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1.
Sparing of marine resources in aquafeeds can be environmentally and economically advantageous; however, fish meal (FM) replacement can affect the production performance and physiological competence. Phospholipids are increasingly understood to be involved in maintaining growth and vigour in fish and may be deficient in reduced FM formulations. Accordingly, we evaluated the growth and stress tolerance of juvenile cobia fed typical (50% FM) or reduced FM feeds (12% FM) with or without phospholipid amendment [1% marine lecithin (12% FM + Marine PL) or soy lecithin (12% FM + Soy PL)] for 6 weeks in triplicate tanks (N = 3) in a recirculation aquaculture system. The 50% FM feed yielded significantly superior growth and growth efficiency in comparison with the 12% FM and 12% FM+ Soy PL feeds, but the 12% FM+ Marine PL feed yielded comparable results to 50% FM feed. A low‐water stress challenge induced elevated plasma glucose, cortisol and lactate levels in all treatments. However, a significant interaction (diet × stress) effect suggested a lesser cortisol response among fish fed the 12% FM+ Marine PL and 50% FM diets. These findings demonstrate that growth performance and, perhaps, resilience of cobia raised on reduced FM feeds may be improved by the addition of marine‐origin phospholipid to the diet.  相似文献   

2.
A 16-wk growth trial was conducted to examine the effects of dietary replacement of fish meal by defatted soybean meal (SBM) and fermented soybean meal (FSBM) with taurine supplementation on growth performance, nutrient apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) and biological parameters of pompano fish. The FSBM was produced by fermenting SBM with Lactobacillus spp. Seven isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated to replace 35% or 50% of fish meal by SBM or FSBM with taurine supplementation. The diets are denoted as follows: FM, SBM35, SBM35T, FSBM35T, SBM50, SBM50T, and FSBM50T. The FM (the basal diet) contained fish meal as a main source of dietary protein. Taurine was supplemented to SBM35T, FSBM35T, SBM50T, and FSBM50T at the level of 15 g/kg diet. Pompano juveniles with an initial body weight (BW) of 80 g reared in floating net cages were fed the experimental diets twice daily for 16 wk. Results showed that the final BW, weight gain, and feed conversion ratio of fish fed SBM35 and SBM50 were significantly lower than those of fish fed FM (P < 0.05), indicating that the replacement of fish meal by SBM at the rate of 35% in the diet is excessive for pompano. Supplementation of taurine to the SBM-included diets significantly increased growth performance and feed utilization (P < 0.05); however, these diets did not restore the performance back to a level equivalent to that of fish offered the basal diet. Meanwhile, fish fed FSBM35T had comparable growth and feed performances to those fed FM. Hematocrit values, total biliary bile acid levels, whole body lipid contents, and tissue taurine concentrations of fish fed SBM35 and SBM50 were the lowest among the treatments, but these parameters were improved by taurine supplementation and FSBM inclusion in the diet. Taurine supplementation increased lipid ADC, and SBM fermentation slightly enhanced both lipid and protein ADCs of the fish. These findings suggest that the combination of FSBM and taurine supplementation is an effective way to improve growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and biological parameters, and that FSBM with taurine supplementation can replace 35% of fish meal in pompano diets without any negative effects on growth and feed performances in a long-term feeding period.  相似文献   

