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1.
Humic acids (HAs) from four soils were fractionated by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) on Sephadex G-75. Three fractions were obtained in all humic acids, collected and assayed by Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). The unfractionated HA from each soil was used as reference. Each chromatographic fraction formed one electrophoretic zone corresponding closely to one band of the reference sample with some admixture of the fractions preceding or following. The results indicate that fractionation of HAs by tandem SEC-PAGE can be successfully used for obtaining fractions of reduced polydispersity and different electrophoretic mobilities. Pyrolysis/methylation-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of the full size preparations of HA and fractions with exactly defined molecular size and electrophoretic mobility showed a different distribution in humic components, mainly lipids, lignin derivatives and N-containing compounds.  相似文献   

2.
The structure of humic acids (HAs) in zonal soil types—soddy-podzolic soils (two samples), gray forest soil (one sample), and chernozems (two samples)—was quantitatively studied by 13C NMR spectros-copy. In the series considered, the content of unsubstituted carbon in the aromatic fragments of HAs increased, and the fraction of unsubstituted aliphatic structures decreased. HAs of soddy-podzolic soils were found to be enriched with carbohydrate fragments compared to HAs of chernozems and gray forest soil. The carbon skeleton of HAs from typical rich chernozem contained significantly more aliphatic and carbohydrate fragments compared to typical chernozem, which probably reflected the lower degree of HA transformation in rich chernozem.  相似文献   

3.
Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in combination with size-exclusion chromatography (SEC–PAGE) has been used to obtain stable electrophoretic fractions of different molecular size (MS) from chernozem humic acids (HAs). Three-dimensional fluorescence charts of chernozem HAs and their fractions have been obtained for the first time, and all fluorescence excitation–emission maxima have been identified in the excitation wavelength range of 250–500 nm. It has been found that fractionation by the SEC–PAGE method results in a nonuniform distribution of protein- and humin-like fluorescence of the original HA preparation among the electrophoretic fractions. The electrophoretic fractions of the highest and medium MSs have only the main protein-like fluorescence maximum and traces of humin-like fluorescence. In the electrophoretic fraction of the lowest MS, the intensity of protein-like fluorescence is low, but the major part of humin-like fluorescence is localized there. Relationships between the intensity of protein-like fluorescence and the weight distribution of amino acids have been revealed, as well as between the degree of aromaticity and the intensity of humin-like fluorescence in electrophoretic fractions of different MSs. The obtained relationships can be useful in the interpretation of the spatial structural organization and ecological functions of soil HAs.  相似文献   

4.

Purpose

Data management strategies of pyrolysis results and NMR acquisition modes were examined in humic acids (HAs) from control soils and fire-affected soils. The information supplied by dipolar dephasing (DD) 13C NMR spectroscopy and Curie-point pyrolysis were used to assess chemical structures hardly recognizable and measurable, or of unclear interpretation, when using 13C NMR under standard acquisition pulses (cross-polarization/magic angle spinning, CPMAS).

Materials and methods

The HAs were isolated from two forest soils under Pinus halepensis and Pinus sylvestris in control and burned sites affected by medium or severe-intensity wildfires. For NMR analyses, during DD acquisition conditions, a 180° 13C pulse was inserted to minimize phase shifts. Curie-Point pyrolysis was carried out at 510 °C for 5 s, and the pyrolysis fragments were analyzed by GC/MS. The total abundances of the major pyrolysis products were compared by an update of the classical Van Krevelen’s graphical-statistical approach, i.e., as surface density values in the space defined by the compound-specific H/C and O/C atomic ratios.

Results and discussion

The DD 13C NMR experiments displayed significant differences in the HA spectral profiles as regards to the standard CPMAS 13C NMR acquisition conditions, mainly in the chemical shift region of alkyl structures as well as for tannin- or carbohydrate-like O-alkyl structures. In fact, the comparison between DD and CPMAS solid-state NMR suggested shortening of alkyl chains and generation of carbohydrate-derived, unsaturated structures—viz. furans—which adds to the aromatic domain. Pyrolytic results showed fire-induced specific changes in HAs chemical structure and its molecular diversity. The changes were evident in the location and sizes of the different clusters of pyrolysis compounds defined by their atomic ratios.

