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1.
A 3-yr study evaluated late winter (Feb), early spring (Apr), and late spring (Jun) calving systems in conjunction with varied weaning strategies on beef cow and calf performance from Northern Great Plains rangelands. Crossbred cows were randomly assigned to one of three calving systems (on average n= 168.calving system(-1).yr(-1)) and one of two weaning times (Wean 1, 2) within each calving system. The Feb and Apr calves were weaned at 190 and 240 d of age, whereas Jun calves were weaned at 140 and 190 d of age. Breeding by natural service occurred in a 32-d period that included estrous synchronization. Cows were managed throughout the year as appropriate for their calving season. Quantity and quality of hay and supplements were provided based on forage and weather conditions, physiological state of the cows, and available harvested feed resources within a year. After weaning, two-thirds of the early weaned steers were fed in confinement in Montana, and one-third were shipped to Oklahoma and were grazed or fed forage. One-half of the early weaned heifers grazed seeded pastures, and the other half was fed in confinement. Early weaned calves were weighed on approximately the same day as late-weaned calves. Birth weight and overall rate of gain from birth to weaning did not differ for calves from the three calving systems. Calf weaning weight differed by weaning age within calving system (P = 0.001), and calves from the Jun calving system that were weaned at 190 d of age tended (P = 0.06) to be lighter than calves of the same age from the Feb or Apr calving systems. Cow BW change and BCS dynamics were affected by calving system, but the proportion of cows pregnant in the fall was not. Cows suckled until later dates gained less or lost more BW during the 50 d between the first and second weaning than dry cows during this period. The previous year's weaning assignment did not affect production in the following year. Estimated harvested feed inputs were less for the Jun cows than for the Feb and Apr cows. We conclude that season of calving and weaning age affect outputs from rangeland-based beef cattle operations.  相似文献   

2.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of bovine colostrum supplementation on the immune Th1/Th2 response in weaned piglets. After weaning at 21 d, 3 groups of 7 piglets were fed ad libitum with a starter diet and received daily 0, 1 or 5 g of spray-dried bovine colostrum. Spleen and gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT): ileal Peyer's patch (iPP), jejunum wall (JW) and mesenteric lymph node (MLN)) biopsies were collected on each piglet after 3 wk of treatment and analysed for their cytokine mRNA expression (IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12 and IFNγ) by RT-PCR. The supplementation with bovine colostrum induced an increase (P < 0.05) in IL-12 in the JW, in IL-2, IL-10 and IL-12 in the MLN and in IL-4, IL-10 and IL-12 in the iPP. In the latter, bovine colostrum also decreased IFN-γ production (P < 0.01). Finally, no effect of the treatments was recorded in the spleen. These results suggest an immunomodulatory effect of bovine colostrum on the GALT, which responded by producing at different levels both Th1 pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-2, IFN-γ and IL-12) and Th2 anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10). This Th1/Th2 bipolar response protects the weaned piglets from both allergic (food) and infectious (pathogens) diseases.  相似文献   

3.
Weanling pigs (n = 176), 21 to 26 d of age (average initial weight, 7.1 kg), were used to evaluate the effects of weaning time (evening vs morning) and feeding time (immediate vs delayed) on postweaning performance. Pigs were randomly allotted within litters to four treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement as follows: 1) weaning at 2000 with immediate feeding, 2) weaning at 2000 with 12-h delayed feeding, 3) weaning at 0800 with immediate feeding, and 4) weaning at 0800 with 12-h delayed feeding. A 12:12 light:dark photoperiod was maintained. Four pigs were held per pen, and all pigs were given ad libitum access to a 20% CP corn-soybean meal diet with 15% dried whey throughout the 28-d study. The interactions between weaning and feeding times were not significant. During the 28-d period, pigs weaned at 2000 consumed 5% more feed (P less than .10) and grew 6% faster (P less than .05) than pigs weaned at 0800. Feed to gain ratios were similar for both time treatments. Variance of ADG within pens as measured by range, logarithm of variance, and CV were generally smaller for pigs weaned at 2000 than for pigs weaned at 0800 with no effect of feeding time. Pigs fed immediately after weaning and those delayed for 12 h had similar overall feed consumption, ADG, and feed to gain ratios. Weaning pigs in the evening enhanced performance, perhaps by better matching the normal diurnal eating and activity patterns and weaning time.  相似文献   

