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1.
Experiments to investigate how blocking in cage wheels occurs showed three possible mechanisms. It was found that these mechanisms were strong functions of lug slip and lug spacing (the angular spacing between two consecutive lugs), in Bangkok clay soil at 49% (d.b.) moisture content. The blocking process observed at 100% slip was found to be the most likely mechanism by which cage wheels block in wet soil in practice.  相似文献   

2.
In some situations, potential water savings or relatively steep slopes make furrow irrigation a useful management practice for rice (Oryza sativa L.). Furrow-irrigated and flooded rice were compared in a field study conducted during three growing seasons: 1990, 1991, and 1992, at the University of Arkansas Northeast Research and Extension Center, Keiser, Ark., USA on a Sharkey silty clay soil. Excessive levee seepage greatly affected the water-use data for flooded rice production; however, there appeared to be potential for water savings on the Sharkey soil with furrow irrigation. Yields for flooded production consistently exceeded those for furrow-irrigated, with 3-year averages of 7.04, 6.02, and 5.88 Mg ha-1 for flooded and two furrow-irrigated treatments, respectively. The yield difference appeared due to greater individual grain weight for the flooded treatment. Attempts to compensate for the yield reduction through additional nitrogen applications were unsuccessful. These results are consistent with findings of reduced rice grain yield associated with sprinkler irrigation. Furrow irrigation at an estimated 19 mm soil water deficit had a 3-year average of 11 kg ha-1 of rice produced per mm of irrigation water applied.  相似文献   

3.
Observations of water-table fluctuation and drainflow are reported from a field experiment on a heavy clay soil with replicated “mole-drained” and undrained plots. Results from rainfall events indicated that in both treatments the dominant water movement was through the topsoil which in the drained plots was directly linked to the mole channels probably by fissures.  相似文献   

4.
在分析土样物理性质和矿物成分的基础上,应用碎块试验、针孔试验和双比重计试验方法,对天子岗水库和漩门二期围垦工程粘土试样的分散性进行了研究,并对其分散性进行了对比分析。试验结果表明：试验土样均为分散性粘土,引起其分散性的矿物为伊利土;采用综合判别法比单一试验判别法更能准确地判别粘土的分散性。文中还给出了粘土分散性的判别步骤。  相似文献   

5.
This paper presents the results of studies on the deformation of wet clay soil under the action of multiple lugs. The effect of trench spacing (the distance between trenches cut by successive lugs), lug slip and lug spacing on the soil deformation under cage wheel lugs was studies. Wedge formation under a succeeding lug has also been studied. It was observed that the soil behaviour under multiple cage wheel lugs was significantly affected by lug spacing and slip. The soil wedge formation as well as soil adhering to the succeeding lug was a strong function of lug slip and spacing. In all cases the soil deformation pattern was quite different from that caused by a single lug.  相似文献   

6.
The Leziria Grande area consists mainly of poorly drained, saline clay soils of marine origin. Three experimental fields were laid out to find whether subsurface drainage can be effective in lowering the groundwater table and improving desalinization.Subsurface drainage results in a lower groundwater table than does surface drainage. With increasing spacing, the groundwater remains at a higher level for longer periods, which is expressed here by the sum of exceedances of the groundwater table above 30 cm during winter.Soil salinity, expressed as EC1:2, and sodicity, expressed as E.S.P., decreased during the first 3 years, in which precipitation varied between 600 and 750 mm and the average drain outflow was about 250 mm. The leaching efficiency decreased with time, indicating that the removal of salt is a slow process in fine-textured soil.Application of gypsum lowered the E.S.P. The infiltration rate and the drain outflow increased. Although the total amount of salts in the drainwater was 40% higher than for the untreated plots, no lower EC1:2 values were found. This is ascribed to spatial variability in soil salinity.  相似文献   

