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1.
为考察黄曲霉毒素B_1对凡纳滨对虾幼虾抗氧化酶的损伤机制,选取体质量为(0.3±0.02)g的凡纳滨对虾进行实验,实验组饲喂含2000μg/kg AFB1的饲料,对照组饲喂无AFB1饲料,每组设3个平行,共养殖4周,每隔4天进行1次取样,测定肝胰腺抗氧化酶指标。结果显示,幼虾在摄入高浓度AFB1后,第8天实验组体内SOD显著低于对照组,连续饲喂2周后机体内的SOD活性显著下降,实验组酶活性极显著低于对照组;同时CAT活性随着时间的推移呈现下降的趋势,且每个阶段之间差异显著,20 d后虽有上升趋势,但与初始相比显著降低,第8天之后,实验组CAT活性均低于对照组,在第8、16和24天酶活性极显著低于对照组。GSH-Px活性整体均低于对照组,且机体自我修复能力下降。同时脂质过氧化物MDA的含量在16 d后出现显著增加,同时实验组MDA含量极显著高于对照组,且继续呈现增加趋势。研究表明高浓度AFB1对凡纳滨对虾抗氧化酶的影响因酶种类而异,同时对肝胰腺的损伤持续增加,在4周内便会造成肝胰腺的严重损伤。 相似文献
2.
为探究低盐度下水飞蓟素作为凡纳滨对虾饲料添加剂的作用效果,实验配制了水飞蓟素添加量分别为0 (对照组)、0.1、0.2和0.4 g/kg的4种实验饲料,在低盐度(盐度为3)下养殖虾苗(0.080±0.002 g) 8周后,分析了水飞蓟素对对虾生长、免疫、肝胰腺组织结构及肠道菌群的影响。结果显示:①低盐度下,水飞蓟素能显著提高对虾的增重率,降低饲料系数,但对存活率、肥满度和体成分无显著影响。②水飞蓟素能提高对虾消化酶的活性,0.4 g/kg组对虾的肝胰腺淀粉酶活性显著高于对照组,0.2和0.4 g/kg水飞蓟素组能显著提高对虾肠道的消化酶活性。③水飞蓟素能降低低盐度下凡纳滨对虾的氧化损伤,提高对虾的抗氧化能力。0.4 g/kg组对虾肝胰腺总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量显著升高,而肠道抗氧化能力没有明显变化。0.2 g/kg组对虾的肠道酸性磷酸酶(ACP)和碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性显著高于对照组,溶菌酶和酚氧化酶活性无明显变化。④低盐度下,饲料中添加水飞蓟素改善了对虾肝胰腺的组织结构。随着水飞蓟素含量的增加,对虾肝胰腺结构更为完整,肝小体排列紧密,肝小管横切面呈规则的多角星形,且含有大量的分泌细胞(B细胞)和胚细胞(E细胞)。⑤对虾摄食添加0.4 g/kg水飞蓟素的饲料后,拟杆菌门和纤细菌门相对丰度显著下降。研究表明,水飞蓟素作为饲料添加剂可以有效缓解凡纳滨对虾的低盐应激,提高对虾生长性能和抗氧化性能,改善肝胰腺组织结构,并且会对肠道菌群组成产生影响。 相似文献
3.