4.
This study was designed to investigate the effects of weaning age on specific components of the adaptive immune system in pigs. Twenty-three crossbred pigs were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments: weaning at 14 (14D, n = 8), 21 (21D, n = 7), or 28 (28D, n = 8) d of age. Peripheral blood samples, obtained when pigs were 13, 15, 20, 22, 27, 29, and 35 d of age, were analyzed for peripheral blood cell percentages and concentrations of neutrophils, lymphocytes, T cell subsets, mature B cells, and plasma cortisol concentrations. For each of the 3 groups, weaning increased plasma cortisol concentrations (P < 0.001) and reduced BW percentage change (P < 0.017). Lymphocyte concentrations displayed a treatment effect for the 14D (P = 0.074) and 28D (P = 0.014) groups. Albeit inconsistent, lymphocyte concentrations were less in weaned pigs on the day after weaning than in pigs remaining on the sow or weaned at a younger age. Specifically, mature B cells (CD21(+)) and CD4(+)CD8(+) cells decreased (P < 0.05) after weaning at 28 d of age. Other differences occurred among treatments; however, the differences apparently were not associated with weaning. Based upon the immunological measures used in the present study, there was not an explicit benefit to the adaptive immune system for any weaning age. Early weaning did not negatively affect the adaptive immunological competence of pigs as determined by changes in populations of immune cells.  相似文献   

5.
An acute stress response can be provoked by abrupt social, nutritional, and environmental changes associated with weaning, and this may disrupt homeostasis and thus compromise well-being. Manipulating environmental factors, such as photoperiod, might provide a simple way to reduce the physiological consequences that piglets experience due to weaning stress. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impacts of photoperiod manipulation across various weaning ages on leukocyte populations, lymphocyte proliferation, natural killer cytotoxicity (NK), chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and immunoglobulin G, cortisol, and BW of piglets during the nursery phase. Sixty-eight crossbred piglets were obtained from sows kept on a short-day (8 h of light/d) photoperiod from d 90 of gestation until weaning. Piglets were weaned at 14, 21, or 28 d of age and kept on a short or long (16 h of light/d) photoperiod until 10 wk of age. Piglet BW and blood samples were collected at weaning and at 6, 8, and 10 wk of age. Pigs weaned at 28 d had reduced neutrophil counts (P < 0.001), phagocytosis (P < 0.001), and lymphocyte proliferation (P < 0.05) at weaning compared with those weaned at 14 and 21 d. Pigs weaned at 21 d tended to have lower (P = 0.08) lymphocyte counts than did pigs weaned at 14 or 28 d. Pigs weaned at 14 d had reduced (P < 0.01) NK relative to those weaned at 21 or 28 d. Photoperiod also influenced pig BW and immune status. Generally, those pigs on the long-day photoperiod and weaned at 28 d were heavier (P < 0.001) than their counterparts weaned at 14 or 21 d. At 6 wk of age, NK was greater (P = 0.002) in pigs kept on a long day and weaned at 14 or 21 d than in pigs weaned at 28 d. Phagocytosis was less (P = 0.005) at 6 wk of age, but was greater at 8 wk, in piglets kept on the long day and weaned at 28 d than in long-day pigs weaned at 14 or 21 d. These results suggest that photoperiod differentially influences immune responses in piglets weaned at different ages and indicate an inverse relationship between growth and immune status. Here, weaning at 28 d and a long-day photoperiod was the treatment combination that was most physiologically beneficial to piglets, whereas a 14-d weaning and short-day photoperiod was least physiologically beneficial.  相似文献   

