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1.
New technologies based on microarray methods have begun to feature widely in carbohydrate chemistry and biology. These ‘glycoarray’ techniques, which in a number of cases emulate what has been achieved with DNA microarrays, allow for high throughput, quantitative analysis of protein–carbohydrate interactions. Lectin, antibody and enzyme specificity have been evaluated with these new techniques, which also extend to the detection of viruses and bacteria, and serodiagnosis of infection. In the plant field, high throughput mapping of cell wall carbohydrate structures has been reported, giving information not only on the localisation of given glycans within a plant, but also allowing systematic comparison between mutants and species. This review outlines some of the basic principles of ‘glycoarrays’ and illustrates recent reports of their development and application.  相似文献   

2.
The ‘push–pull’ technology is a novel pest management strategy developed for control of stemborers and striga weed, Striga hermonthica, in maize-based farming systems in eastern Africa, where maize is intercropped with desmodium, a forage legume, and Napier grass is planted as a border crop. Desmodium repels stemborer moths while Napier grass attracts them. Desmodium also suppresses the parasitic striga weed through a series of mechanisms ranging from shading to allelopathy through the root system. The technology is currently being disseminated among smallholder farmers in eastern Africa and adoption rates are rising. Our on-station studies have reported efficacy of this technology against the two pests resulting in increased grain yields. The current study was conducted between 2003 and 2006 in 14 districts in western Kenya to assess effectiveness of the technology under farmers’ own conditions. Twenty farmers from each district, who had adopted the technology, were randomly selected for the study. Each farmer had a set of two plots, a ‘push–pull’ and a maize monocrop. Seasonal data were collected on percentage of maize plants damaged by stemborers, the number of emerged striga, plant height and grain yields. Similarly, farmers’ perceptions on the benefits of the technology were assessed using a structured questionnaire. Stemborer damage and striga counts to maize plants were significantly lower in the ‘push–pull’ plots than in the maize monocrop plots. Similarly, maize plant height and grain yields were significantly higher in the former. Farmers rated the ‘push–pull’ technology significantly superior in having reduced stemborers and striga infestation rates and increased soil fertility and grain yields. These results demonstrate that the technology is equally effective in controlling both pests with concomitant yield increases under farmers’ conditions in the districts studied.  相似文献   

3.
Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) is an important medicinal plant produces more than 80 alkaloids belonging to various tetrahydrobenzylisoquinoline derived classes. These alkaloids are obtained from the capsules and straw of the plant. Information on the nature and magnitude of gene effects are required for genetic improvement. Therefore, the continuous assessment of newer breeding materials is mandatory on part of breeders. The objective of this study was undertaken to understand the particular gene action involved in the inheritance of yield and component traits. Two families (VG26 × VG20 and SG35II × VE01) of opium poppy were analyzed to study the gene actions involved in the inheritance of yield and component traits (plant height, leaves per plant, capsules per plant, peduncle length, capsule index, seed and straw yield per plant and morphine content). Simple additive, dominance, and epistatic genetic components were found to be significant. Dominance effect (‘h’) was higher than additive effect (‘d’) for capsule index and morphine content. Digenic interaction indicated the prevalence of dominance × dominance (‘l’) followed by additive × dominance (‘j’) type epistasis. The opposite sign of dominance (‘h’) and dominance × dominance (‘l’) indicated duplicate epistasis for all the traits. Biparental mating followed by recurrent selection involving desired recombinants may be utilized to improve the component traits.  相似文献   

4.
This study was conducted in a controlled environment to evaluate the combined effects of water-deficit (imposed at the stem elongation stage) and high temperature (imposed at the booting stage) on the water use efficiency (WUE) and arabinoxylan concentration of two spring wheat varieties (‘Superb’ and ‘AC Crystal’) commonly grown in Canada. The temperature treatments were 22/12 (day/night, T1) and 32/22 °C (T2). Overall, time to maturity under high temperature was 10 days shorter for ‘Superb’ than for ‘AC Crystal’, indicating that ‘Superb’ was more sensitive to high temperature stress. Leaf relative water content (RWC) and specific leaf area (SLA) were more sensitive to drought than to high temperature for both varieties. Drought and high temperature decreased (P < 0.05) biomass, water use and grain yield but increased WUE of ’Superb’ and ‘AC Crystal’. Without temperature stress, significant drought and variety effects were found on CID (carbon isotope discrimination) which was negatively correlated with WUE. All gas exchange parameters declined under drought and high temperature. High temperature increased the grain arabinoxylan concentration (especially the water-extractable arabinoxylans). The different arabinoxylan fractions were positively correlated with WUE suggesting that arabinoxylans can be increased by selecting for increased WUE.  相似文献   