Conclusions

The DD 13C NMR provided specific information on the fate of aliphatic structures and the origin of unsaturated HA structures, which could be helpful in differentiating “inherited” from “pyrogenic” aromatic structures. This is further confirmed by the analysis of the molecular assemblages of pyrolytic products, which showed accumulation of condensed polyaromatic domains in the HAs after the high-intensity fire, accompanied by a recalcitrant alkyl hydrocarbon domain. Medium-intensity fire led to aromaticity increase due to a selective accumulation of lignin-derived phenols concomitant to the depletion of aliphatic hydrocarbon constituents.
  相似文献   

5.
Although condensed aromatic components are considered to be one of the major structural units of soil humic acids (HAs) and to be responsible for the dark colour of HAs, their amount and composition remain largely unknown. In ruthenium tetroxide oxidation (RTO), condensed aromatic components are detectable as their degradation products, mainly benzenepolycarboxylic acids (BPCAs). We applied this technique to soil HAs with various degrees of humification (darkening). The yields of water‐ and dichloromethane‐soluble products from HAs upon RTO after methylation ranged from 210 to 430 mg g−1 and 10–40 mg g−1, respectively. Eight kinds of BPCAs with two to six carboxyl groups, and seven kinds of BPCAs with additional side chains (tentative assignment) were obtained as methylated counterparts. The yield of each BPCA and the sum of the yields of BPCAs (12–85 mg g−1 HAs) increased with increasing degree of humification and aromatic C content. The compositions of BPCAs indicated that the degree of condensation was greater in the HAs with greater degrees of humification. The sum of the yields of aliphatic compounds ranged from 0.1 to 6.5 mg g−1, and decreased with increasing degree of humification. The C12 to C30 monocarboxylic acid methyl esters accounted for > 56% of the aliphatic compounds assigned, which may be present mainly as end alkyl groups in the HA molecules. We also obtained the methylated counterparts of C14 to C24 dicarboxylic acids; these were possibly derived from polymethylene bridges between adjacent aromatic rings.  相似文献   

6.
In the presence of H2O2 as donor, horseradish peroxidase was used to catalyze the polymerization of seven monomeric phenols. Yields of humic acid (HA) polymers from meta phenols—resorcinol and phloroglucinol—were insignificant. Of the five ortho and para phenols—phenol, catechol, hydroquinone, pyrogallol and 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene—all except hydroquinone inhibited the enzyme at high concentration. The kinetics of polymerization of the ortho and para compounds were complex and dependent on the concentration of both electron acceptor and donor.The percentage yield of HA before dialysis was far greater from pyrogallol than from catechol or hydroquinone. After dialysis, the yield of the catechol HA was higher than those of the hydroquinone and pyrogallol HAs. A higher molecular weight for the catechol HA over those of the hydroquinone and pyrogallol HAs was also indicated by the lowest E4/E6 ratio and highest free radical content.All of the synthetic HAs were relatively rich in free radicals, suggesting that their synthesis occurred via free radicals, i.r. and 13C NMR spectra showed that the HAs were molecularly complex polymers or mixtures of complex aromatic structures rich in phenolic OH groups and to a lesser extent in CO2H groups. The only HA which showed fine structure in the i.r. spectrum was the pyrogallol HA; the presence of aryl ethers was indicated. 13C NMR spectra showed that all synthetic HAs were highly aromatic, that aromatic rings of the initial phenols had been built into the HAs, but that molecular environments around phenolic OH groups had changed during the formation of the HAs.  相似文献   

