplevatskaya-Buttoud 《Small-Scale Forestry》2009,8(2):231-247
Changes in small-scale forest governance as a reaction to global changes are viewed from the system dynamics perspective,
focused on two levels of dynamic systems: the policy system with sets of interactions at the national level and the management
system at the local level. These interactions are considered through permanent adaptation and re-shaping of stakeholders’
networks and positions provoking further changes in the systems. Empirical evidence has been obtained from two case studies
related to small-scale rural forestry in distinct contexts—France (the Territorial Forestry Charters) and Kyrgyzstan (collaborative
forest management and leasing of forest plots)—and viewed through a theoretical framework of social-political systems dynamics.
The changes caused by the systems’ capacity for adaptability and resilience are expressed through a double spiral of decision-making,
characterising the interactions between national policies and local management practices. The analysis leads to a conclusion
that changes are basically determined by the formal and informal stakeholders’ strategies developed in a specific context
and their mutual adaptation aimed at system resilience.
相似文献
| Irina Kouplevatskaya-ButtoudEmail: |
10.
11.
Small-scale forestry builds upon interactions among local stakeholders. Forest management entails multiple social situations such as consultations or cooperative engagements between owners and forest professionals. Successful social endeavours rest on positive social capital as operationalised via trust. Based on qualitative in-depth interviews with forest owners, managers and other forestry stakeholders, this study explores how trust influences the social relationships in a local context of Southern Swedish forestry. Most strikingly, the analysis reveals large differences in owners' trust towards two major actors: the Swedish Forest Agency (SFA) and the forest owner association (FOA) Södra. Permanence of personnel, a client-based approach, and personal features of SFA's local forest officer lead to strong local anchoring and high trust towards SFA. Södra proved to be a trustful partner in the aftermath of calamities; however its industrial priorities seem to erode owners' trust. The empirical findings of this study demonstrate the importance of recognising personal relationships and the catalysing role of bonding social capital in order to understand the local forest management situations. Our results are useful for forestry organisations and policy-makers willing to comprehend the local context and implement best practices in small-scale forestry. 相似文献
12.
Forest certification for community-based forest management was designed to strengthen an area’s forestry functions while simultaneously alleviating poverty by developing the existing community forest. It is fundamental for forest certification to maintain the economic benefits for certified local sellers and balance conservation goals with increasing local incomes. This study explores how FSC certification of a community-based forest enterprise in Southeast Sulawesi in Indonesia could improve effectively field situations of community forest management and strengthen local peoples’ financial benefits and social perceptions towards conserving forests. FSC group certification was introduced in the area of teak community forest of several villages in 2005. Because of local strong interest in group certification, the size of certified forests, the number of group certification members and the amount of certified wood harvested gradually increased. The support of a local NGO and an international NGO contributed towards successful establishment of group certification and establishment of a small-scale forestry enterprise producing certified wood in a sustainable manner. These NGOs played important roles in establishing strong relationships between producers and consumers, strengthening local forest management institutions, and promising social and economic benefits to the local people. 相似文献
13.
国外速生丰产林建设浅析 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
随着天然林的减少和营林科技的进步,速生丰产林建设成为世界林业发展的重要趋势,并且在许多国家取得重大成就。速生丰产林建设的成就与这些国家的经济扶持和采取的一系列措施是分不开的。定向培育、林工结合、依靠科技进步是各国的普遍经验。速生丰产林发展也带来一些问题.如林木病虫害、地力衰竭、生态环境破坏,以及速生材利用等,这些问题严重地制约速生丰产林的发展。 相似文献
14.
