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1.
Erwinia carotovora ssp. carotovora can be detected very effectively in lily bulbs by anaerobic incubation of the bulbs followed by homogenization of the scales and plating of the diluted sap onto crystal-violet pectate medium. This technique, compared with bulb treatments without preliminary anaerobic incubation, also improves the possibility of recovering E.c.carotovora overall at low storage temperatures in the long term. Differences among Lilium cultivars regarding the interaction with E.c.carotovora probably exist; the bacterium multiplied at a higher rate in bulbs of cvs Enchantment, Mont Blanc, Star Gazer and Yellow Blaze. The technique could allow inspection of lily bulbs before planting.  相似文献   

2.
In recent years in Finland, Fusarium infections in onions have increased, both in the field and in storage, and Fusarium species have taken the place of Botrytis as the worst pathogens causing post‐harvest rot of onion. To study Fusarium occurrence, samples were taken from onion sets, harvested onions and also from other plants grown in the onion fields. Isolates of five Fusarium species found in the survey were tested for pathogenicity on onion. Fusarium oxysporum was frequently found in onions and other plants, and, of the isolates tested, 31% caused disease symptoms and 15% caused growth stunting in onion seedlings. Fusarium proliferatum, a species previously not reported in Finland, was also identified. Over 50% of the diseased onion crop samples were infected with F. proliferatum, and all the F. proliferatum isolates tested were pathogenic to onion. Thus, compared to F. oxysporum, F. proliferatum seems to be more aggressive on onion. Also some of the F. redolens isolates were highly virulent, killing onion seedlings. Comparison of the translation elongation factor 1α gene sequences revealed that the majority of the aggressive isolates of F. oxysporum f. sp. cepae group together and are distinct from the other isolates. Incidence and relative proportions of the different Fusarium species differed between the sets and the mature bulbs. More research is required to determine to what extent Fusarium infections spoiling onions originate from infected onion sets rather than the field soil.  相似文献   

3.
Bacterial soft rot caused by Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora is a major disease in Zantedeschia spp., particularly in cultivars from the section Aestivae. The disease can be partly controlled by cultural measures, but by combining cultural methods with resistant plant material a promising strategy for control of soft rot can be developed. No tests are available for resistance testing in breeding Zantedeschia spp. Therefore, three tests developed for use in potato breeding were adapted for use on eight cultivars of Zantedeschia spp. Variation was found in all three tests. Resistant control cultivar Zantedeschia aethiopica Crowborough scored most resistant in all three tests. Within the section Aestivae, degrees of susceptibility were identified that were in agreement with each other and with field observations, indicating reliability of two of the methods in which tubers were used. The correlation coefficient of these two tests was high. A new non-destructive test method was developed for use on seedlings which involved immersion of leaf disks in a bacterial suspension. The percentage of decayed leaf area was a measure of resistance and results were in general agreement with the other tests. These methods will be useful for breeding for soft rot resistance and performing genetic analyses.  相似文献   

4.
Crop loss of onion bulbs during storage carries an exceptionally high economic impact because a large portion of the production expenses has been expended before storage. Because of this, it is important to define practices that can reduce onion bulb losses caused by storage rots. This study investigates the impact of various curing parameters on disease development resulting from infection by Pantoea agglomerans, P. ananatis and P. allii on onion bulb cultivars Vaquero and Redwing, during storage. Overall, both the incidence and mean rot severity were similar amongst the bulbs under comparable conditions regardless of the species of Pantoea inoculated, although a significant difference was detected between the two onion bulb cultivars. In addition, a significant reduction of storage rot was observed when curing temperatures were ≤35°C. At temperatures >35°C, a shorter curing duration (2 days vs 14 days) decreased the severity of bulb rot due to Pantoea. This increased understanding of the inter‐relationships between the parameters used for curing, and the incidence and severity of bulb rot caused by Pantoea helps provide guidance towards using the curing process as a means to reduce the level of damage resulting from post‐harvest storage rot.  相似文献   