5.
Cultivar × location interaction for lucerne forage yield across northern Italy is large, repeatable and associated with summer drought-stress level and soil type. The objectives of this study were: (i) to investigate the genotypic factors associated with cultivar adaptive responses to drought-stress and soil factors; (ii) to identify adaptive traits exploitable for selection of widely adapted or specifically adapted material. Aerial dry matter (DM) over 12 harvests and shoot traits of 13 landraces and four varieties were evaluated in four artificial environments created by the factorial combination of drought-stress level (almost nil or high) and soil type (sandy-loam or silty-clay) (Exp. 1). Aerial and root DM over four or five harvests were evaluated in metal containers 55 cm × 12 cm × 75 cm deep for the factorial combinations of three varieties by two drought-stress levels by two soil types (Exp. 2), or six landraces by two drought-stress levels (Exp. 3). Cultivar × environment interaction was detected for forage yield, plant mortality after the second summer, leaflet size and stem weight. The environments of Exp. 1 reproduced well the variety adaptive responses across agricultural environments. The relationship of cultivar forage yield with shoot traits was environment-specific, i.e.: (i) strictly negative with plant mortality, in no-stress environments (where mortality and plant competition were severe); (ii) positive with stem number per plant and autumn-winter growth, in stress environments; (iii) positive with stem dry weight, in ‘stress/sandy-loam soil’; and (iv) positive with leaflet size, in ‘no-stress/sandy-loam soil’. Cultivars specifically adapted to no-stress or sandy-loam conditions showed consistently greater root DM across three soil layers than material with opposite adaptive response. Entry yields tended to inverse genetic correlation between two environments which represented contrasting geographical subregions and were characterized by different combinations of traits associated with higher yield, i.e.: (i) higher root biomass, lower plant mortality and larger leaflets, for ‘no-stress/sandy-loam soil’; and (ii) more stems per plant and greater autumn-winter growth, for ‘stress/silty-clay soil’. The difficulty of yield-based selection for wide adaptation may hardly be overcome by selection based on adaptive traits. Adaptive trait-based selection for specific adaptation may be envisaged especially for ‘stress/silty-clay soil’ conditions, for which the relevant traits are inexpensive to record, not correlated, and not subject to cultivar × environment interaction.  相似文献   

6.
High resolution imaging of the surfaces of starch granules from two different botanical sources has been performed using two complementary techniques: low voltage scanning electron microscopy (LVSEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). LVSEM provided superior images ofuncoatedgranules than possible by conventional scanning electron microscopy, and these images were used to validate the features revealed at higher resolution by AFM. The AFM images demonstrated that, although intra-sample variation exists, the surfaces of wheat and potato starch granules possess substantially different topographies. Potato starch had many protrusions (50–300 nm in diameter), above a flatter surface, which contained structures in the order of 10–50 nm. Wheat starch had far fewer protrusions and generally had a smoother surface made up of 10–50 nm structures. The 10 to 300 nm structures are believed to be carbohydrate in nature and correspond to ‘blocklet’ structures, comprising groups of amylopectin side-chain clusters presenting at the granule surface. We conclude therefore that near-molecular resolution topography of the starch granule surface has been revealed, which has allowed further insight into starch granule structure and molecular organisation.  相似文献   

7.
A five-year field assessment of Meloidogyne exigua-susceptible and –resistant coffee cultivars was conducted in two fields, nematode-infested or –free, in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. The nematode-susceptible cultivars ‘IAC Catuaí Vermelho 144’, ‘Obatã’ and ‘Tupi’, own-rooted or grafted onto the nematode-resistant ‘IAC Apoatã 2258’, were compared in their vegetative development (plant height, number of plagiotropic branches and collar diameter) and productivity (during four harvests) with the nematode-resistant ‘Acauã’, ‘Catucaí 785/15’ and ‘Iapar 59’. In the infested field, the high nematode population drastically reduced the vegetative development and productivity of all cultivars, regardless of their nematode-resistance. This indicates that measures aimed to reduce the M. exigua population must be taken prior to planting any of the currently available resistant genotypes to avoid enormous yield losses. In the nematode-free field, the susceptible cultivars (own-rooted) achieved higher productivity, followed close by ‘Catucaí 785/15’ and ‘Iapar 59’. Therefore, these M. exigua-resistant cultivars should be recommended for nematode-free areas to prevent severe yield loss in the event of field infestation during the plantation's life span.  相似文献   