7.
Short-circuiting, which is vertical movement of free water through large continuous pores in an unsaturated soil matrix, was measured in the field in large columns from a cracked Dutch clay soil. The columns had been fertilized with chemical nitrogen fertilizer at a rate of 80 kg N ha?1. Sprinkler irrigation (with an average intensity of 18 mm h?1 and applied quantities varying from 8 mm to 22 mm) resulted in strong nitrogen leaching from the columns. Losses, which averaged 30%, resulted from mass-flow due to short-circuiting. Redox measurements suggested that no denitrification occurred. Application of only 6 mm of water slightly reduced nitrogen losses to approximately 15%. Losses could be reduced to 8% by applying the fertilizer to a wet soil surface which had just been sprinkled, and by sprinkling again the next day. In that way, the fertilizer grains dissolve and nitrogen diffuses into the surface soil, allowing less nitrogen movement along the soil surface towards the vertical cracks during the next sprinkling.  相似文献   

8.
Seasonal changes in the distribution of salt and water in fields of both arable and grassland saline sodic clay soils were studied under temperate rainfed conditions. Leaching of the topsoils during winter rains was further investigated in soil columns. The field studies indicated the cyclical nature of leaching. During winter rains the water moving through the macropores uniformly leached salt from the soil profile to a depth of 1.2 m, but in late summer the salt content of the grassland and arable soils had increased again by 11% and 35% respectively compared with their early spring salinity levels. The results indicated that the salt leached in winter was mainly not lost, but leached below 1.2 m, only to rise again as the soil profile dried in the summer. The implications for managing and reclaiming these soils with gypsum are discussed.Undisturbed grassland topsoils were slow to release salt into the leaching water, maximum salt concentration in the leachate only being reached well into the winters rains. In disturbed arable soils the maximum leachate concentration was achieved shortly after leaching commenced. The changes in surface structure brought about by rainfall impact on bare restructured ploughlayer soils caused a significant decline in leaching efficiency (up to 40%).The observed pattern of leaching questions the validity of the basic assumptions used in most of the mathematical leaching models.  相似文献   

9.
The measurement or prediction of percolation losses in field situations is of great practical significance for efficient irrigation and for determination of the leaching requirement, particularly of clayey soils where impeded percolation occurs. Hydraulic properties and water losses in packed Ashutia clay soil were determined under prevented-evaporation and free-evaporation conditions using lysimeter and tensiometric techniques. Hydraulic conductivity was determined as a function of soil moisture content using percolation flux computed. An exponential relationship between hydraulic conductivity and soil water content K = aebθ, was found. The percolation and evaporation-plus-percolation fluxes estimated from tensiometer readings under prevented-and free-evaporation conditions, respectively, matched with profile water losses from lysimeter measurements. The error ranged between 0.01 and 0.82 mm day−1 with high correlation coefficient indicating that water loss from a soil profile can be estimated from tensiometer readings.  相似文献   

10.
This study was devoted to the analysis of the evaporation process under natural conditions on a bare layered soil. The first and third layers are similar in all the plots. The intermediate layer differs from one plot to another by the rate of the clay amendment. The cumulative evaporation was estimated using the water balance method. Experimental results indicate that the amendment of 2% is the most efficient in preventing evaporation losses when a long time scale is considered. Whatever the non-zero rate of the amendment is, the evaporation curves coalesce in a single one when expressed in a dimensionless form. Differential calculus yields the optimal rate of the amendment for which cumulative evaporation is minimal at a fixed time.  相似文献   