5.
A survey was conducted to define the fungi population contaminating onion bulbs in Israel during three growing seasons. Significant rots were found to be caused byBotrytis allii, B. cinerea andAspergillus niger. All the onion stocks tested showed infections, but the severity and identity of the pathogens varied between seasons.B. cinerea andB. allii were the most prevalent fungi in winter-harvested onions. Species ofAspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, Rhizopus andTrichoderma were also isolated. The first two were the only species found on summer onions. High fungal contamination had been the main factor affecting an attempt to improve the storage quality and shelf life of the harvested bulbs. Chemical disinfection using a reduced-volume application (RVA) technique was efficient in controlling the major storage rots (caused byA. niger andB. cinerea) of the bulbs, without the major disadvantages of the dipping method. The rate of control was directly correlated with the cover density of the deposited fungicide, but not with the amount deposited. The RVA technique should enable prolongation of postharvest shelf life and storability of onion bulbs.  相似文献   

6.
Fusarium oxysporum isolates collected from onions in the UK and other countries were characterized using sequences of the transfer elongation factor 1‐α (TEF) gene and compared with published sequence data for 10 other isolates. Isolates associated with diseased onion bulbs in the UK formed two clades. Isolates from both clades were selected for pathogenicity testing and to develop a rapid seedling assay to screen commercial onion cultivars for resistance to F. oxysporum f. sp. cepae (FOC), the cause of basal rot. Differences in the levels of aggressiveness between isolates were observed and isolates from both clades were pathogenic. Differences in resistance/susceptibility were also observed amongst 10 commercial onion cultivars, with cvs Ailsa Craig Prizewinner and White Lisbon showing the highest levels of resistance. The results from the seedling assay were supported by those from a subsequent onion bulb rot assay. Thus, this study reports the development of a rapid, simple and repeatable seedling assay that can be used to screen large numbers of onion cultivars for resistance to FOC and which is indicative of resistance at the bulb stage.  相似文献   

7.
Thirty isolates of Fusarium oxysporum from wilted Welsh onion plants were examined for their diversity in nucleotide sequences of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) intergenic spacer (IGS) region and for pathogenicity with regard to five Welsh onion cultivars. Phylogenetic analysis based on the IGS sequences revealed polyphyletic origins of the isolates and a relationship between phylogeny and pathogenicity; low virulence isolates differed genetically from those with high and moderate virulence. Mating type analysis revealed that all F. oxysporum isolates were MAT1-1 idiomorphs, suggesting that the pathogens may be clonal in the fields examined.  相似文献   

8.
To elucidate the role of flagella in biofilm formation by Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora EC1, we used a nonflagellate, nonmotile mutant (ΔfliC) and a flagellate, nonmotile mutant (ΔmotA). A biofilm-inducing medium, which contains the yeast peptone (YP) medium plus the salts of M-63 minimal medium, supported biofilm formation to a greater extent than either the YP or Luria Bertani (LB) medium alone. We demonstrated that both the ΔfliC and ΔmotA mutants greatly reduced their ability to form a biofilm on the surface of the wells of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) microtiter plates. The inability of both mutants to form biofilm on the PVC surface was further confirmed with phase-contrast microscopy. Both aflagellate (ΔfliC) and flagellate (ΔmotA) nonmotile mutants were equally defective in attachment to the PVC surface. The treatment of bacteria with the protonophore carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), which inhibits the motility of this organism, reduced greatly the biofilm formation. Based on these results, flagella-mediated motility may play an important role in biofilm formation of E. carotovora subsp. carotovora EC1.  相似文献   

9.
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10.
Pseudomonas fluorescens strain PfG32R actively suppresses the occurrence of bacterial wilt disease of tomato caused by Ralstonia solanacearum. To determine the characteristics affected by spontaneous mutations in the gacS gene, three spontaneous mutants NR1, NR9, and ASW6 were tested for production of several enzymes, antimicrobial activity, and biocontrol activity against bacterial wilt disease of tomato in a greenhouse. Production of biosurfactant and of enzymes such as Tween-80 lipase, gelatin protease, and lecithinase; swarming activity; and antifungal activities against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici and F. graminearum were inactivated by mutations in the gacS gene, indicating that they are under the regulation of the GacS/GacA two-component regulatory system. Levan production, swimming, antifungal activity against Magnaporthe grisea, and antibacterial activity against R. solanacearum and Erwinia carotovora ssp. carotovora were not controlled by the GacS/GacA system. Biocontrol activities of the three spontaneous mutants varied from strain to strain, indicating that the biocontrol activities of PfG32R are influenced not only by the GacS/GacA system but also by other complex factors, which may not be regulated by the system.  相似文献   