[目的]本实验旨在研究低鱼粉饲料 中添加羟基蛋氨酸硒(HMSe)对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)生长性能、抗氧化能力及抗亚硝酸盐胁迫的影响。[方法]实验选用初始体质量为(0.90±0.05)g的凡纳滨对虾,分别投喂HMSe添加水平为0.000、0.375、0.750、1.500和2.250 mg/kg的实验饲料,命名为HMSe0 、HMSe1、HMSe2、HMSe3和HMSe4,每组3个重复,养殖8周。养殖实验结束后,进行12 h 的亚硝酸盐胁迫实验。[结果]结果表明,凡纳滨对虾的终末体质量(FBW)、增重率(WG R)和饲料效率(FE)随着饲料中HMSe水平的增加呈现先升高后下降的趋势,并在HMSe2组达到峰值。随着饲料中HMSe水平的提高,对虾全体和肌肉中的硒含量均显著增加,而全虾粗蛋白和粗脂肪的含量呈现先升高后降低的趋势,并分别在HMSe2组和HMSe1组达到最大值。HMSe4组中凡纳滨对虾的血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)和肝胰腺过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著高于HMSe0组。亚硝酸盐胁迫显著影响凡纳滨对虾的存活率。与胁迫前比较,胁迫后对虾肝胰腺中MDA含量升高,GST、CAT和T-SOD的活性降低,而补充适量的HMSe可减轻这些负面影响。根据凡纳滨对虾胁迫后成活率的二次多项式回归分析,低鱼粉饲料中凡纳滨对虾的HMSe最适添加量为1.350 mg/kg。[结论]综上所述,在低鱼粉饲料中添加0.750~1.350 mg/kg HMSe,能够提高凡纳滨对虾的生长性能、饲料利用率和抗亚硝酸盐胁迫的能力。 相似文献
4.
饲料中添加南极磷虾粉对凡纳滨对虾亲虾生长、性腺发育及脂肪酸积累的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为探讨人工配合饲料中添加磷虾粉对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)亲虾性腺发育的影响,分别在饲料中添加0、10%、20%的南极磷虾粉,配制3组人工配合饲料(饲料组1、饲料组2和饲料组3)对12月龄的凡纳滨对虾进行了为期60 d的营养强化培养,并以投喂双齿围沙蚕(Perinereis aibuhitensis)为对照组。营养强化结束之后,比较分析了不同饲料组凡纳滨对虾亲虾的体重增重率、肝胰腺指数(HPI)和性腺指数(GSI);另外,检测分析了各组饲料以及亲虾性腺和肝胰腺的脂肪酸组成。结果表明,对照组的雌雄亲虾体重增重率均高于3个饲料组;饲料组2的HPI最低,为(2.37±0.02)%,与对照组无显著差异(P0.05);饲料组3的GSI与对照组无显著差异(P0.05),但两组的GSI均低于饲料组2,并且存在显著差异(P0.05)。同时,本研究还比较分析了饲料脂肪酸组成与亲虾性腺、肝胰腺脂肪酸组成的相关性以及对亲虾性腺发育的影响。结果显示,饲料中添加一定含量(10%~20%)的南极磷虾粉可在一定程度上成为凡纳滨对虾亲虾营养强化阶段的优良饲料。 相似文献
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饲料中添加核苷酸对凡纳滨对虾幼虾生长、肠道形态及抗氧化酶活力的影响 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
本实验旨在研究外源核苷酸混合物对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)幼虾生长性能、体组成、中肠肠道形态和抗氧化酶活力的影响。选取960尾初始体质量为(1.01±0.02)g的凡纳滨对虾,随机分为8组,分别投喂基础饲料和添加5种核苷酸混合物(5′-腺苷酸∶5′-胞苷酸∶5′-尿苷酸二钠∶5′-肌苷酸二钠∶5′-鸟苷酸二钠=1∶1∶1∶1∶1,mix-NT)的实验饲料,各实验组添加量分别为0.1、0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8、1.0和1.2 g/kg饲料,养殖期为7周。结果显示,饲料中添加5种核苷酸混合物对凡纳滨对虾的特定生长率(SGR)和饲料系数(FCR)影响不显著(P>0.05)。外源核苷酸显著影响凡纳滨对虾全虾水分含量(P<0.05),但对全虾粗蛋白、粗脂肪和灰分含量影响不显著(P>0.05)。肝胰指数(HSI)随饲料中核苷酸添加量的增加而显著升高(P<0.05),在0.6 g/kg组达到最高。0.4 g/kg组的肝胰腺谷草转氨酶(GOT)和谷丙转氨酶(GPT)活力及尿酸(UA)含量最低,但与对照组相比差异均不显著(P>0.05)。中肠肠壁厚度和肠绒毛高度均随着核苷酸添加量的增加呈先升高... 相似文献
6.