7.
The relationships between surface active properties and humic acid (HA) particle sizes were investigated. Two HAs from an Ando soil and a Brown forest soil were separated into 6 particle size fractions by gel permeation chromatography. Surface-active properties characterized by surface excess value (\gT mol cm-2), cross-sectional surface area per molecule (A nm2), critical micelle concentration (CMC g L-1), efficiency and effectiveness of water surface tension reduction were obtained by the measurement of the surface tension of HA solutions from different particle size fractions. For the HA from the Ando soil, except for the smallest particle size fraction, increasing particle size enhanced the efficiency of reduction of the water surface tension and decreased the CMC, while the effectiveness of reduction of the water surface tension was about the same. The surface activity of the HA from the Ando soil increased with increasing particle size. This phenomenon was similar to the surface activity of a homologous series of surfactants, which increased with increasing alkyl chain length. For the HA from the Brown forest soil, the smallest particle size fraction and three large fractions showed a high efficiency, namely a high surface activity. The smallest fraction from the Brown forest soil showed the highest efficiency and the lowest CMC value. In both HAs, the smallest particle size fraction showed exceptional surface-active properties compared with the other fractions and three fractions with large particle size showed a higher surface activity than other smaller fractions.  相似文献   

8.
To separate soil humic acids (HAs) into their constituents and characterize them, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) was carried out in the presence of 7 M urea using a preparative electrophoresis system. Two types of soil HAs were fractionated into nine fractions by PAGE. The dark-colored constituents were recovered from the electrophoretic fractions by precipitation on acidification, and the brown-colored constituents dissolved in the acidic solution of fast-moving fractions were recovered by adsorption onto DAX-8 resin. High-performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) confirmed that the constituents of the HAs were separated based on their molecular size by PAGE. The dark-colored constituents exhibited higher degrees of humification than did the corresponding unfractionated HAs, except for the constituents remaining in the electrophoretic gels at the end of electrophoresis. Diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy revealed that the chemical properties of the dark-colored constituents changed regularly: the content of carboxyl groups decreased and the proportions of proteinous, aliphatic and polysaccharide moieties increased with increasing molecular size. The humification degrees of the constituents adsorbed onto DAX-8 resin were considerably lower than those of the corresponding unfractionated HAs. The chemical properties of the DAX-8-adsorbed constituents were different from those of the dark-colored constituents. Observation of electrophoretic fractions under blue light (470 nm) and HPSEC with fluorescence detection at an excitation wavelength of 460 nm and an emission wavelength of 520 nm showed that green fluorescent substances were largely concentrated in the smallest molecular size fractions and were partitioned into both the dark-colored precipitates and DAX-8-adsorbed fractions. The proportion of organic carbon recovered by precipitation and adsorption onto DAX-8 resin was 45–63%, indicating that substantial parts of the HA constituents were missing. The unrecovered constituents were considered to be acid-soluble, nearly colorless substances. The dissociation of the acid-soluble constituents from the acid-insoluble dark-colored constituents during the preparative PAGE of soil HAs was ascribed to disruption of hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions caused by concentrated urea.  相似文献   

9.
The kinetic parameters of nitrate uptake (Imax, Km and Cmin) were evaluated in young seedlings of Triticum durum L., cv. Appulo, exposed to nitrate and/or to soil‐extracted humic acids (HAs) of different molecular weight. The uptake was enhanced after induction at low levels of nitrate (50 μM KNO3), while it was inhibited after induction at higher concentrations (2000 μM). The kinetic parameters of uptake were selectively influenced by pre‐treatment with HAs: total (TE) and, at a greater extent, low (LMS, < 3500 Da) molecular size humic fraction increased either the nitrate uptake rate (Imax) and the efficiency of the whole transport system (low Km and Cmin), while an opposite result was evidenced in high molecular size (HMS, > 3500 Da)‐treated plants. An additive effect was shown when nitrate and humic substances were provided simultaneously: the uptake rate was enhanced in TE‐ and LMS‐treated plants, but was strongly delayed in HMS‐treated plants. Removal of nitrate and/or humic fractions de‐induced the system and NO3— uptake rate decreased. Exposure to HAs was not able to induce nitrate reductase activity in root and leaf tissues. Inhibitors of protein synthesis p‐fluorophenylalanine and cycloheximide reversed the positive effect of LMS fraction on nitrate uptake. This would support the hypothesis of a promoting effect of HAs on the molecular expression of proteins of the nitrate transport system.  相似文献   