3.
本试验旨在探讨豆粕替代鱼粉饲料中添加胆固醇和牛磺酸对凡纳滨对虾生长性能、肝胰腺和血清胆固醇含量及体成分的影响。配制6种等氮等能的试验饲料,1种为含30%鱼粉的高鱼粉饲料(FM组),另外5种为含12%鱼粉的低鱼粉高豆粕饲料(SBM1~5组),其中SBM1组不添加胆固醇和牛磺酸,SBM2和SBM3组分别添加0.3%和0.6%的胆固醇,SBM4组添加0.3%的胆固醇和0.2%的牛磺酸,SBM 5组添加0.6%的胆固醇和0.2%的牛磺酸。将初始体重为(0.35±0.01)g的凡纳滨对虾幼虾540尾随机分成6组,每组3个重复,每个重复30尾虾,进行为期8周的生长试验。结果表明:FM、SBM3、SBM4和SBM5组对虾的增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)和成活率(SR)显著高于SBM1组(P0.05),饲料系数(FCR)显著低于SBM1组(P0.05),其中以FM组对虾的WGR、SGR和SR最高,且FCR最低,但与SBM3、SBM4和SBM 5组无显著差异(P0.05)。SBM 3、SBM 4和SBM 5组对虾的血清和肝胰腺总胆固醇(TC)含量显著高于SBM1组(P0.05),但与FM组差异不显著(P0.05)。此外,SBM1组对虾的血清低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)含量显著低于FM、SBM2、SBM3、SBM4和SBM5组(P0.05),血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)含量显著低于SBM 3和SBM 5组(P0.05)。对虾全虾水分和粗灰分含量各组间无显著差异(P0.05)。SBM1组对虾全虾粗蛋白质和粗脂肪含量显著低于FM、SBM3和SBM5组(P0.05),与SBM2和SBM4组相比无显著差异(P0.05)。根据本试验结果得出,低鱼粉高豆粕饲料中添加0.6%的胆固醇或同时添加0.3%的胆固醇和0.2%的牛磺酸能够有效地提高凡纳滨对虾的生长性能和饲料效率。  相似文献   

4.
Background: Aquaculture must continue to reduce dependence on fishmeal(FM) and fishoil in feeds to ensure sustainable sector growth. Therefore, the use of novel aquaculture feed ingredients is growing. In this regard,insects can represent a new world of sustainable and protein-rich ingredients for farmed fish feeds. Accordingly, we investigated the effects of full replacement of FM with Tenebrio molitor(TM) larvae meal in the diet of rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss) on fish gut and skin microbiota.Methods: A feeding trial was conducted with 126 trout of about 80 g mean initial weight that were fed for 22 weeks with two isonitrogenous, isolipidic, and isoenergetic extruded experimental diets. Partially defatted TM meal was included in one of the diets to replace 100%(TM 100) of FM, whereas the other diet(TM 0) was without TM.To analyse the microbial communities, the Illumina MiSeq platform for sequencing of 16 S r RNA gene and Qiime pipeline were used to identify bacteria in the gut and skin mucosa, and in the diets.Results: The data showed no major effects of full FM substitution with TM meal on bacterial species richness and diversity in both, gut mucosa-and skin mucus-associated microbiome. Skin microbiome was dominated by phylum Proteobacteria and especially by Gammaproteobacteria class that constituted approximately half of the bacterial taxa found. The two dietary fish groups did not display distinctive features, except for a decrease in the relative abundance of Deefgea genus(family Neisseriaceae) in trout fed with insect meal. The metagenomic analysis of the gut mucosa indicated that Tenericutes was the most abundant phylum, regardless of the diet. Specifically, within this phylum, the Mollicutes, mainly represented by Mycoplasmataceae family, were the dominant class. However,we observed only a weak dietary modulation of intestinal bacterial communities. The only changes due to full FM replacement with TM meal were a decreased number of Proteobacteria and a reduced number of taxa assigned to Ruminococcaceae and Neisseriaceae families.Conclusions: The data demonstrated that TM larvae meal is a valid alternative animal protein to replace FM in the aquafeeds. Only slight gut and skin microbiota changes occurred in rainbow trout after total FM replacement with insect meal. The mapping of the trout skin microbiota represents a novel contribution of the present study. Indeed,in contrast to the increasing knowledge on gut microbiota, the skin microbiota of major farmed fish species remains largely unmapped but it deserves thorough consideration.  相似文献   

5.
Jatropha platyphylla is available on the pacific coast from Sinaloa to Michoacán including the Nayarit and Jalisco states in Mexico. The seeds of J. platyphylla are rich in oil and protein, and the kernel meal (JPKM) prepared after oil extraction contains 70-75% crude protein (CP). Contents of essential amino acids (except lysine) are higher in JPKM than in soybean meal (SBM). Phorbol-esters, the main toxin present in most Jatropha species is absent in J. platyphylla. Heat-treated JPKM (H-JPKM) was evaluated as a protein supplement in tilapia feed and compared with that of SBM and fish meal (FM). Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) fingerlings (15 fish; av. body mass 13.9 ± 0.17 g) were randomly distributed in three groups with five replicates each. A 12-week experiment was conducted in a respirometer system to evaluate the growth performance, nutrient utilization and energy budget. Nile tilapia fingerlings were fed three iso-nitrogenous diets (36% CP): Control containing FM, and Jatropha and Soybean diets in which 62.5% of FM protein was replaced by H-JPKM and SBM respectively. The growth performance, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio, apparent lipid conversion and energy retention did not differ significantly among the three groups. Higher protein productive value was observed in plant protein fed groups. Average metabolic rate, energy expenditure per g protein fed and retained in the body did not differ significantly among the three groups. Conclusively, Nile tilapia fed plant protein (heated JPKM and SBM) and FM protein-based diets exhibited equal average metabolic rate which indicate that JPKM can be used as a protein source in aqua feed.  相似文献   