8.
《Plant Production Science》2013,16(5):546-552
Abstract

In rice plant, carbohydrates accumulated in leaf sheaths before heading are translocated to grain and affect yield formation greatly. To clarify the intrinsic mechanism of carbohydrate metabolism in the leaf sheath, we investigated the temporal and spatial variations of carbohydrate metabolism in the third leaf sheath counted from the top and their varietal differences. The results revealed that the amount of carbohydrate decreased from the base to the tip of the leaf sheath, irrespective of variety and developmental stage. However, the proportion of starch content in the basal one-fifth of the leaf sheath to that in the whole sheath varied from 35% to 60% with the variety. Comparing the activities of enzymes related to starch metabolism at the base, middle and tip of the leaf sheath in IR65598-112-2 (New plant type) with those in Nipponbare, the activities of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, branching enzyme and granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS) showed varietal differences. Particularly, the activity of GBSS may play an important role in the varietal difference in spatial variation of starch content in the leaf sheath. In IR65598-112-2, the sucrose content in the leaf sheath was extremely high, suggesting that sucrose may be one of the carbohydrate reserves in this line.  相似文献   

9.
Kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata Wall. ex Nees) is a medicinal herb of tropical south east Asia and native to India and Sri Lanka. It has been used herb for liver ailment in all prevailing systems of medicine viz. Ayurvedic, Unani, Homeopathic and modern throughout most of the south East Asian countries viz. China, India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Thailand, Burma, and Vietnam, etc. Commercially cultivation of Kalmegh is done through seeds. Optimal germination potential, temperature and first as well as final count day are three primary parameters for developing the seed quality standards. Germination of Kalmegh variety ‘CIM-Megha’ was carried out at six constant temperatures at an interval of every ‘5 °C’ from ‘15 to 40 °C’ temperatures coupled with 16 h light and 8 h dark photo period. The temperature of ‘25 °C’ was found optimally suitable with ‘94.6’ and ‘23.6’ percentage of germination and germination energy, respectively, while the temperature at ‘40 °C’ was deleterious with no germination. Significant decrease in percentage of germination and germination energy was observed at ‘15 °C’, ‘20 °C’, ‘30 °C’ and ‘35 °C’ of temperature in comparison to ‘25 °C’. The study further revealed that days 5-6 and days 7-9 after seed sowing were the ideal for first and final count, respectively for seed germination of Kalmegh.  相似文献   

10.
Five varieties (‘Minoan’, ‘Medea’, ‘Korona’, ‘Przemko’, ‘Kozmosz’) of poppy representing different chemotypes were combined and the alkaloid profiles of F1-F3 progenies were studied during 2006-2009.In the crosses of high alkaloid containing varieties the content of total alkaloids and that of morphine and thebaine showed increased levels in the hybrid generations which persisted till F3. Narcotine (noscapine), however accumulated at lower level than the midparent values and showed a decreasing tendency over generations. A higher number of homogenous strains starts to appear in F3 progenies. The majority of codeine containing individuals concentrates to certain strains. A growing number of high thebaine containing individuals was observed in several combinations. In the crosses with low alkaloid containing parent (‘Przemko’) the F1 exhibits considerable heterosis for total alkaloid content. Low alkaloid containing recessive individuals segregate in F2 and stabilise in F3.Results of our crossing experiments reflected well the effects of genetic regulation at three levels of enzymatic processes during the biosynthesis of poppy alkaloids. Data support the recessive determination of transformations at TyDC (tyrosine decarboxylase) and BBE (berberine bridge enzyme) levels while more complex (polygenic) effects are supposed in controlling the quantity of narcotine (noscapine) and morphinanes. Selection for fixing very low alkaloid content and narcotine may be effective in early F2 generations, however a selection for morphinanes is not worthy before F3.  相似文献   