6.
A study was conducted to evaluate effects of age at weaning in combination with different weaning procedures on 2 breeds of lambs (Merinoland, Rhoenschaf). Lambs were either weaned at 8 or 16 wk of age in 2 stages or with the traditional method of weaning by abrupt separation. In the 2-stage treatment, lambs were prevented from nursing their dam for 1 wk (stage 1) before their separation (stage 2). Control animals were nursed by their dams until they were separated. Lamb BW and behavior (vocalization, agitation) were recorded before and after separation. After separation, lambs weaned at 8 wk of age had greater (P = 0.004) ADG compared with lambs weaned at 16 wk of age. Control lambs had greater (P < 0.001) agitation scores [1 = no agitation (normal behavior; i.e., feeding, resting, lying, standing, or play behavior) to 3 = high agitation (continuously moving, restlessness, or vocalization)] irrespective of weaning age and breed. On the day of separation, 2-stage lambs had scores from 1.17 to 1.35, whereas control lambs were scored from 1.70 to 1.79. After separation, lambs weaned in 2 stages vocalized up to 98.2% less (P = 0.001) than control animals. Furthermore, bleats were greater for Rhoenschaf lambs and at a weaning age of 8 wk (P < 0.05). Differences between treatments were greatest on the day of separation. Vocalization decreased continuously within the first 3 d of weaning to zero. Lambs weaned in 2 stages were less distressed than lambs weaned by the traditional method of abrupt separation based on behavioral data, but ADG until 12 and 16 wk of age did not differ (P > 0.05) for either treatment in this study.  相似文献   

7.
本文旨在研究仔猪血清肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)和白细胞介素-2(IL-2)含量的变化规律,以及早期断奶、免疫球蛋白和乳铁蛋白对TNF和IL-2含量的影响。试验选用约克夏仔猪,试验1分别在1、7、14、21和28日龄选取2头仔猪;试验2仔猪分别在14、18和35日龄断奶;试验3选取16头仔猪,分为4个处理,每个处理4个重复;试验4选取32头仔猪,分为4个处理,每个处理8个重复。结果表明:(1)血清TNF(P<0.01)、IL-2(P<0.05)含量从1日龄到7日龄显著降低,14日龄又上升,并维持一定水平。(2)与35日龄断奶仔猪相比,早期断奶仔猪断奶14和35 d血清IL-2含量显著降低(P<0.05),14日龄断奶仔猪血清TNF含量也表现出降低的趋势。(3)饲喂血浆蛋白粉和特异性免疫卵黄日粮仔猪血清TNF含量显著提高(P<0.05)。(4)饲喂2、10和20 mg/kg乳铁蛋白仔猪血清TNF、IL-2含量均表现出提高的趋势。由此得出结论,早期断奶降低了仔猪血清IL-2含量,饲喂血浆蛋白粉和特异性免疫卵黄日粮可以提高血清TNF含量。  相似文献   

8.
Controlling gut inflammation is important in managing gut disorders in the piglet after weaning. Establishing patterns of inflammation markers in the time subsequent to weaning is important for future research to determine whether interventions are effective in controlling gut inflammation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the intestinal inflammatory response during the postweaning period in piglets. A 45-d study included 108 piglets (weaned at 22 d, body weight 5.53 ± 1.19 kg), distributed in 12 pens with nine pigs per pen. Histomorphometry, gene expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and the quantity of immunoglobulin (Ig) A producing cells were measured in jejunum, ileum, and colon on days 0, 15, 30, and 45 postweaning. Cytokine gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and Ig quantities were analyzed in blood from piglets on days 0, 15, 30, and 45 postweaning. Histomorphometrical results showed a lower villus length directly after weaning. Results demonstrated a postweaning intestinal inflammation response for at least 15 d postweaning by upregulation of IgA producing cells and IFN-γ, IL-1α, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12α, and TGF-β in jejunum, ileum, and colon. IgM and IgA were upregulated at day 30 postweaning. IgG was downregulated at day 15 postweaning. The results indicate that weaning in piglets is associated with a prolonged and transient response in gene expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and IgA producing cells in the intestine.  相似文献   