6.
An in situ protein degradation trial and two growth trials were conducted to evaluate the use of fish meal (FM) as a protein supplement in feeder lamb diets. Finn cross and Hampshire lambs were given ad libitum access to corn diets, minerals, and water. In Growth Trial 1, four isonitrogenous (12.6% CP on a DM basis) and isocaloric (77% TDN) diets were supplemented with the following: a) 100% soybean meal (SBM); b) 70% SBM + 30% FM; c) 40% SBM + 60% FM; and d) 100% FM on a DM basis. Diets were fed to 144 lambs for 56 d in a randomized complete block (initial BW) design. In Growth Trial 2, four diets were fed to 80 lambs for 42 d in a completely randomized design with treatments arranged as a 2 x 2 factorial. Main effects in Growth Trial 2 were dietary CP level (13.3 or 14.9%) and source (SBM or SBM + FM). Alfalfa hay was used as the roughage part of each diet. In situ CP degradation (determined in cattle) of SBM, FM, and corn fed in both growth trials were 77.8, 52.3, and 56.8%, respectively. In neither growth trial was ADG affected (P greater than .05) by dietary CP source. Lambs gained faster (P less than .05) when the CP level was increased from 13.3 to 14.9% in Growth Trial 2. In both trials, protein efficiency ratio (grams of gain/grams of protein intake) and energy efficiency ratio (grams of gain/kilograms of TDN intake) were not different (P greater than .05) among diets. Because of the low ruminal degradation of corn protein, the relative value of SBM and FM in full-fed, high-corn diets was comparable.  相似文献   

7.
This study was conducted to determine the comparative efficacy of partial fish meal (FM) replacement (up to 50%) with fermented soybean meal (FSBM; SoELAB, PepSoyGen and Soytide) or enzymatically prepared SBM (HP 300) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and fecal microflora in weaned pigs. A total of 100 weaned pigs (body weight 6.59 ± 0.29 kg) were used in experimental feeding trials, lasting for up to 6 weeks, and were randomly allotted to five groups with four block replicates of five pigs per pen serving as one block. Dietary treatments were as follows: (i) 100% FM, (ii) 50% FM + 50% SoELAB‐54, (iii) 50% FM + 50% PepSoyGen, (iv) 50% FM + 50% Soytide and (v) 50% FM + 50% HP 300. Concerning growth performance, none of the treated SBM preparations demonstrated any significantly different effect compared with FM treatment. With respect to nutrient digestibility, SoELAB and HP 300 treatments demonstrated no significant difference compared with FM treatment. Lastly, none of the SBM preparations demonstrated any significant differences in animal fecal score and all of the differentially treated SBM increased fecal Lactobacillus counts, while maintaining similar Escherichia coli counts compared with FM treatment.  相似文献   

8.
Ninety-six Hereford x Angus steers (mean initial BW = 295 kg) were used in two growth experiments conducted at moderate and high ambient temperatures (AT), 48 steers per AT. Within each AT, calves were assigned to six dietary treatments consisting of a basal diet (approximately 60% corn and 20% grass hay) supplemented with either 0, 2.5, or 5% fat and with either soybean meal (SBM) or Menhaden fish meal (FM) included at levels such that a ratio of 16.3 kcal of NEm per kilogram of CP was maintained. Blood and ruminal fluid were collected 40 d before slaughter. During the final 28 d of the moderate AT experiment, apparent digestibility of dietary components was measured in four individually fed steers from each dietary treatment. Steer ADG was not affected by fat, and DMI and efficiency of gain were not affected (P > .10) by treatment. Average daily gain was lower for steers fed FM than for those fed SBM at moderate AT but higher at high AT (CP source x AT interaction; P < .05). Ruminal ratio of acetate to propionate declined linearly with increasing fat at moderate AT but was not affected by fat at high AT (fat x AT interaction trend; P = .08). Plasma urea N concentration increased linearly (P < .05) with increasing fat and was higher (P < .05) in steers kept at high than in those kept at moderate AT. Although apparent digestibility was not altered in steers fed FM, DM and NDF (P < .05) and ADF (P = .07) digestibility decreased with increasing fat in steers fed SBM (CP source x fat interaction).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