家蝇抗菌肽对凡纳滨对虾生长性能及免疫相关指标的影响 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：8
通过8周的生长实验研究了饲料中添加家蝇幼虫抗菌肽提取物对初始体质量为(0.86±0.01)g的凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)的生长性能、体成分及免疫相关指标的影响。家蝇抗菌肽提取物添加量分别为0、1000mg/kg、2000mg/kg、3000mg/kg、4000mg/kg、5000mg/kg,每组饲料设4个重复,每个重复饲养40尾虾。结果显示,在一定添加水平范围内,家蝇抗菌肽能显著提高凡纳滨对虾成活率、增重率、特定生长率、饲料效率(P0.05),当抗菌肽提取物添加量为2000～3000mg/kg时,以上4个指标均达最高,且显著高于对照组(P0.05)。以增重率为评价指标,凡纳滨对虾饲料中家蝇抗菌肽提取物的最适添加量为2900mg/kg。当抗菌肽提取物添加量为2000～3000mg/kg时能显著提高虾体的粗蛋白和灰分含量,虾体粗脂肪不受添加抗菌肽水平的显著影响。添加2000～5000mg/kg抗菌肽提取物组与对照组相比能显著提高对虾血细胞数量;添加3000mg/kg抗菌肽提取物时对虾血细胞吞噬率最高。当抗菌肽提取物添加量为2000～3000mg/kg时,对虾血清中酚氧化酶PO、过氧化物酶POD、碱性磷酸酶AKP、溶菌酶LZM的活性和总抗氧化能力T-AOC均维持在一个较高的水平,且显著高于对照组;超氧化物歧化酶SOD的活性在各组组间差异不显著(P0.05)。肝胰腺中AKP、SOD、T-AOC活性各组间差异均不显著(P0.05);LZM活性以3000mg/kg组最高,显著高于其他组。结果表明,饲料中添加适量的家蝇抗菌肽对凡纳滨对虾有一定的促生长作用,并能提高对虾的免疫相关指标。 相似文献
7.
以平均体质量为(5.66±0.14)g的凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)为研究对象,分别投喂含聚β-羟基丁酸酯(PHB)质量分数为0%(对照组)、1%、3%和5%的对虾配合饲料,饲养35 d后检测并比较不同水平PHB对凡纳滨对虾肝胰腺免疫和消化指标的影响。结果显示,3%PHB添加组凡纳滨对虾的总抗氧化能力和溶菌酶活性显著高于对照组(P0.05)。Toll基因表达量随PHB含量的升高呈先上升后下降趋势,其中1%和3%PHB添加组的表达量显著高于对照组(P0.05);对照组HSP70基因表达量显著低于其他处理组(P0.05)。5%PHB添加组的淀粉酶、胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶活性显著升高(P0.05),而脂肪酶活性无显著变化(P0.05)。由此可见,饲料中添加适量的PHB有利于增强凡纳滨对虾肝胰腺的消化和非特异性免疫能力。 相似文献
8.
以凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)为研究对象,运用RT-PCR方法测定CYP2基因在凡纳滨对虾组织中的表达分布,并分析不同剂量恩诺沙星对凡纳滨对虾肝胰腺中CYP2基因表达和氨基比林-N-脱甲基酶(APND)活性的影响.结果显示,CYP2在肝胰腺、鳃、血淋巴、肌肉、甲壳、肠、胃、心脏和眼柄中均有分布,在肝胰腺中表达量最高,胃次之,血淋巴中表达量最低.口服低(15 mg/kg)、中(30 mg/kg)、高(60 mg/kg)3个剂量恩诺沙星药饵后,凡纳滨对虾肝胰腺中CYP2基因表达和APND活性较对照组均呈现下降趋势;药物浓度越高,基因表达量和酶活性越低,表明恩诺沙星可抑制CYP2在凡纳滨对虾体内的表达.在生产实践中联合用药时,应考虑到因恩诺沙星对CYP2的抑制作用而导致经其代谢的药物在生物体内的蓄积和毒性增强. 相似文献
9.