9.
Genetic variation in concanavalin A (Con A)-induced proliferation and interleukin 2 (IL-2) production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was studied in blood collected from 96 piglets, aged 7 weeks. The piglets were the offspring of seven sires and 24 dams. Pronounced differences between litters from various dams were observed in the immune parameters measured. Also, large individual differences in the magnitudes of Con A-induced proliferation and IL-2 production were seen for PBMC collected from individual pigs within each litter. Both the time course and magnitude of IL-2 activity showed genetic variation, as results from the offspring of the seven sires differed significantly. However, only the time course, not the magnitude, of proliferation differed among the offspring groups. It was possible to establish a rank order for the sires based on the IL-2 production of PBMC by their offspring. As IL-2 has a key role in regulating the immune response, mitogen-induced IL-2 activity seems to be a good candidate as a general marker for cell-mediated immunity in pigs.  相似文献   

10.
At time of weaning, the immune system in piglets is not fully mature resulting in reduced growth and increased mortality. Early-weaned pigs transported to a segregated early weaning (SEW) facility have enhanced performance and gut development compared to conventional (CONV) pigs which may be due, in part, to decreased pathogen challenge. To gain further insight into SEW enhanced performance and gut development, gut samples from pigs weaned at 19+/-2 days were assessed during the post-weaning (PW) period. The numbers of cells expressing CD2, CD4, CD8, and CD172 (the 74-22-15 (SWC3) antibody is now known to be specific for CD172), MHC class II, and CD25 were quantified using immunohistochemistry. Additionally, samples of duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were evaluated for the production of neutral, acidic, and sulfuric mucins from goblet cells and morphological measurements were also made. No effects due to the management systems alone were observed for any of the parameters. However, there were interactive effects of age/time post-weaning and management system on the immune cells as well as on the mucin secreting goblet cells. There were no differences in gut morphology between SEW and CONV reared pigs.  相似文献   

11.
Weaning pigs at an early age decreases cellular immunity   总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13  
An experiment involving 118 pigs was conducted to evaluate the influence of weaning pigs at four different ages on in vivo and in vitro cell-mediated immunity. One-half of each litter was weaned at 2, 3, 4 or 5 wk of age; the other one-half remained with the sow as nonweaned controls. Phytohemagglutinin skin-test responses were determined on all pigs. Blastogenic responses of mitogen-stimulated lymphocyte cultures were determined before and after weaning. The intradermal response to phytohemagglutinin was reduced (P less than .001) in pigs weaned when 2 or 3 wk old and was suppressed (P less than .05) in those weaned when 4 wk old. In vivo cellular immunity was not altered by weaning in 5-wk-old pigs. The capability of lymphocytes to undergo blastogenesis in response to phytohemagglutinin was decreased in pigs weaned at 2 and 3 wk of age (P less than .001 and P less than .01, respectively). Pokeweed mitogen-stimulated blastogenesis was lower (P less than .01) in pigs weaned at 2 wk of age. Mitogen-stimulated lymphocyte blastogenesis was similar (P greater than .10) in control pigs and those weaned when 5 wk old. These data suggested that weaning pigs when younger than 5 wk old causes physiological changes detrimental to cellular immune reactivity. Those changes could alter disease susceptibility in young pigs.  相似文献   