9.
Meat and bone meal (MBM) is an important protein source used in animal feeds. However, as the composition and availability of amino acids (AAs) in MBM fluctuate markedly, it is important to verify the magnitude of these parameters in different MBMs. In this study, the AA compositions of 19 MBMs were analyzed to confirm variations in lysine (Lys), threonine (Thr), and tryptophan (Trp), then which were compared with those of soybean meal (SBM) and fish meal (FM). Instability in Lys, Thr, and Trp availabilities in six MBMs were also considered after estimation using the slope‐ratio growth assay technique in rats. Variations in AA composition were evaluated using the coefficient of variance (CV: Standard deviation/Mean). CVs for Lys, Thr, and Trp content were 9.40, 11.83, and 18.12 in MBM, 2.71, 2.48, and 3.19 in SBM, and 10.09, 10.44, and 13.47 in FM. Furthermore, means and SDs for Lys, Thr, and Trp availabilities in MBM were 53.3 ± 10.4% (CV: 19.5), 65.9 ± 17.6% (CV: 26.6), and 83.2 ± 11.2% (CV: 13.5), respectively. These results provide the first evidence that variations in MBM AA compositions were 3.5 to 5.7 times higher than those in SBM, but similar to FM, and that the large variation in availability substantially existed.  相似文献   

10.
Jatropha curcas is a drought‐resistant shrub or small tree widespread all over the tropics and subtropics. The use of J. curcas (L) kernel meal in fish feed is limited owing to the presence of toxic and antinutritional constituents. In this study, it was detoxified using heat treatment and organic solvent extraction method. The detoxification process was carried out for 60 min to obtain the detoxified meal. Cyprinus carpio L. fingerlings (n = 180; avg. wt. 3.2 ± 0.07 g) were randomly distributed in five treatment groups with four replicates and fed isonitrogenous diets (crude protein 38%) for 8 weeks. The inclusion levels of the detoxified Jatropha kernel meal (DJKM) and soybean meal (SBM) were as follows: control diet was prepared with fish meal (FM) and wheat meal, without any DJKM and SBM; diets S50 and J50: 50% of FM protein replaced by SBM and DJKM respectively; diets S75 and J75: 75% of FM protein replaced by SBM and DJKM respectively. Highest body mass gain and insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1) gene expression in brain, liver and muscle were observed for the control group, which were statistically similar to those for J50 group and significantly (p < 0.05) higher than for all other groups, whereas growth hormone gene expression in brain, liver and muscle exhibited opposite trend. Insulin‐like growth factor‐1 concentration in plasma did not differ significantly among the five groups. Conclusively, growth performance was in parallel with IGF‐1 gene expression and exhibited negative trend with GH gene expression.  相似文献   

11.
Eight wether lambs fitted with ruminal, duodenal, and ileal cannulas were used in a replicated 4 x 4 Latin square design to study the effects of carbohydrate and protein sources on ruminal protein metabolism and carbohydrate fermentation and intestinal amino acid (AA) absorption. Treatments were arranged as a 2 x 2 factorial. Carbohydrate sources were corn and barley; protein sources were soybean meal (SBM) and fish meal (FM). Diets contained 15.5% CP, of which 40% was supplied by SBM or FM. Corn or barley provided 39% of dietary DM that contained equal amounts of grass hay and wheat straw. Fish meal diets produced a lower (P less than .05) ruminal NH3 concentration and resulted in less CP degradation and bacterial protein flow to the duodenum than did SBM diets. Replacing SBM with FM increased (P less than .05) ruminal digestion of all fiber fractions. In addition, cellulose and hemicellulose digestibilities in the rumen tended to increase (P greater than .05) when barley replaced corn in the FM diets. Carbohydrate x protein interactions (P less than .05) were observed for OM digestion in the rumen and AA absorption in the small intestine (percentage of AA entering); these interactions were highest for the barley-FM diet. These results suggest that feeding FM with barley, which is high in both degradable carbohydrate and protein, might benefit ruminants more than feeding FM with corn, which is high in degradable carbohydrate but relatively low in degradable protein.  相似文献   