11.
Bacterial pathogens of onion (Allium cepa) plants and their undetected presence in seed can cause substantial losses to onion producers. In this study, 23 Pseudomonas syringae strains were isolated from five onion plants and 18 onion seeds. The symptoms on leaves and seed stalks were irregular lesions with necrotic centres and water soaked margins. The aim of the study was to characterize these P. syringae strains using Biolog GN III carbon source utilization, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) based on partial sequences of four housekeeping genes (cts, gapA, gyrB and rpoD), and to determine whether or not the strains were pathogenic on onion (cv. Granex 33), chive (Allium schoenoprasum cv. Grasiue), leek (Allium porrum cv. Giant Italian) and spring onion (Allium fistulosum cv. Salotte) plants. Both Biolog analysis and MLST analysis separated onion strains into two clusters, one supporting the existence of a new pathovar of P. syringae, and the other corresponding to P. syringae pv. porri. Pseudomonas syringae strains belonging to the new pathovar we pathogenic only on onion plants of the Allium spp. tested. The results of this study revealed that bacterial blight of onion in South Africa is caused by two pathovars of P. syringae sensu lato, namely, the newly described pathovar, allii, and P. syringae pv. porri. The symptoms caused by these two pathovars in the field were indistinguishable.  相似文献   

12.
The relationship betweenBotrytis allii and onion bulbs was studied in the greenhouse and the field. Germinating conidia or growing mycelium in nutrient solution, water, or in the plant tissue secreted pectinases and polyphenol oxidase. These pectinases were found to be inhibited by phenol compounds and their low oxidation products but not by polyphenols. Pretreatment of onion bulbs or seedlings with catechol (O-dihydroxybenzene), catechol + tannic acid, or phenyl-thiocarbamide increased the plant concentrations of phenols and decreased the disease incidence. Fungal polyphenol oxidase polymerizes the inhibitory plant phenols and neutralizes their effects. Phenylthiocarbamide inhibits polyphenol oxidase activity in the plant, resulting in inhibition of fungal attack.  相似文献   

13.
Methods are described for the detection of latent infection by Erwinia carotovora ssp. atroseptica (blackleg and soft rot), Corynebacterium sepedonicum (ring rot) and Phoma exigua vat. foveata (gangrene) which are regarded as the most important tuber-borne pathogens of potato. The methods comprise selective media for E. carotovora ssp. atroseptica and P. exigua var. foveata, indirect fluorescence antibody staining for E. carotovora ssp. atroseptica and C. sepedonicum, and the eggplant test for C. sepedonicum and P. exigua var. foveata. These are used in Northern Ireland to detect pathogen contamination in nuclear stock mother tubers prior to micropropagation. Marked reductions in disease levels of blackleg have been observed in present pre-basic stocks raised by micropropagation compared with those previously propagated from stem cuttings. It was found that Pseudomonas stutzeri, a saprophytic contaminant bacterium, can pass through the micropropagation process in a latent form.  相似文献   