11.
Summary Cotton was grown under sprinkler irrigation on a silty clay soil at Keiser, Arkansas, for the 1987, 1988 and 1989 growing seasons. Irrigation treatments consisted of maximum soil water deficits (SWD) of 25, 50 and 75 mm and a nonirrigated control. While the irrigated treatments were significantly different from the control for plant height and total seedcotton yield, significant differences among the three irrigated treatments were only observed for plant height. Yields were significantly lower in 1989 than in the other two years of the study, due in part to later planting. The 3-year averages for total seedcotton yield were 3280 and 2870 kg ha–1 for irrigated and nonirrigated, respectively, for an average increase corresponding to irrigation of 416 kg ha–1 or 14.5% of the nonirrigated yield. The maximum increase was observed in 1988 as 602 kg ha–1 or 20.6% of the nonirrigated yield for that year. The 75 mm allowable SWD was the most efficient treatment and resulted in a 3-year average of 3.85 kg ha–1 additional seedcotton (above the nonirrigated) harvested for each 1 mm of irrigation applied. Maintaining the SWD below a 75 mm maximum required an average of four irrigations and 110 mm of irrigation water per year.  相似文献   

12.
Summary A neutron moisture meter was field calibrated in a cracking grey clay prepared for furrow irrigation at Narrabri, N.S.W. Neutron counts were taken in successive 0.1 m increments between the 0 and 1.5 m depths. Concomitant measurements using undisturbed soil cores provided independent estimates of volumetric water content. Separate linear calibrations were required for the 0–0.1 m, 0.1–0.2 m and 0.2–1.5 m depth increments. Correction for bias due to cracking and changes in bulk density slightly improved the calibrations. The accuracy of predicted soil water content was improved relative to previous calibrations. A precision of ±0.01 m3m–3 required 3 samples per mean by the neutron method or 11 samples per mean by the core sampling method.  相似文献   

13.
Sub-surface irrigation with porous clay pipe can be an efficient, water saving method of irrigation for many less developed arid and semi-arid regions. Maximizing the efficiency of clay pipe irrigation requires guidelines and criteria for system design and operation. In this study, experimental and simulated (with HYDRUS (2D/3D)) soil wetting patterns were investigated for sub-surface pipe systems operating at different water pressures. Predictions of the soil water content made with HYDRUS were found to be in good agreement (R2 = 0.98) with the observed data. Additional simulations with HYDRUS were used to study the effects of various design parameters on soil wetting. Increasing the system pressure increased the size of the wetted zone. The installation depth affects the recommended lateral spacing as well as the amount of evaporative water loss. For a given water application, the potential rate of surface evaporation affected the shape of the wetted region only minimally. Soil texture, due to its connection to soil hydraulic conductivity and water retention, has a larger impact on the wetting geometry. In general, greater horizontal spreading occurs in fine texture soils, or in the case of layered soils, in the finer textured layers.  相似文献   

14.
A field study was carried out in the Cukurova Region, Southern Turkey to investigate the magnitude of the components of water balance, and the water uptake by cotton roots in relation to hydraulic properties of a clay soil. A plot cropped with cotton and with bare soil only were equipped with tensiometers, gypsum blocks, and access tubes for neutron probe to monitor soil water potential and water content.The hydraulic conductivity values, evaporation and drainage rates, and water withdrawal of roots were determined from field data with numerical calculations based on water flow equations.Results showed that the evaporation from bare soil was generally high during the three month period May to July varying between 4.5 and 1.0 mm/day. However, when soil water potential at 10 cm depth had decreased to -0.065 and -0.070 MPa in the drying phase, the evaporation from the soil decreased to 0.4 mm/day. The drainage rates were influenced by rainfall.The highest values of capillary flux toward the surface layer, and drainage rate from the cropped soil, were 2.0 and 1.8 mm/day respectively. Rates of water uptake by roots from the soil profile, not including the 0–10 cm layer, were high when compared with drainage and upward fluxes, changing between 7.7 and 1.4 mm/day during the experimental period. A good agreement between root length densities and water uptake was found; up to 80% of all roots were in the top 50 cm of the soil and 78% of the total water uptake was extracted from the same layer. Evapotranspiration was found to decline as a cubic function of the available water content of the top 120 cm of the soil profile.  相似文献   