12.
This study aimed to examine the effects of ethanol-soluble components (Es) in soybean meal (SBM) on gut content transit, bile acid (BA) and pancreatic digestive enzyme secretions, nutrient apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC), liver and intestinal morphologies, and growth performance of pompano (Trachinotus blochii). The SBM was extracted with aqueous ethanol, then the supernatant and residue were separated and dried to produce ethanol-extracted SBM (ESBM) and the Es. Four experimental diets were formulated with fish meal (FM), ESBM and SBM as main dietary protein sources. The diets were denoted as follows: FMD (FM diet), SBMD (SBM diet), ESBMD (ESBM diet) and ESBM + EsD (ESBM plus Es diet). Thirty-five fingerling pompano with an initial body weight (BW) of 18.3 g were allocated to each of 12 polyvinyl chloride tanks (1000-L holding capacity), resulting in triplicate tanks per dietary treatment. For 10 weeks, the fish were hand-fed the experimental diets to apparent satiation twice daily. The results showed that the final BW, weight gain and specific growth rate were significantly lower, while the feed conversion ratio was higher in the SBMD and ESBM + EsD groups than in the ESBMD and FMD groups (p < 0.05). Fish fed SBMD and ESBM + EsD showed accelerated gastric transit, slowed intestinal mobility, and lowered secretions of BAs and pancreatic digestive enzymes as compared to those fed ESBMD and FMD. Morphological abnormalities in mucosal folds of the posterior intestine, but not the liver, were clearly observed in the SBMD and ESBM + EsD groups. These results indicated that the Es in SBM inhibited the digestive system, leading to decreased nutrient digestibility and growth performance in pompano. The findings of the present study suggested that removal of the Es would effectively improve the nutritional quality of SBM and enhance growth performance of pompano fed a SBM-based diet.  相似文献   

13.
Body composition traits have potential use in fish breeding programs as indicator traits for selective improvement of feed efficiency. Moreover, feed companies are increasingly replacing traditional fish meal (FM) based ingredients in feeds for carnivorous farmed fish with plant protein ingredients. Therefore, genetic relationships of composition and feed utilization traits need to be quantified for both current FM-based and future plant-based aquaculture feeds. Individual whole-body lipid% and protein%, daily gain (DG), ADFI, and G:F (daily gain/daily feed intake) were measured on 1,505 European whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) from 70 half/full-sib families reared in a split-family design with either a typical FM or a novel soybean meal (SBM) based diet. Diet-specific genetic parameters were estimated with multiple-trait animal models. Lipid% was significantly greater in the FM diet group than in the SBM group, even independent of final BW or total feed intake. In both diets, lipid% showed moderate heritability (0.12 to 0.22) and had positive phenotypic and genetic correlations with DG (0.37 to 0.82) and ADFI (0.36 to 0.88). Therefore, selection against lipid% can be used to indirectly select for lower feed intake. Protein% showed low heritability (0.05 to 0.07), and generally very weak or zero correlations with DG and ADFI. In contrast to many previous studies on terrestrial livestock, lipid% showed zero or very weak phenotypic and genetic correlations with G:F. However, selection index calculations demonstrated that simultaneous selection for high DG and reduced lipid% could be used to indirectly increase G:F; this strategy increased absolute genetic response in G:F by a factor of 1.5 to 1.6 compared with selection on DG alone. Lipid% and protein% were not greatly affected by genotype-diet environment interactions, and therefore, selection strategies for improving body composition within current FM diets should also improve populations for future SBM diets.  相似文献   