14.
The soil-borne fungus Fusarium oxysporum can cause both Fusarium yellows and Fusarium root rot diseases with severe yield losses in cultivated sugar beet. These two diseases cause similar foliar symptoms but different root response and have been proposed to be caused by two distinct F. oxysporum formae speciales. Fusarium yellows, caused by F. oxysporum f. sp. betae, presents vascular discoloration, whereas Fusarium root rot, due to F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-betae, appears as black rot visible on the root surface. The aim of this work was to study the host-pathogen interaction between sugar beet lines and isolates originally characterized as Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. betae. Eight susceptible sugar beet lines, selected by the USDA-ARS (US) and UNIPD (University of Padova, Italy) breeding programs, were inoculated with three different isolates of F. oxysporum f. sp. betae, the causal agent of Fusarium yellows, representing different genetic groups. All inoculated lines developed symptoms, but severity, expressed as area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC), differed significantly (P < 0.05) among lines. Two lines from UNIPD, 6 and 9, were the most susceptible to the disease, whereas the other lines showed similar levels. The three isolates of F. oxysporum f. sp. betae differed significantly (P < 0.05) in disease severity. Five weeks after inoculation the plants were harvested and roots examined. Surprisingly, severe root rot was observed in the susceptible UNIPD lines when inoculated with all three isolates, while this symptom was never observed in the USDA germplasm. The development of this disease symptom obviously depends on the plant genotype.  相似文献   

15.
NYS-4菌株发酵液抑菌活性成分的分离及初步结构鉴定   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
NYS-4菌株是从秦岭地区土壤中分离到的一株放线菌。采用管碟法及抑制菌丝生长速率法测定了NYS-4菌株发酵液对多种病原细菌和真菌的抑菌活性。结果表明:NYS-4菌株发酵液对白菜软腐病菌 Erwinia carotovora var.、猕猴桃溃疡病菌 Kiwi ulcer disease germs 和枯草芽孢杆菌 Bacillus subtilis 3种病原细菌具有较强的抑菌活性;对西瓜枯萎病菌 Fusarium oxysporum f.sp .Niveum 、烟草赤星病菌 Alternaria alternate 、油菜菌核病菌 Sclerotinia sclerotiorum 等8种病原真菌菌丝生长亦具有较强的抑制作用。采用离子交换树脂吸附、凝胶柱层析、反相高效液相色谱等方法,结合高效液相色谱-质谱联用(HPLC-ESI-MS/MS)技术,对NYS-4菌株发酵液的活性次生代谢物进行了分离和鉴定,从中分离鉴定出14个链丝菌素(streptothticin)类化合物,其中, N -乙酰化链丝菌素A、 N -乙酰化链丝菌素B、 N -乙酰化链丝菌素B酸和链丝菌素B酸经初步鉴定为新化合物。  相似文献   

16.
Saprophytic antagonists were evaluated for suppression of sporulation ofBotrytis allii andB. cinerea on artificially killed segments of onion leaves that were pre-inoculated with the pathogens. During incubation of the antagonisttreated leaf segments in moist chambers, periods of leaf wetness and leaf dryness were alternated to simulate conditions in the field. Interruption of humid conditions with dry periods had a differential effect on antagonists.Alternaria alternata, Chaetomium globosum, Ulocladium atrum andU. chartarum suppressed sporulation ofB. allii almost completely under continuously wet conditions, and when the leaf wetness periods were interrupted with drying periods of 9h imposed 16, 40, and 64 h after the antagonists were applied. When leaf wetness was interrupted 16 h after antagonist application, the number of conidia ofB. allii produced cm–2 leaf surface after eight days was under the detection limit of 5.2 × 103 conidia on leaves treated with these antagonists compared to 3.7 × 105 conidia on leaves that were not treated. On the other hand,Gliocladium roseum, G. catenulatum andSesquicillium candelabrum, all highly efficient under continuously wet conditions, were of low to moderate efficiency when leaf wetness periods had been interrupted 16 h after application of the antagonists. The antagonists showed the same differentiation and sensitivity to interrupted wetness periods when tested withB. cinerea.  相似文献   