《渔业科学进展》2016,(2)
以凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)为研究对象,运用RT-PCR方法测定CYP2基因在凡纳滨对虾组织中的表达分布,并分析不同剂量恩诺沙星对凡纳滨对虾肝胰腺中CYP2基因表达和氨基比林-N-脱甲基酶(APND)活性的影响。结果显示,CYP2在肝胰腺、鳃、血淋巴、肌肉、甲壳、肠、胃、心脏和眼柄中均有分布,在肝胰腺中表达量最高,胃次之,血淋巴中表达量最低。口服低(15 mg/kg)、中(30 mg/kg)、高(60 mg/kg)3个剂量恩诺沙星药饵后,凡纳滨对虾肝胰腺中CYP2基因表达和APND活性较对照组均呈现下降趋势;药物浓度越高,基因表达量和酶活性越低,表明恩诺沙星可抑制CYP2在凡纳滨对虾体内的表达。在生产实践中联合用药时,应考虑到因恩诺沙星对CYP2的抑制作用而导致经其代谢的药物在生物体内的蓄积和毒性增强。 相似文献
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为了探讨低盐度(0.6～0.8 g/L)条件下初始体质量为(0.38±0.004)g的凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)幼虾的亮氨酸需求量,以鱼粉、花生麸和L-晶体氨基酸为蛋白源配制含粗蛋白400 g/kg的6种等氮饲料,标记为L7～L12组,各组亮氨酸水平分别为15.95、17.95、19.95、21.95、23.95和25.95 g/kg(饲料干物质).每组3个重复,每个重复30尾虾,进行56 d生长实验.结果表明,凡纳滨对虾幼虾的增重率随饲料亮氨酸水平的升高而升高,当亮氨酸水平达到23.95 g/kg(L11组)时,增重率达到最高值(1143.11±36.40)％,显著高于L7组(P＜0.05);亮氨酸水平继续提高,增重率变化不显著(P＞0.05).幼虾的蛋白质效率、全虾体蛋白沉积率和血淋巴总蛋白随着饲料亮氨酸水平的升高呈现升高趋势,最高值出现在L11组,并显著高于L7组(P＜0.05).各实验组饵料系数、血淋巴谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶活性和尿素氮含量则呈现降低的趋势,最低值出现在L11组,且显著低于L7组(P＜0.05).以增重率为指标,根据折线模型可知,低盐度条件下凡纳滨对虾幼虾的亮氨酸最适需要量为24.80 g/kg饲料,即61.99 g/kg饲料蛋白. 相似文献
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Growth performance,haematological parameters,antioxidant status and salinity stress tolerance of juvenile Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) fed different levels of dietary myo‐inositol 
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下载免费PDF全文 S.J. Chen Y.C. Guo M. Espe F. Yang W.P. Fang M.G. Wan J. Niu Y.J. Liu L.X. Tian 《Aquaculture Nutrition》2018,24(5):1527-1539
A 10‐week growth trial was run to evaluate effects of myo‐inositol (MI) on growth performance, haematological parameters, antioxidative capacity and salinity stress tolerance of Litopenaeus vannamei. Six practical diets supplemented with graded levels of MI (designated as MI0, MI600, MI1200, MI2400, MI 3600 and MI4800 for 448.8, 974.2, 1568.0, 2810.6, 3835.5 and 4893.6 mg/kg diet, respectively) were fed to six replicate groups of L. vannamei (mean initial body weight 0.63 ± 0.00 g). The results showed that significant increment of growth performance was observed in shrimp fed MI600 diet than those fed MI1200 diet. Lipid concentration in whole body of the shrimp fed MI600 diet was significantly increased. Shrimp fed MI0 diet had lower total protein (TP) as compared to shrimp fed the MI‐supplemented diets (except MI4800 diet). In general, lower activities of antioxidant enzymes and higher malondialdehyde (MDA) content in haemolymph and hepatopancreas were recorded in shrimp fed MI0 diet, compared to those fed the MI‐supplemented diets. Reduced survival after 7‐h salinity stress was present in shrimp fed MI0 diet as compared to those fed MI4800 diet. Dietary MI requirement for glutathione peroxidase activity of L. vannamei was 2705 mg/kg diet. 相似文献
12.