14.
Four diets containing 15% CP were formulated to study the effects of dietary carbohydrate and protein sources on N metabolism and carbohydrate fermentation by ruminal bacteria. Diets were supplied to eight dual-flow continuous culture fermenters during three experimental periods in a randomized complete block design. Six replications were obtained for each diet. Treatments were arranged as a 2 X 2 factorial with two carbohydrate and two protein sources. Carbohydrate sources were corn and barley and protein sources were soybean meal (SBM) and fish meal (FM). Approximately 40% of the dietary CP was derived from SBM or FM and corn or barley provided 39% of dietary DM. All diets contained 15% grass hay, 20% wheat straw, and 10.1 to 15.3% solka floc (DM basis). Interactions (P less than .05) were observed between dietary carbohydrate and protein sources, resulting in a depression of VFA production (moles/day) and digestion (percentage) of ADF and cellulose when the corn-FM diet was fed. True OM digestion (percentage) was higher (P less than .05) for SBM than for FM diets and for corn than for barley diets. Although dietary CP degradation (percentage) was higher (P less than .05) for SBM than for FM diets, non-NH3 N in the effluent (grams/day) was not different among diets due to a greater (P less than .05) bacterial N flow for SBM than for FM diets. Despite the lower amino acid (AA) intake (P less than .05) for corn than for barley diets and also for FM than for SBM diets, flows (grams/day) of total AA, essential AA (EAA), and nonessential AA (NEAA) were similar (P greater than .05) among diets. However, greater (P less than .05) total AA, EAA, and NEAA flows (percentage of AA intake) were found for corn than for barley diets and for FM than for SBM diets. It is concluded, therefore, that ruminal escape protein derived from corn or FM has a significant effect on manipulating AA leaving the ruminal fermentation.  相似文献   

15.
Diets incorporating three different sources of extracted cottonseed meal (CM), soybean meal and an animal protein mixture were evaluated for juvenile rainbow trout. Fish averaging 0.96 g were divided into groups of 30; 3 groups per treatment, and each group was fed one of four diets for a 16-week period. Fish meal (FM) was replaced on a 25% protein basis by each of three different sources of CM from California (CA), Tennessee (TN), and Arkansas (AR), U.S.A. In the three CM-containing diets another 25% soybean meal protein and 50% animal protein mixture were also incorporated to completely replace FM protein. The results of growth rate and feed utilization showed that FM could be entirely replaced by a mixture of plant proteins (CM and soybean meal) and animal by-product proteins. Hematocrit levels were significantly lower in the group fed CM-containing diets than in the control. The findings suggest that CM can be used as a good protein source by the incorporation of at least 15% in diets (25% of fish meal protein replacement), and that the nutritive values of CM in juvenile trout can be different due to their different origin. Significantly higher concentrations of total gossypol were found in faeces of CM-TN (5.8 +/- 0.4 micromol/g) and CM-AR (5.6 +/- 0.6) groups than in that of CM-CA (3.7 +/- 0.4) group. It was documented that gossypol enantiomers, present in an equal proportion in diets, selectively accumulated in liver and bile, whereas equal proportions of (+)- and (-)-enantiomers were found in whole-body and faeces. Depending on CM source, fish can absorb approximately 35-50% of dietary gossypol, and the majority of the absorbed gossypol seemed to be excreted.  相似文献   

16.
A 56-day feeding trial was conducted to access the effect of housefly maggot meal (magmeal) diets on the performance, concentration of plasma glucose, cortisol and blood characteristics of Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings. Seven feeds formulated to contain 36% protein and 20 kJ g−1 gross energy (dry matter basis), were prepared by replacing fish meal with magmeal. Fifteen fingerlings (initial average weight 2.0 ± 0.1 g) stocked per experimental tank were fed in triplicates at 5% body weight in two portions per day (a level previously established). Growth and food conversion ratio were adequate and comparable without any significant differences (p < 0.5) between feeding groups. Mean values for haematocrit and plasma glucose were not significantly different (p < 0.05) among the feeding groups. Fish group fed control diet (containing highest inclusion level of fish meal and without magmeal) gave the lowest haemoglobin concentration (5.96 ± 0.22 g dl−1). This value was significantly different from other feeding groups. Stressful conditions in fish and in mammals are associated with decreased growth, haematocrit (packed cell volume) and haemoglobin values, increased whole blood glucose (hyperglycaemia) and plasma cortisol concentrations. No such physiological changes were observed in this study. Results suggest that feeding O. niloticus fingerling with magmeal diets did not cause any form of physiological stress. Magmeal can be used as a good alternative protein source in tilapia diets.  相似文献   