17.
Botrytis allii Munn is capable of attacking young onion plants without impeding the growth of the plants, provided conditions for infection are favourable. Infected green leaves are symptomless since the mycelium remains restricted to the epidermal cells which lack chlorophyll. At a certain physiological age of the leaves the fungus penetrates the underlying parenchyma tissue and spreads further through the leaves into the bulb. Apparently healthy bulbs can carry mycelium. A macroscopically invisible infection can be demonstrated readily with methyl-red. Young and old plants proved to be equally susceptible to the disease.Samenvatting Botrytis allii is in staat om onder voor infectie gunstige omstandigheden jonge uieplanten aan te tasten. Geïnfecteerde jonge bladeren vertonen geen symptomen omdat het mycelium zich uitsluitend tot de chlorofylloze epidermiscellen beperkt. Pas bij het ouder worden van de bladeren dringt de schimmel het parenchymatisch weefsel binnen waar het verder kan uitgroeien tot in de bol. Uitwendig gezond lijkende bollen kunnen geïnfecteerd zijn. Met methylrood kan een met het oog niet waarneembare besmetting worden aangetoond. Jonge en oudere planten zijn in gelijke mate vatbaar voor de ziekte.  相似文献   

18.
Fusarium oxysporum in tulips is able to penetrate through the roots into the tissue of the planted bulb and from there it can grow into the basal plate of the young bulb. However, evidence is given that under natural conditions infection more often takes place directly into the fleshy outer scale of the new bulb, often during the last weeks before the bulb skin turns brown. This fungus seems to be not a vascular parasite and behaves in a way completely different from other strains ofF. oxysporum. Often disease symptoms are not visible on freshly harvested bulbs from infested stocks, while after storage for several weeks a number of bulbs prove to be infected. This is also true when storage conditions make infection during this period very improbable.Samenvatting Fusarium oxysporum, de veroorzaker van het zuur in tulpen, is in staat om via de wortels in het weefsel van de moederbol binnen te dringen en van daaruit de bodem va de nieuwgevormde bol te bereiken (fig. 1 boven, fig. 3). Infective van de jonge bol geschiedt onder natuurlijke omstandigheden echter vaker reschtstreeks in de buitenste bolrok, waarbij dikwijls geen schimmel kan worden aangetoond in het bolweefsel tussen de aangetaste plek en de bolbodem (tabel 2 en 3, fig. 1 beneden en 4). Slechts zelden werde hyfen vanFusarium in de houtvaten, doch wel in grote massa's in het schorsweefsel van de wortels van de waardplant gevonden. De groei vanFusarium oxysporum bij de tulp is dus geheel afwijkend van die van andere stammen van dezelfde soort bij andere waardplantan.Veelal zijn symptomen van aantasting van de bol ten tijde van de oogst zelfs bij nauwkeuring waarnemen niet zichtbaar; deze verschijnen vaak pas verschiidene dagen of weken na het rooiren. Dit is ook het geval wanneer de omstandigheden tijdens de bewaring in de schuur zodanig zijn, dat infectie tijdens deze periode zeer onwaarschijnlijk mag worden geacht (tabel 1).Argumenten worden besproken, welke pleiten voor de opvatting dat infective te velde dikwijls pas zeer laat in het groeiseizoen plaatsvindt.  相似文献   

19.
In 2008, bacterial rot on onion bulbs (Allium cepa L.) was observed in several low-temperature warehouses in Changnyeong-gun, Korea. The causal pathogen was isolated and identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens based on morphological and biochemical characterization and sequence analysis of its genome. The isolated bacteria caused the same rot symptom on inoculated onion bulbs as found in naturally infected onions during storage and was reisolated from these bulbs. This is the first report of bacterial rot of onion caused by B. amyloliquefaciens in Korea.  相似文献   

20.
We recently reported that two diverse types (types 1 and 2) were identified among strains of Erwinia carotovora from mulberry trees. Type 1 strains were similar to E. carotovora subsp. carotovora (Ecc), whereas type 2 strains were distinct from Ecc and other E. carotovora strains. In this study, seven more mulberry strains of type 2 and reference strains were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and randomly amplified of polymorphic DNA (RAPD). On the basis of SDS-PAGE profiles of whole-cell proteins, type 2 strains had high similarity with one another. In addition, they had an unique peptide band with a molecular mass of approximately 28kDa. RAPD analysis showed that they were also effectively differentiated by a strong, specific RAPD fragment for type 2 strains. Based on these two approaches, we have confirmed that the present type 2 strains from mulberry can be discriminated clearly from other soft rot Erwinia species.  相似文献   

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