12.
Three experiments investigated ovarian follicular development in sows whose litters were weaned at 28 to 31 d of lactation. Unilateral ovariectomy near the time of weaning was used to assess early follicular characteristics and to identify those sows that would not return to estrus within 10 d after weaning. This allowed segregation of and exclusion from the study those sows that had a prolonged interval from weaning to first estrus. In Exp. 1, 82 and 72% of the large follicles that were marked at 48 or 72 h after weaning (10 sows per time point) were subsequently identified as corpora lutea. In Exp. 2, sows (seven to nine per time point) were unilaterally ovariectomized at 0, 6, 12, 18, 24, or 48 h after weaning, and follicular fluid was evaluated for changes in steroid concentrations. Progesterone concentrations in fluid from medium-sized (4 to 6 mm) follicles increased by 6 h after weaning and then declined through 24 h concomitant with increases in testosterone and estradiol. For Exp. 3, follicular fluid and granulosa cells from individual follicles were obtained from sows (seven to nine per time point) at 0, 6, and 24 h after weaning. In follicular fluid, insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) concentrations were not correlated (P greater than .05) with concentrations of progesterone, testosterone, or estradiol, or with granulosa cell production of estradiol during culture in androstenedione-supplemented medium.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

13.
Ileal intraepithelial lymphocyte (IEL) suspensions from suckling calves (1-3 weeks old) and weaned calves (3-6 months old) were phenotyped to determine whether there were differences in the lymphocyte populations consistent with postnatal maturation of the mucosal immune system. Flow cytometric comparisons of IEL from the two age groups revealed the presence of significantly larger proportions of CD4+ T lymphocytes and CD8+ T cells in the weaned animals. In contrast, there was a significantly larger proportion of B-B2+ IEL in the suckling calves. Freshly isolated IEL from both groups of calves expressed mRNA for TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma, but not IL-4 or IL-10. The B-B2+ IEL population was more closely examined by flow cytometry. These cells co-expressed IgM and CD21. However, they did not express IgA, IgG1, nor any of several additional leukocyte differentiation molecules. Immunohistochemical data confirmed the presence of IgM+ lymphocytes, and the paucity of IgA+ and IgG1+ lymphocytes in suckling calf ileum. However, substantial numbers of IgA+ and IgG1+ cells were observed in weaned calf ileum. Together, the data are consistent with ongoing postnatal maturation of the gut mucosal immune system.  相似文献   

14.
选择64头28日龄(长大二元)断奶仔猪,随机分为4组,每组4个重复,每个重复4头猪。1组为空白对照组,2～4组分别添加0.1%、0.15%、0.2%的发酵黄芩。试验周期为28 d。试验旨在探讨发酵黄芩对断奶仔猪免疫功能的影响,评价发酵黄芩在饲料中的应用价值,确定发酵黄芩在仔猪日粮中的最佳添加量。结果表明,饲料中添加发酵黄芩对断奶仔猪的免疫性能有较大影响,能缓解断奶应激造成的仔猪免疫功能不足的问题,提高仔猪自身的抗病力,刺激仔猪自身免疫机能的完善。试验结果证明,发酵黄芩在提高免疫球蛋白方面优于空白对照组,且差异显著(P<0.05),4组结果中3个发酵黄芩添加组IgA、IgG、IgM、TNF-α、IL-4等指标较空白对照组分别提高了36.8%(P<0.05)、33.1%(P<0.05)、22.9%(P<0.05)、90.7%(P<0.05)、78.3%(P<0.05)。结果表明,在仔猪日粮中发酵黄芩的添加量为0.15%时效果最优。  相似文献   