Developing a low fishmeal diet for juvenile Pacific white shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei,using the nutritional value of FM as the reference profile 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of fish‐meal replacement on growth performance, antioxidative ability, immune capacity and haemolymph metabolites of Litopenaeus vannamei. A 250 g/kg fish‐meal diet was used as control (Diet 1). Other two diets contained 100 g/kg fishmeal, Diet 2 was supplemented with three indispensable amino acids, and Diet 3 was supplemented with microbalance components and phytase. Weight gain was lower in shrimp fed the Diet 2 than shrimp fed the Diet 1. Feed efficiency, protein efficiency ratio and survival were higher in shrimp fed the Diet 1 than other groups. Glutathione and nitric oxide contents in haemolymph were decreased in shrimp fed the Diet 2, and nitric oxide synthetase, phenoloxidase, acid phosphatase and myeloperoxidase activities showed the similar tendency. In hepatopancreas, antioxidative ability and immune capacity also lower in shrimp fed the Diet 2. In haemolymph, 21 differential metabolites were identified, and 13 metabolism pathways were affected by different diets. Generally, the fishmeal inclusion level could be reduced from 250 g/kg to 100 g/kg without affecting the growth performance of L. vannamei, and meanwhile, the protein utilization efficiency and antioxidative ability of shrimp fed the low fishmeal diets should be more focused on in future studies. 相似文献
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14.
Sara Jamshidizadeh Narges Amrollahi Biuki Morteza Yousefzadi Ali Aramideh 《Aquaculture Research》2019,50(7):1973-1984
A research was accomplished to find the response of Litopenaeus vannamei to different levels of aflatoxin in feed. Two hundred live L. vannamei were collected from a shrimp breeding station located on the south of Tiab, in Hormozgan province. Aflatoxin contaminated diets with 0.18, 96.21, 184.74, 711.35, 977.11 and 1605.61 µg/kg were prepared and shrimps in six experimental groups with three replicates in each group for 28 days were fed with these diets. The results showed that activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in haemolymph and histological alternation index (HAI) value of hepatopancreas in treatement groups were significantly higher than control group (p < 0.05). Decreased total protein and fat in haemolymph and increased protein in muscle of treatment shrimps were observed compared with the control group (p < 0.05). The HAI value of 977.11 and 1605.61 μg/kg groups were significantly higher than the control and other groups (p < 0.05). Histological study results showed that calculated HAI (more than 100) in these groups as a result of necrosis lesion observed in hepatopancreas. Moderate to severe alteration was recognized in group fed by 711.35 µg/kg aflatoxin. Minor aflatoxin levels (0.18, 96.21 and 184.74 µg/kg) caused inappreciable tissue alteration. This study demonstrated body composition, haemolymph parameters and histology of hepatopancreas were affected in the aflatoxin‐contaminated feed when the concentration was over 955.14 µg/kg. 相似文献
15.
A feeding trial was conducted to determine the dietary folic acid requirement of juvenile grass shrimp, Penaeus monodon. Purified basal diets were formulated using vitamin-free casein as the protein source. Graded levels (0, 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 30, and 60 mg folic acid/kg diet) of folic acid were added to the basal diet, resulting in eight dietary treatments in the experiment. Each diet was fed to three replicate groups of shrimp initially averaging 0.79±0.01 g for 8 weeks. Shrimp fed diets supplemented with 2 mg folic acid/kg diet had greater (P<0.05) weight gain and hepatopancreatic folic acid concentrations than shrimp fed the unsupplemented control diet. Feed efficiency (FE) was highest in shrimp fed the diets supplemented with 2 mg folic acid/kg diet, followed by the groups fed 1 mg/kg, then the control group. Hepatosomatic index (HSI) was highest in shrimp fed the control diet, followed by 1 mg folic acid/kg and lowest in shrimp fed diets supplemented with 2 mg folic acid/kg. Weight gain percentage, hepatopancreatic folic acid concentration and hepatosomatic index of the shrimp analyzed by broken-line regression indicated that the adequate dietary folic acid concentration in growing P. monodon is 1.9–2.1 mg/kg diet. 相似文献
16.