10.
The exchangeable portion of the selectively sorbed 137Cs extractable by a 1 M ammonium acetate solution (α Ex ) for soils, illite, bentonite, and tripolite was found to increase with the increasing concentration of the competitive cation M+ (K+ or NH4+) and can be approximated by a logarithmic relationship. For clinoptilolite, the values of α Ex did not depend on the concentration of M+. The expression 1 − α Ex (C M=n )/α Ex (C M = 16) as a function of the M+ concentration (where α Ex (C M=n ) is the α Ex value at the competitive cation concentration equal to 16 mmol/dm3) was proposed to compare the dependence of α Ex on the concentration of K+ or NH4+in different sorbents. For soils and illite, these dependences almost coincided, which indicated that the selective sorption of 137Cs in soils is determined by the presence of illite-group minerals.  相似文献   

11.
Possibilities of NMR spectroscopy with 13C nuclei application to the study of soil organic matter and its various fractions is considered. This is a non-destructive method, which is particularly valuable in the analysis of various fractions of soil organic matter. It is regarded as a direct method, and, unlike most of indirect methods, it allows one to obtain reliable estimates of the ratio between virtually all groups of carbon atoms in different organic molecules, including those in humus specimens. Owing to impulse technique and high sensitivity, 13C-NMR spectra may be obtained immediately from soil samples without any extraction operations. The modern technique of obtaining spectra, their mathematical processing (Fourier transform), and data interpretation are considered. The results of applying 13C-NMR to the study of humus substances, water-soluble fractions of soil organic matter, and soil litters from different natural zones are discussed.  相似文献   

12.
The aim of this work was to obtain pure extracellular DNA molecules so as to estimate their longevity in soil by an isotope-based approach. Extracellular DNA molecules were extracted from all horizons of a forest soil and purified by the procedure of Davis (Purification and precipitation of genomic DNA with phenol–chloroform and ethanol. In: Davis LG, Dibner MD, Battey JF (eds) Basic methods in molecular biology. Appleton & Lange, Norwalk, 16–22, 1986) without (DNA1) or with (DNA2) a successive treatment with binding resins followed by elution. The two differently purified DNA samples were compared for their A260/A280 ratio, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and natural abundance of stable (13C and 15N) and radioactive (14C) isotopes. The purity index and the PCR amplification did not differentiate the efficiency of the two purification procedures. The isotopic signature of DNA was more sensitive and was strongly affected by the purification procedures. The isotopic measurements showed that the major contaminant of extracellular DNA1 was the soil organic matter (SOM), even if it is not possible to exclude that the similar δ 13C, δ 15N and Δ14C values of DNA and SOM could be due to the use of SOM-deriving C and N atoms for the microbial synthesis of DNA. For extracellular DNA2, extremely low values of Δ14C were obtained, and this was ascribed to the presence of fossil fuel-derived substances used during the purification, although in amounts not revealed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. The fact that it is not possible to obtain contaminant-free DNA molecules and the potential use of soil native organic compounds during the microbial synthesis of DNA make it not achievable to estimate the age of soil extracellular DNA by radiocarbon dating.  相似文献   

13.
To investigate the chemical heterogeneity of humic acids (HAs), we applied two-dimensional (2-D) electrophoresis to HAs from a compost and two types of soils. In this method, HAs are first separated by isoelectric focusing (IEF) and then separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). IEF and PAGE were carried out in the presence of 7?M urea. Upon 2-D electrophoresis of HAs, dark-colored substances were spread out across the gel mainly in the isoelectric point (pI) range of 3.0–4.5. Green fluorescence was observed in the smaller molecular size region of the gel, especially in the pI range of 3.0–4.5, and the most intense fluorescence was found at the moving front. The gels were divided into 36 sections, and then HA constituents were extracted from the individual sections and recovered by precipitation with acid. The distribution of organic carbon (C) among the gel sections coincided with that of the dark-colored substances on the gel. The total C recoveries were only 43–50%, suggesting that a considerable amount of HA constituents was lost during the extraction from the gels and purification. High-performance size-exclusion chromatography confirmed that the constituents of HAs were separated based on their molecular sizes by PAGE. The measurement of diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectra indicated that the chemical properties of the HA constituents differed depending on the position on the gels and were affected by the molecular size rather than the pI. The fractions of the compost HA were characterized by higher proportions of aliphatic, proteinous and polysaccharide moieties and by the presence of lignin-derived structures. For the soil HAs, the fractions were characterized by a high proportion of the carboxyl group and a low proportion of aliphatic moieties. The proportion of proteinous and polysaccharide moieties in the fractions of soil HAs decreased with decreasing molecular size. The chemical properties of the green fluorescent substances remained unclear, since there was not enough of the substances to measure the DRIFT spectra. The present study showed that 2-D electrophoresis in the presence of concentrated urea offers an effective method for fractionating and isolating the constituents of HAs.  相似文献   