15.
Thirty postpartum Brahman crossbred cows were utilized to determine the effects of varying intervals of temporary weaning on tonic LH secretion and ovulation. Cows were assigned randomly on day 17–21 postpartum to one of five groups: 1) Suckled Ad libitum, 2) 48-hr weaned, 3) 72-hr weaned, 4) 96-hr weaned, or 5) 144-hr weaned. The mean maximal rise in LH pulse frequency due to weaning occurred within 2 days and averaged 221 percent of time 0 values. The frequency of LH pulses was greater (P<.06) in weaned than in suckled controls. This temporal increase was self-limiting, displaying an acute rise followed by a variable rate of decline in all groups. However, pulse frequency remained elevated relative to suckled controls for the longest period of time for weaning durations of 96 and 144 hr (P<.10). In 48-hr and 72-hr weaned cows, a rapid reversal of the initial increase in LH pulse frequency was observed following calf return. A significant linear regression (y = 1.9 ± .64x; P<.03) described the increase in LH pulse frequency that occurred in cows which ovulated following weaning. Nonovulators were sensitive to calf return and responded by exhibiting a linear decline (y = 2.87 − .43x; P<.04) in LH pulse frequency following this event. The amplitude of LH pulses increased (P<.02) during the period after calf return in ovulators, but did not change in nonovulators. Percentage ovulating by day 10 increased (P<.05) with increased weaning duration past 72 hr. We conclude that calf return before 96 hr markedly attenuates weaning-induced increases in LH secretion and ovulation.  相似文献   

16.
The objective of this study was to examine the effect of abrupt weaning (inclusive of social group disruption and maternal separation) on the physiological mediators of stress and measures of immune function. Thirty-six male and 36 female calves (Limousin and Charolais crosses), habituated to handling, were blocked by sex, weight, and breed of dam and randomly assigned, within block, to either a control or abruptly weaned group. Animals were separated into the respective treatment groups at 0 h. Calves were bled at -168, 6 (males only), 24, 48, and 168 h after weaning, and the behavioral reaction of calves to handling was scored. Cortisol, catecholamine (not sampled at -168 h), acute-phase protein concentrations, and in vitro interferon-gamma production and neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio were measured. The effects of weaning, calf sex, time, and their respective interactions were described. Disruption of the established social group at 0 h increased (P < 0.001) the plasma cortisol concentration and neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio and decreased the leukocyte concentration (P < 0.001) and the in vitro interferon-gamma response to the mitogen concanavalin-A (P < 0.001) and keyhole limpet hemocyanin (P < 0.001) for weaned and control animals compared with -168 h. There was no effect of weaning or sex on the behavioral reaction of calves to handling. Plasma cortisol and adrenaline concentrations were not affected by weaning or sex. Plasma noradrenaline concentration was influenced by weaning x sex (P < 0.05) and time x sex (P < 0.05). The response increased for male calves with weaning and increased with each sampling time after weaning. For heifers, the response was not affected by weaning and plasma concentrations decreased at 168 h after weaning. There was no effect of weaning or sex on leukocyte concentration. The neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio increased after weaning (P < 0.01) and was affected by sex (P < 0.05). Weaning decreased (P < 0.05) the in vitro interferon-gamma response to the antigen keyhole limpet hemocyanin. There was a time x weaning x sex (P < 0.05) interaction for fibrinogen concentration but no effect of treatment on haptoglobin concentration. Abrupt weaning increased plasma cortisol and noradrenaline concentrations that were accompanied by attenuation of in vitro interferon-gamma production to novel mitogen and antigen complexes up to 7 d after weaning.  相似文献   

17.
Three trials using 156 Yorkshire x Hampshire x Duroc crossbred pigs (avg initial wt, 7.9 kg) were conducted to evaluate the effects of two supplemental dietary vitamin E (11 vs 220 IU/kg of diet) and weaning age (21, 28 or 35 d) on performance and immunocompetence of pigs. Supplemental vitamin E (220 IU/kg of diet) increased (P less than .01) serum concentrations of vitamin E for all weaning ages compared with pigs fed 11 IU of vitamin E/kg of diet. However, supplemental vitamin E did not affect performance, serum cortisol concentration or the primary and secondary antibody response to sheep red blood cells. As weaning age increased, weekly ADG and avg daily feed intake increased linearly (P less than .01). Cortisol levels decreased during the 1st wk following weaning and then increased linearly (P less than .01) over time; pigs weaned at 35 d of age had higher (P less than .01) cortisol values initially and over time than pigs weaned at 21 and 28 d. Pigs weaned at 35 d had a higher (P less than .01) primary response to sheep red blood cells than pigs weaned at 21 and 28 d of age, but this effect was not observed for the secondary response. There were no interactive effects (P greater than .10) of dietary vitamin E level and weaning age. In summary, the highest level of supplemental vitamin E increased serum vitamin E concentration but did not affect performance, cortisol levels or one test of the immune response, antibody titers to red blood cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