15.
采用人工配置的5种斥水程度等级的黏壤土,通过室内一维积水入渗试验,探究了斥水程度对黏壤土湿润锋运移、累积入渗量、入渗率、土壤剖面含水率以及水分再分布的影响,分析了不同斥水程度土壤入渗条件下入渗模型的适用性.结果表明:随着斥水程度增大,土壤入渗率变慢,湿润锋运移相同距离所需要的时间显著增加,其中运移到40 cm时,强斥水土壤比亲水土壤的运移时间增加了63%;随着斥水程度增大,累积入渗量减小,入渗结束时强斥水土壤比亲水土壤的累积入渗量减小了27%;土壤的入渗率也随着斥水程度增大而逐渐减小,强斥水土壤的稳定入渗率为亲水土壤的37%;随着斥水程度增大,土壤剖面含水率减小,且经过相同时间的水分再分布,土壤剖面含水率的变化量也随之减小;幂函数可以很好地模拟湿润锋运移距离和累积入渗量随时间的变化过程;对弱斥水土壤而言,Philip模型和Kostiakov模型对入渗率与时间的关系有较高的拟合度,而强斥水土壤则Kostiakov模型更为适用.研究可为斥水土壤的入渗提供理论基础.  相似文献   

16.
粘土和细砂互层地层中，采用多头小直径水泥土搅拌桩形成防渗墙体方案来进行渗流控制。首先进行防渗墙围井的工艺性试验，拟定多项试验参数和控制标准,通过对试验围井的现场抽水试验、开挖质量检查以及围井墙体水泥土的力学、渗透性能试验。依据围井的各项试验结果经分析得出：在粘土和细砂互层地层中采用多头小直径水泥土搅拌桩防渗墙来进行渗流控制的方案是可行的。同时确定了该地层中防渗墙施工过程中的各项控制参数指标。  相似文献   

17.
Summary To determine if drip irrigation increases fertilizer requirements and/or the efficiency of utilization compared to furrow irrigation, growth and nitrogen uptake were measured in a four-year experiment comparing surface (SD) and buried (BD) methods of drip irrigation with furrow irrigation (F) of cotton. The soil was a slowly-permeable cracking grey clay (vertisol) at Narrabri, N.S.W Drip-irrigated treatments were maintained at a deficit of 45 mm below the fully-irrigated soil water content, while F was irrigated when the deficit reached about 90 mm. Nitrogen (N) fertilizer was applied weekly with drip irrigation to BD and SD over the first half of the season, and as a conventional single application to F before sowing. Leaf area index (LAI), dry matter and N uptake were influenced more by season than by method of irrigation. LAI during boll filling averaged 2.4 and was 10% greater in BD than in SD and F. Final dry matter averaged 988 g m–2 and was 10% greater in BD and SD than in F. The efficiency of conversion of solar radiation into dry matter averaged 0.55 g MJ–1; lint yield as a fraction of dry matter averaged 0.18; neither parameter was consistently influenced by the method of irrigation. Total N uptake ranged from 97 to 170 kg ha–1 and was influenced by irrigation method in one season only, when it was less in F than in SD and BD. N was often taken up later under drip irrigation than under F: there was up to 40% less N taken up by SD than F in the early flowering stage. The delay was associated with later application of N to BD and SD compared with F, and the application of N to the surface of alternate furrows of SD. Plant factors such as root ageing and competition between roots and bolls, were also implicated. We conclude that all of the N should be applied to drip-irrigated cotton on these soils by mid flowering, and that some of the N should be applied in the soil before sowing.  相似文献   