14.
Humic acids (HAs), similar to other fractions of humic substances (HSs), have a large number of reactive functional groups enabling them to aggregate in solutions. Regardless of the origin of humic acid (aqueous or soil), this aggregation process is dependent on environmental conditions and strongly influences the mobility of soluble ionic and molecular pollutants. The aim of this work was to monitor the aggregation process of two humic acids isolated from different mineral soils (IHSS Elliot soil HA standard and Rendzic Leptosol HA) in the 2–11 pH range. Changes in aggregate size in HA sols were followed up using dynamic light scattering (DLS), while zeta potential (ZP) measurements in the same pH range were performed applying laser Doppler electrophoresis (LDE) technique. The effect of HA sol concentration and soil source on aggregation was examined as well. Besides, HA samples were characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy. By inspecting HA‐particle‐size dependence on pH, it can be concluded that both HAs in corresponding sols behave as molecular aggregates or supramolecular structures, formed from small individual moieties (sizes < 10 nm) at higher pH values. The ZP vs. pH curve for both HAs revealed the ZP minimum in the 5–7 pH range, caused most likely by dissociation of acidic functional groups prevailing at lower pH values and deaggregation predominating over dissociation at higher pH values.  相似文献   

15.

Purpose

The fractionation of soil humic acids (HAs) according to their hydrophobicity is a common procedure in the study of this polydispersed complex natural mixture, so that reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) is used resulting in humic components of differing hydrophobic/hydrophilic properties. However, a comparative study of the hydrophobicity of fractions isolated from different soil HAs have not been addressed so far.

Materials and methods

The RP-HPLC with online absorbance detection was used for analysis of International Humic Substances Society soil standard HAs, chernozem soil HAs, and their electrophoretic fractions A, B, and C?+?D, obtained by tandem size exclusion chromatography–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The strong relationship between hydrophobicity, electrophoretic mobility (EM), molecular size (MS), specific absorbance at 280 nm and aromaticity of HAs fractions was found.

Results and discussion

Independently of soil HAs genesis fraction A with lowest EM and highest MS is essentially more hydrophobic (60–73 % of the fraction amount remained adsorbed on the RP column) than medium EM and MS fraction B (33–47 % of the fraction amount remained adsorbed on the RP column). The lowest hydrophobicity belongs to fraction C?+?D with highest EM and lowest MS.

Conclusions

The most hydrophilic aromatic fraction C?+?D seems to have been bound with other mostly aliphatic hydrophobic fractions A and B through non covalent (possibly hydrogen) bonds. These data could be relevant to better understanding the overall makeup of soil HAs and their structural organization.  相似文献   