18.
The biological stress of early weaned piglets   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Pigs experience biological stress such as physiological, environmental, and social challenges when weaned from the sow. The process of weaning is one of the most stressful events in the pig’s life that can contribute to intestinal and immune system dysfunctions that result in reduced pig health, growth, and feed intake, particularly during the first week after weaning. Technological improvements in housing, nutrition, health, and management have been used to minimize some of the adverse effects of weaning stress, but a greater understanding of the biological impact of stress is needed to improve strategies to overcome weaning stress. The focus of this review paper is to briefly describe how the biological stress associated with weaning impacts intestinal morphology, structure, physiology, and intestinal immune responses that can impact subsequent production efficiencies such as growth, intake, morbidity, and mortality.  相似文献   

19.
Effect of transportation and weaning on humoral immune responses of calves   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Transportation exposes cattle to stress and results in increased morbidity and mortality. An investigation was made of the effects of transport and another important stressor, weaning, on the immune function of calves by determining Immoral immune responses to keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH). In a 2 × 2 factorial designed experiment, suckled calves were either (1) weaned at housing (day 0) and not transported, (2) weaned at housing and transported, (3) weaned while still at pasture nine to 13 days prior to housing and not transported or (4) weaned at pasture and transported. All calves were immunized with KLH at housing (day 0) and serum samples were collected subsequently to determine class and subclass anti-KLH antibody responses (IgG1, IgG2, IgA and IgM) by direct elisa. Increased anti-KLH IgG1 and IgG2 concentrations were shown in calves that were weaned prior to housing and transported on day 10 (P<0·05 and P<0·01 respectively). Transported calves had increased IgGI concentrations on day 20 (P<0·05) compared with calves that were not transported. However, calves weaned at housing and not transported had increased IgA and IgM responses on day 30 compared with the other groups of calves (P<0·05). This study shows that transportation and weaning affect the Immoral immune responses of suckler calves and that the effects persist for several weeks. However, the effects of the treatments were not consistent for all antibody classes measured.  相似文献   

20.
This study investigated the feasibility of replacing antibiotic as growth promoter for weaned piglets with the Chinese traditional herbal medicine Bazhen. Thirty-six weaned piglets (average initial body weight 8.92 ± 1.18 kg) were used in this study. Pigs were blocked according to weight, sex and litter origin, and then randomly assigned to control (basal diet), antibiotics (100 ppm chlortetracycline and 100 ppm oxytetracycline) and Bazhen (1%) groups, with three pens per group. Piglets had free access to water and feed during this 8-week study period. Experimental results indicated that average daily gain of the Bazhen group was higher than that of the control group, but lower than that of the antibiotics group. However, feed intake was reduced while feed to gain ratio was improved in the Bazhen group compared to the control and antibiotics groups. The Bazhen group showed higher neutrophil activity and IgG levels than the control group. The increase in white blood cell counts of the Bazhen group when challenged with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide was higher than that in the control and antibiotics groups. Moreover, IL-6 and TNF- (tumor necrosis factor-) levels were higher in the Bazhen group than in the antibiotics group. Red blood cells and γ-globulin levels were higher in the Bazhen group than in the antibiotics group and in the control group, respectively. On the other hand, the antibiotics group displayed the highest amount of SRBC (sheep red blood cell) antibody titers, and differed significantly from the control group. Some immune responses such as white and red blood cells, IL-6 and TNF- levels were greater at weaning in the piglets of the Bazhen supplemented group than in those of the antibiotics group. Thus, Bazhen could be a potential substitute for antibiotics (chlorotetracycline and oxytetracycline) in weaned piglets feed.  相似文献   

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