Evaluation of the Dietary Zinc Requirement of Penaeus vannamei and Effects of Phytic Acid on Zinc and Phosphorus Bioavailability 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
D. Allen Davis Addison L. Lawrence Delbert M. Gatlin III 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》1993,24(1):40-47
Experiments were conducted to determine the dietary zinc requirement of Penaeus vannomri and evaluate the effects of phytate on zinc bioavailability. Prior to initiation of the growth trial, 20-day-old P. vonnamei postlarvae (mean weight 0.0032 g) were fed a casein-gelatin based semi-purified diet lacking zinc supplementation but containing 18 mg Zn/kg diet for one week. Subsequently, juveniles (mean weight 0.058 g) were fed one of seven diets containing either supplemental zinc (0, 15, 30, 60 mg/kg diet) without phytate or supplemental zinc (0, 60, 200 mg/kg diet) with 1.5% phytate for 33 days. Weight gain was greatest in shrimp fed 15 mg supplemental Zn/kg diet. In the absence of dietary phytate, zinc concentrations in the hepatopancreas of shrimp were maximized when zinc was supplemented at levels greater than or equal to 15 mg Zn/kg diet (33 mg total Zn/ kg). Supplementation of 1.5% phytate to the diet did not have a significant effect on growth or zinc concentrations in the carapace; however, it did depress zinc levels in the hepatopancreas. Supplementation of 200 mg Zn/kg diet was required to overcome the depressed bioavailability of zinc caused by the presence of dietary phytate and return zinc levels of the hepatopancreas to that observed when phytate was not present. Based on apparent digestibility values phytate phosphorus was unavailable to the shrimp and the presence of phytate depressed the bioavailability of phosphorus and zinc. 相似文献
17.
中草药对斑节对虾生长、饲料利用和肌肉营养成分的影响 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
研究了中草药对斑节对虾Penaeusmonodon(初始体重0.30g.尾-1)生长性能、饲料利用以及肌肉营养成分和氨基酸的影响。6种实验饲料(按顺序分别为1,2,3,4,5和6)中中草药的添加量分别为0,0.5,1.0,2.0,4.0和8.0g·kg-1饲料。除了饲料2之外,斑节对虾的成活率、饲料系数和蛋白质效率都显著(P<0.05)优于对照组(饲料1)。投喂饲料3的斑节对虾增重率与对照组相比,虽然统计学上不存在显著差异,但有较大幅度的提高。投喂添加中草药的饲料对斑节对虾肌肉的水分和蛋白质含量无显著影响,但脂肪含量明显下降。结果表明,斑节对虾饲料中添加适量的中草药能够促进生长、显著提高成活率和降低饲料系数,并改变斑节对虾肌肉中脂肪含量和氨基酸组成。 相似文献
18.
Analia V Fernández Gimenez Jorge L Fenucci & Ana M Petriella 《Aquaculture Research》2004,35(12):1172-1178
Two trials were conducted to evaluate the growth, survival and hepatopancreas histology of the Argentine red shrimp Pleoticus muelleri (Bate, 1888) fed different levels of vitamin E and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) in a semipurified diet. The diets contained 0, 100, 600 or 1500 mg vitamin E kg?1 and 16 mg BHT kg?1 diet (trial 1) and 0, 1250, 1500, 1750 or 2000 mg vitamin E kg?1 diet, squid mantle and vitamin‐free diet as a control (trial 2). After 30 days (trial 1), survival ranged between 43% and 64%, and the percentage weight gain of the shrimp varied from 22% to 31% with no significant differences among treatments (P<0.05). After 40 days (trial 2), survival of shrimp fed the diet with no vitamin E and squid mantle was significantly lower (62%) than the other treatment (86–90%). Shrimp fed diets containing vitamin E from 1250 to 1750 mg kg?1 exhibited increased weight gain (34–65%); however, a significant difference was observed for shrimp fed the diet containing 2000 mg kg?1. Histological results yielded differences among treatments. In shrimp fed 1750 mg kg?1 of vitamin E, the functional morphology of the organ was normal, with abundant secretion in the tubules. Signs of malnourishment such as cellular and nuclear retraction, desquamation of cells and hipertrofia, were evident in the hepatopancreas of shrimp fed the other diets. The results indicate that optimal vitamin E requirement for P. muelleri under the present experimental conditions appears to be approximately 1750 mg vitamin E kg?1 diet. 相似文献
19.