16.
The basic principles of the electrophoretic behaviour of humic substances (HS) still need to be systematically investigated. HS extracted from a Cryorthod (HS–1) and from an Haplumbrept (HS–2) were first fractionated by ultrafiltration to obtain two series of fractions of reduced polydispersity with a nominal mean relative molecular mass (M) of 7500, 20000, 40000, 75000 and 200 000 Da. Fractions extracted from the same soil behaved like an homologous series when tested by size exclusion chromatography, showing a linear relation of M with molecular size. When plotted against their mean M, the elution volumes of HS fractions extracted from the two different soils originated lines of different slope. Absolute electrophoretic mobilities of the fractions were determined in polyacrylamide gel slabs of increasing polyacrylamide concentration using a single buffer system; in all gels there was a close linear relation between the electrophoretic mobility and the logarithm of the mean M of HS fractions. Extrapolation of mobilities of HS–1 at zero gel concentration gave intercepts that did not differ significantly, showing that there was a constant mobility for all fractions in free solution. These results mean that charge differences have little effect on the electrophoretic mobilities of HS extracted from the same soil and imply the theoretical possibility of determining M distributions of HS by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in a single buffer system. Mobilities of HS–2 fractions were compared with those of HS–1: the latter fitted the regression equations of mobility against logarithm of the molecular weight obtained from HS–1 humic substances only in gels of small acrylamide concentration. Deviations were larger at small M, probably because of the increasing fulvic character of the fractions, and increased in gels of greater acrylamide concentration, indicating that charge differences may not be negligible when comparing humic substances extracted from different soils.  相似文献   

17.

Purpose

This study aimed to investigate comparatively the main chemical and physico-chemical properties of the humic acid (HA) fraction of three different composts and to evaluate the bioactive effects of these HAs on the germination and early growth of four populations of switchgrass.

Materials and methods

Three compost HAs isolated from a green compost (HAGC), a mixed compost (HAMC), and a coffee compost (HACC) were characterized for some chemical and physico-chemical properties, such as ash content, elemental composition, total acidity, carboxylic and phenolic OH group contents, E4/E6 ratio, Fourier Transform infrared (FT IR), and fluorescence spectroscopies. In subsequent experiments conducted in vitro in a climatic chamber under controlled conditions, the bioactive effects of the three HAs at concentrations of 10, 50, and 200 mg?L?1 were tested on the germination and early growth of four switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) populations, the octaploids Shelter, Shawnee and Dacotah, and the tetraploid Alamo.

Results and discussion

The ash content and the E4/E6 ratio were, respectively, much higher or slightly higher for HACC than for the other two HAs. HAMC showed the lowest C and H contents and the highest O content, whereas HAGC had the highest N content. The total acidity and phenolic OH group content followed the order: HAMC?>?HACC?>?HAGC. The fluorescence analysis of the three HAs evidenced a common fluorophore unit possibly associated to simple aromatic structures, such as phenolic-like, hydroxy-substituted benzoic and cinnamic acid derivatives. The FT IR spectra of all HA samples indicated the presence of aromatic phenolic structures. Significant beneficial effects were produced by any HA on switchgrass germination and early growth as a function of the population tested and the HA dose.

Conclusions

Results of this study demonstrated that the addition of compost HAs to the germination medium of four switchgrass populations positively influenced the germination process and the growth of primary root and shoot. Significant correlations were found between HA bioactivity and some HA properties. These results suggest a possible use of compost as soil amendment in areas where switchgrass grows naturally or is cultivated.  相似文献   

18.
中国黑土上腐殖酸和腐殖物质的提取及其描述   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  
Twenty-three progressive extractions were performed to study individual humic acids (HAs) and humin fractions from a typical black soil (Mollisol) in Heilongjiang Province, China using elemental analysis and spectroscopic techniques. After 23 HA extractions the residue was separated into high and low organic carbon humin fractions. HA yield was the highest for the first extraction and then gradually decreased with further extractions. Organic carbon (OC) of the humin fractions accounted for 58% of total OC even after 23 successive HA extractions. In addition, the atomic C/H ratio decreased during the course of extraction while C/O increased; the E4/E6 ratio from the UV analysis decreased with further extraction while E~/E3 increased; the band assigned to aliphatic carbon (2 930 cm-1) in the diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) spectra gradually increased with progressive extraction; the calculated ratio of the sum of aromatic carbon peak heights to that of aliphatic carbon peak heights from DRIFTS spectra declined with extractions; and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data suggested that HA aliphatic carbons increased with extractions while aromatic carbons decreased. Thus, hydrophobicity and aliphaticity of HAs increased with extractions while polarity and aromaticity decreased. These data showed substantial chemical, structural, and molecular differences among the 23 HAs and two humin fractions. Therefore, these results may help explain why soil and sediment humin fractions have high sorption capacity for organic contaminants.  相似文献   