17.
Three experiments were conducted to evaluate pet food-grade poultry by-product meal (PBM) as a replacement protein source for fish meal (FM), blood meal (BM), and spray-dried plasma protein (SDPP) in weanling pig diets. In the first study, 200 crossbred pigs (initial BW = 6.5 kg) were weaned (21 d) and randomly allotted to one of four dietary treatments, which included a control and three test diets where PBM was substituted for FM, blood products, or both. Experimental diets were fed during Phase I (d 0 to 5 postweaning) and Phase II (d 5 to 19), and a common Phase III diet was fed from d 19 to 26. Overall (d 0 to 26), there was no difference in performance of pigs fed PBM in place of the other ingredients. However, during Phase I, BW (P < 0.05), ADG (P < 0.02), and intake (P < 0.001) in pigs fed diets containing SDPP were greater than those fed diets with PBM. In Exp. 2, the performance of pigs (n = 100, initial BW = 6.5 kg) fed diets containing 20% PBM (as-fed basis, replacing SDPP, BM, FM, and a portion of the soybean meal) in all phases of the nursery diet was compared with a group fed conventional diets without PBM. There were no differences in overall performance (d 0 to 26); however, ADG (P < 0.10) and feed intake were higher (P < 0.01) for pigs fed the conventional diet than for pigs fed the 20% PBM diet during Phase I (d 0 to 5). Experiment 3 was a slope-ratio assay to determine the ability of PBM to replace SDPP. A total of 320 pigs (initial BW = 7.32 kg) was weaned (21 d) and allotted to five treatment groups in three trials in a blocked design with product (SDPP or PBM) as the first factor, and lysine level (1.08, 1.28, 1.49%; as-fed basis) as the second factor. Growth rate increased with increasing lysine (P < 0.05), regardless of the source. These results indicate that PBM can be used in nursery diets in place of blood meal and fish meal without affecting performance. Furthermore, although feeding PBM in Phase I diets was not equivalent to SDPP during the first week, there was no overall difference in performance at the end of the nursery phase.  相似文献   

18.
通过2个试验研究了饲料中添加蛋白酶AG对鲤鱼生长和前肠蛋白质消化酶活性的影响.试验Ⅰ选用540尾均重11.7 g的鲤鱼,随机均分为6组,随机选取3组分别饲喂鱼粉含量为10%、15%、20%的3种等蛋白基础饲料,另外3组分别饲喂添加有175 mg/kg蛋白酶AG的以上3种饲料,试验期60 d.试验Ⅱ选取120尾均重48.7 g的鲤鱼,随机分为2组,一组饲喂鱼粉含量6%的基础饲料为对照组,另外一组饲喂添加175 mg/kg蛋白酶AG的基础饲料为试验组,试验期为30 d.试验Ⅰ结果表明:摄食10%鱼粉饲料和20%鱼粉 175 mg/kg蛋白酶AG饲料的鲤鱼分别具有最低和最高的增重率;在10%鱼粉饲料中添加蛋白酶AG显著提高了鱼体增重率(P<0.05),但在15%、20%鱼粉饲料中添加蛋白酶AG,对鱼体增重率没有显著影响.试验Ⅱ结果表明:相比于对照组,试验组鲤鱼增重率提高了6.4%(P<0.05),饲料系数降低了5.4%(P<0.05).试验Ⅰ和试验Ⅱ中,添加蛋白酶AG对鱼体肌肉水分、粗脂肪、粗蛋白质含量均无显著影响(P>0.05);对消化酶活性的测定表明,在鱼粉含量为10%、6%的基础饲料中添加蛋白酶AG,可显著提高前肠组织蛋白酶活性和食糜蛋白酶活性(P<0.05),但在鱼粉含量为15%、20%的基础饲料中添加蛋白酶AG,对前肠组织蛋白酶活性和食糜蛋白酶活性没有影响.综上所述,在鱼粉含量较低的饲料中添加蛋白酶AG,可提高鲤鱼消化道蛋白酶活性,改善生长性能.  相似文献   