The current state and future prospects and challenges of small-scale forestry in Czech Republic, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania,
Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia and Ukraine are examined, and Q-methodology for stakeholder evaluation of forest sustainability
and pro-market reforms is applied to an example from Ukraine. Small-scale forestry already provides multiple benefits to the
countries in transition. However, these countries differ according to the maturity of the reforms, and the continuing process
of transition is being delayed in some of them due to institutional weaknesses, e.g. the authority of government with insufficient
involvement of rural communities in decision-making. The necessity of linking international and national sustainable forestry
policy to management practices at a local level is especially evident in the countries where bottom-up small-scale adaptive
forestry is only starting to catch up with the top-down sustainable forest management principles. The paper highlights the
necessity of reconciliation of scientific and conventional knowledge for delivering sustainability objectives to small-scale
forestry at a local level. It demonstrates that the social and economic pillars of sustainable forestry reform are of a particular
importance for successful performance of small-scale forestry in the countries in transition, as is active involvement of
stakeholders and local communities in decision-making and policy implementation. 相似文献
15.
Increasing attention has been paid to the question of whether and how community forestry links with poverty reduction in the
mountainous regions in developing countries. Household-based community forestry was first implemented in Yunnan and spread
over other parts of China in the 1980s. In this forestry management system, rural households are the main actors. Household
forestry is a form of small-scale community forestry and suits the rural areas of China, where social overhead capital and
skilled human resources are lacking. Community forestry has played a remarkable role in guiding and facilitating rural poverty
alleviation in Huoshan County, Anhui Province. This paper describes how the community forestry project in Huoshan County has
helped the farmers improve their livelihoods through the creation of a forestry model involving science and technology demonstration
households and independent farmers’ organisations. The sustainable poverty alleviation model developed in Huoshan has proved
to be effective in poverty alleviation and environmental protection, featuring the participatory forestry components of the
project, namely household forestry, science and technology demonstration households, and independent farmers’ organisations.
With technological and financial aid from government, the local farmers were able and willing to establish this small-scale
forestry management system, planting fast-growing multiple-use tree species with substantial economic benefits. 相似文献
16.
Hannes Mayer 《European Journal of Forest Research》1972,91(1):191-201
Summary The crisis of classical silviculture in the middle-european sustained yield forestry becomes evident—above all—in the large
discrepancy between scientific findings and practical management. Numerous inhibiting factors are to be held responsible for
this: lack of a silivcultural basis for combined objectives in the management of productive and social forests, forest-technical
development aid from the boreal wood-exploitation areas, the modernization of forest management being too onesided oriented
to industry, a lack of professional improvement, sociological problems as a denaturation of man by technology and economy
etc. An integral silviculture, based on ecological fundaments and following a free style, must lead to an optimization of
interdisciplinary conflicts of objective under the aspect of long-term objectives. The comprehensive life-work of the man
whose jubilee we celebrate has readied the way to a solution.
相似文献
17.
人工林地力衰退机理及其防止对策 总被引：40，自引：1，他引：40
本文分析了导致人工林地力衰退的因素, 主要有:自然地理环境和生态系统固有的脆弱性;人工林植物群落的结构简单导致功能降低;土壤动物和微生物区系演变;土壤理化性质和生化特性变化;人工林对营养物质的消耗;营林生产活动的干扰等。并提出了防止人工林地力衰退的对策。 相似文献
18.
分析了天保工程不同区域存在的基本矛盾和问题,从面临的众多问题中总结归纳出退化天然林恢复与重建、非木质林产品资源开发利用、天然林近自然采育更新和结构调整、工程区防灾减灾和森林健康状况保持、天然林资源动态时空分析与评价等5个重大而急需解决的技术问题;提出了推广应用现有技术成果、针对新问题设立课题研究和引进国际先进理论技术为工程服务的总体对策;并针对5大问题进行深入分析,提出了人工促进退化天然林恢复、森林近自然经营及健康状态监测等解决问题的关键理论和技术要点. 相似文献
19.
20.
林业资源是一种重要的社会资源,林业资源管理在推动我国的经济发展、维护生态系统的平衡中发挥不可或缺的作用。如今已成为社会密切关注的热点。其中林区是森林资源的主要构成,是我国林业发展的基础。因此,强化林地区域的保护与管理,是森林资源发展、改良生态环境的重要举措,基于此,本文阐述了加强我国林业资源管理的重要性,分析了当前我国林业资源管理的突出问题,进而探讨了加强林业资源管理,促进生态林业发展的相关策略,提供了必要的参考。 相似文献