19.
Background, aim, and scope  Hoop pine (Araucaria cunninghamii) is a nitrogen (N) demanding indigenous Australia softwood species with plantations in Southeast Queensland, Australia. Soil fertility has declined with increasing rotations and comparison study of N cycling between hoop pine plantations, and adjacent native forest (NF) is required to develop effective forest management for enhancing sustainable forest production and promoting environmental benefits. Field in situ mineral 15N transformations in these two forest ecosystems have not been studied. Hence, the present study was to compare the differences in soil nutrients, N transformations, 15N fluxes, and fate between the hoop pine plantation and the adjacent native forest. Materials and methods  The study sites were in Yarraman State Forest (26°52′ S, 151°51′ E), Southeastern Queensland, Australia. The in situ core incubation method was used in the field experiments. Mineral N was determined using a LACHAT Quickchem Automated Ion Analyzer. 15N were performed using an isotope ratio mass spectrometer with a Eurovector elemental analyzer. All statistical tests were carried out by the SPSS 11.0 for Windows statistical software package. Results  Soil total C and N were significantly higher in the NF than in the 53-year-old hoop pine plantation. Concentrations of NO3 – were significantly higher in the NF soil than in the plantation soil. The plantation soil had significantly higher 15N and 13C natural abundances than the NF soil. The NF soil had significantly lower C/N ratios than the plantation soil. NO3 ––N was dominated in mineral N pools in both NF and plantation soils, accounting for 91.6% and 70.3% of the total mineral N pools, respectively. Rates of net nitrification and net N mineralization were, respectively, four and three times higher in the NF soil than in the plantation soil. The 15NO3 ––N and mineral 15N were significantly higher in the NF soil than in the plantation soil. Significant difference in 15NH4 +–N was found in the NF soil before and after the incubation. Discussion  The NF soil had significantly higher NO3 ––N, mineral N, total N and C but lower δ15N, δ13C, and C/N ratios than the plantation soil. Moreover, the rates of soil net N mineralization and nitrification were significantly higher, but ammonification rate was lower in the NF than in the plantation. The NF soil had many more dynamic N transformations than the plantation soil due to the combination of multiple species and layers and, thus, stimulation of microbial activity and alteration of C and N pool sizes in favor of the N transformations by soil microbes. The net rate of N and 15N transformation demonstrated differences in N dynamic related to the variation in tree species between the two ecosystems. Conclusions  The change of land use and trees species had significant impacts on soil nutrients and N cycling processes. The plantation had larger losses of N than the NF. The NO3 ––N and 15NO3 ––N dominated in the mineral N and 15N pools in both forest ecosystems. Recommendations and perspectives  Native forest soil had strong N dynamic compared with the plantation soil. Composition of multiple tree species with different ecological niches in the plantation could promote the soil ecosystem sustainability. The 15N isotope dilution technique in the field can be quite useful for studying in situ mineral 15N transformations and fate to further understand actual N dynamics in natural forest soils.  相似文献   

20.
The effect of humic acids (HAs) on physiological processes (photosynthesis, respiration, and abundance) of green microalga Chlorella vulgaris has been studied, and the relationships between the physiological activity of HAs and their structural parameters have been investigated. It has been found that the optimum range of HA concentrations for the growth of C. vulgaris is 0.01–0.03%. In this range, the highest positive effect on total photosynthesis increment is due to hydrophilic HA preparations from fallow soddypodzolic soil (Albic Retisol) and virgin gray soil (Luvic Greyzemic Phaeozem). The minimum stimulation of respiration is noted for all HA preparations in the region of the maximum photosynthesis stimulation. At concentrations above 0.003%, all HA preparations have a negative effect: the rate of photosynthesis in C. vulgaris cells decreases, and their respiration is strongly enhanced. The abundance of C. vulgaris under the effect of all of the studied preparations under illumination increases more rapidly than in the dark. A high positive coefficient of correlation is found between the hydrophilicity of HAs calculated from 13C NMR data and the photosynthesis rate in C. vulgaris.  相似文献   

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