18.
Nitrate leaching was studied for 2 years in a structured clay soil (Evesham series) under grass, winter wheat and spring barley at N fertilizer inputs of 135–144 kg ha?1 year?1. Measurements of soil water to 2 m depth by neutron probe showed that the year could be divided into well defined periods of deficit, separated by a period when the soil was at its winter mean water content. Soil water potentials showed very little gradient for water flow below 1 m, and a persistent convergent zero flux plane at 40–60 cm depth during the autumn wetting-up period (September—November).Nitrate concentration in the drainage increased with discharge rates up to 3–6 mm day?1. Mean nitrate concentrations were generally highest during intermittent drain-flow in the autumn. Of the total N leached over the 2 years, 23 to 28% (5–7 kg N ha?1) was lost during this period. The remainder (13–25 kg N ha?1) was leached during winter and virtually no N was lost in the following spring-early summer. This seasonal pattern of N leaching was interpreted in terms of intermittent flow during rainfall of nitrate-rich water from surface layers, which bypassed the relatively dry soil matrix at 40–60 cm, but was intercepted by natural and artificial drainage channels. Implications for the prediction of N leaching loss based on the concept of excess winter rainfall are discussed. When predicting the start of N leaching in structured clay soils, the soil water status should be assessed from measurements of water potential rather than water content.  相似文献   

19.
Summary This paper reviews research carried out at the Griffith Laboratory in Australia over the last decade on techniques for, and results of, observations of roots in irrigated clay soils. Our results emphasise the adaptability of root systems to rootzone conditions. Experiences with techniques for observing roots non-destructively in the field and both non-destructively and destructively in lysimeters are described. We concluded that the minirhizotron technique, applied in the field, was unreliable under our conditions. Horizontal root observation tubes were used in lysimeters to measure root length density (RLD) and to assess whether roots were clumped together or randomly distributed. Destructive sampling and measurement of RLD was used to establish a theoretical relationship between root intercept counts along the tubes and RLD. The application of image analysis to both destructive and non-destructive sampling in the lysimeters is outlined. The non-destructive lysimeter studies showed that roots were significantly clumped. Analysis of root intercept and root hole counts on the faces of sample cubes taken from the lysimeters showed root distribution was anisotropic over the whole soil profile for both safflower and wheat. There were many more roots and root holes present in the sampled soil cubes than was indicated by independent sampling for washed out RLD. Safflower appeared to have a faster turnover of roots than did wheat or maize. Lysimeters, equipped with horizontal root observation tubes, enabled studies to be made of many factors affecting root growth. Soils affect where and how fast roots grow, although there is also a strong species interaction. For example, soybean roots proliferated above a fresh water table in one soil but not in another; wheat had little tendency to proliferate above the water table in either soil. In wet soils, roots cease to grow once soil oxygen levels decrease below 10 mg O2 l soil -1 . This level should form the basis for soil drainage criteria. In drying soils, roots will grow successively into soil regions containing soil water: the level of adaptation being determined by soil conditions, crop growth stage and level of evaporative demand. The methods of root observation used in our studies have given quantitative assessment of root distribution. However, further research is needed to link horizontal and vertical root distribution and root adaptation more strongly to crop development and soil conditions.  相似文献   

20.
A field experiment was conducted on a red-brown earth (Natrixeralf) to find the effectiveness of spontaneously dispersed clay from sodic soils and mechanically dispersed clay (by puddling) from calcic and sodic soils in reducing the seepage loss of water from a series of small dams (pits). The effect of inoculating algae in the pits on reducing seepage was also investigated. A plastic lined pit was used for water balance control to measure incoming rainfall and evaporative loss.The results showed the effectiveness of dispersed soil clay in sealing the surface soil materials in the banks and beds of the pits. The dispersed clays from sodic soils were very effective in reducing the seepage to zero. When the clay concentration was above 8 g L−1 the sealing was complete, irrespective of spontaneous or mechanical dispersion from sodic soils. The mechanically dispersed clay from calcic soils were less effective in sealing because of the deposition of flocculated materials in the pore systems formed domains and generated microporosity. In calcic pits, the inoculation of algae reduced the seepage by 13 to 23% and increase in biopolymer (chlorophyll and polysaccharide) production was only small.  相似文献   

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