19.
本试验旨在研究低磷低鱼粉饲料中添加植酸酶和蛋白酶对草鱼生长性能、消化酶活性、营养物质表观消化率和免疫力的影响。试验选取平均体重为9.66 g的健康草鱼630尾,随机分为7个组,每组3个重复,每个重复30尾鱼。7组草鱼饲喂如下试验饲料:正常磷(磷酸二氢钙添加量2.0%)正常鱼粉(鱼粉添加量3.0%)饲料(对照)、低磷(磷酸二氢钙添加量1.3%)正常鱼粉饲料、低磷正常鱼粉并添加0.03%植酸酶饲料、正常磷低鱼粉(鱼粉添加量1.5%)饲料、正常磷低鱼粉并添加0.05%蛋白酶饲料、低磷和低鱼粉饲料、低磷低鱼粉并添加0.03%植酸酶和0.05%蛋白酶饲料。饲养试验持续56 d。结果显示:与饲喂正常磷正常鱼粉饲料草鱼相比,饲喂低磷低鱼粉饲料草鱼的增重率、特定生长率、营养物质(干物质、蛋白质、钙和磷)表观消化率、肠道消化酶(胰蛋白酶、糜蛋白酶和淀粉酶)活性、血清溶菌酶活性均显著降低(P<0.05),饲料系数和血清丙二醛含量显著升高(P<0.05)。在低磷正常鱼粉饲料、正常磷低鱼粉饲料、低磷低鱼粉饲料中分别添加植酸酶、蛋白酶、植酸酶与蛋白酶后,草鱼的上述指标均得到显著改善(P<0.05)。以上结果表明,在低磷低鱼粉饲料中添加植酸酶和蛋白酶能够提高草鱼的营养物质表观消化率、肠道消化酶活性和免疫力,从而改善其生长性能。  相似文献   

20.
Five experiments were conducted to determine the effects of different wheat gluten (WG) sources (Source 1 = enzymatically hydrolyzed, Source 2 = nonmodified ring-dried, Source 3 = spray-dried, and Source 4 = flash-dried) on growth performance of nursery pigs compared with soybean meal (SBM), spray-dried animal plasma (SDAP), or other specialty protein sources. In Exp. 1, pigs (n = 220, initially 6.1 +/- 2.5 kg) were fed a control diet containing (as-fed basis) 6% SDAP or WG Source 1 or 2. The WG and l-lysine*HCl replaced 50 or 100% of the SDAP. From d 0 to 21, increasing WG (either source) decreased ADG and ADFI (linear, P < 0.01), but improved (linear, P < 0.02) G:F. In Exp. 2, pigs (n = 252, initially 6.2 +/- 3.0 kg) were fed a negative control diet containing no SDAP or WG, diets containing (as-fed basis) 9% WG Source 1 or 5% SDAP, or combinations of WG and SDAP where WG and l-lysine*HCl replaced 25, 50, or 75% of SDAP. From d 0 to 14, pigs fed increasing WG had decreased ADG (linear, P < 0.05). In Exp. 3, pigs (n = 240, initially 7.0 +/- 2.5 kg) were fed a negative control diet, a diet containing (as-fed basis) either 3, 6, 9, or 12% WG Source 3, or a positive control diet containing 5% SDAP. The diets containing 9% WG and 5% SDAP had the same amount of SBM. From d 0 to 7, pigs fed 5% SDAP had greater (P < 0.04) ADG than pigs fed the diet containing 9% WG. From d 0 to 14, increasing WG had no effect on ADG, ADFI, or G:F. In Exp. 4, pigs (n = 200, initially 6.0 +/- 2.4 kg) were fed a negative control diet, the control diet with (as-fed basis) 4.5 or 9.0% WG Source 1, or the control diet with 2.5 or 5.0% SDAP. Diets containing WG and SDAP had similar SBM levels. From d 0 to 7 and 0 to 14, increasing SDAP tended to improve (linear, P < 0.06) ADG, but increasing WG had no effect. In Exp. 5, 170 barrows and gilts (initially 7.5 +/- 2.8 kg) were used to determine the effects of WG Source 1 and 4 compared with select Menhaden fish meal or spray-dried blood cells and a negative control diet (SBM) on the growth performance of nursery pigs from d 5 to 26 postweaning (d 0 to 21 of experiment). No differences were found in ADG or G:F, but pigs fed the diet containing (as-fed basis) 2.5% spray-dried blood cells had greater ADFI than pigs fed the negative control from d 0 to 21. Wheat gluten source had no effect on ADG, ADFI, or G:F. The results of these studies suggest that increasing WG in diets fed immediately after weaning did not improve growth performance relative to SBM or SDAP.  相似文献   

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