11.
Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) is a concern for barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) producers, grain processors, and researchers worldwide. Pre-harvest sprouting has been mainly attributed to low dormancy, which is determined by genotype, stage of plant maturation, and environmental conditions during caryopsis development. Fourteen barley genotypes were sown in field experiments at two sites in North Dakota in 2004 and 2005. Spikes were harvested at four different stages: ≈500 g kg−1 moisture content, physiological maturity, harvest maturity, and post-harvest maturity. Results indicated that barley genotypes were released from dormancy at different rates. The 14 barley genotypes were divided into three classes based on their dormancy loss rate during caryopsis development. C93-3230-24 was highly dormant, and ‘Stander’ and ‘Legacy’ were highly susceptible to PHS due to lack of dormancy from as early as 20 d after heading date. All other genotypes fell into the third group that had intermediate dormancy loss rate. No significant correlation was detected between barley α-amylase activity and germination percentage. A moderate association between malt α-amylase activity and caryopsis dormancy suggested that cultivars with increased malt α-amylase activity tend to have low dormancy and may be more prone to PHS.  相似文献   

12.
The winged bean,Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC has been widely recognised as a potentially useful source of protein for tropical regions of the world. A neglected aspect of the plants nutritional quality has been the reporting of the accumulation of aluminum (Al) in the edible parts of the plant; the leaves, pods, seeds and tubers. The accumulation of Al in the plant on acidic tropical soils and the implication of Al to human health problems further justified the inclusion of Al in nutritional analysis. Field experiments on two varieties of the winged bean, the USDA-releaseHi-Flyer and an unnamed variety from the Phillipines, showed that all edible portions of the plant accumulate Al from high to very high levels when compared to an average of usually less than 300 ppm in other crop plants. Aluminum accumulation is generally highest in the youngest tissues particularly in the young roots with levels recorded as high as 25,000 ppm and these contents are as high as levels for recognised Al accumulators such as the leaves ofPinus and tea. Future improvement breeding programs for the winged bean will necessarily require identifying and taking advantage of possible variation in Al accumulation between varieties.  相似文献   

13.
Soilless substrates are primarily used in the production of containerized greenhouse and nursery crops. Sphagnum peat moss is a primary constituent of these substrates and its harvest from endangered ecosystems has become a worldwide concern. Ethanol-extracted, coarse-ground corn (Zea mays L. ‘Silver Queen’) tassels were used as a peat replacement for potting substrates. Replacing peat moss with increasing levels of ground tassel (up to 50%, v/v) elevated pH and electrical conductance, while having variable effects on substrate physical properties (bulk density, percent solids, air porosity, container capacity, and total porosity). Two identical greenhouse experiments separated by time were conducted using tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. ‘Red Robin’) plants grown in 6.0-L pots. In the first experiment, all substrates were similar for total tomato yield per plant and number of fruit per plant, with only the 50% tassel substrate having significantly lower values. There were no differences for plant height or average fruit weight among substrates. No differences were found for any of these variables in the second experiment. This research indicates that extracted ground tassels may be utilized as a suitable replacement for peat in greenhouse substrates for tomatoes.  相似文献   

14.
In judging the value of the varieties and the quality of the edible part one should not forget that the resistance must also be present in other parts of the plant in order to reach the edible portion at all. This is so with diseases of the vascular system in roots, stems and leaves e.g.Fusarium, Plasmodiophora or cabbage fly as the agent of damage. In: Disease resistance in the vegetable crops, III Walker (1964) surveys also the situation in cabbage. Since then our knowledge of the club-root causing fungusPlasmodiophora has risen from 6–7 to at least 16 physiological races.A satisfactory source for club-root resistance in cabbage we only found in plants with pink anthocyanin pigmentation. The inheritance for colour is under complementary genetic control. Sometimes, however, the synthesis of colour is blocked by inhibitors in spite of the presence of a dominant colour gene. We have made use of this breeding pink-free heads.In spite of work on the antocyanin problem in cabbage over the last 20 years, I have been unable to bread white-headed plants which have as good disease resistance as plants with pink colouration in their interiors. In some other plant varieties one can find a similar relationship between disease resistance and anthocyanin colour in particular in the seed. I therefore feel justified to draw attention to the anthocyanin problem. It is also known that the presence of isothiocyanates and similar S-compounds can affect the disease resistance level in the plant. Sulphur containing compounds which co-determined the flavour and odour of the cabbage should be investigated for their influence upon disease resistance before one attempt to change drastically or even reduce them. We also discuss uneveness of the waxy layer in relation to quality and to disease resistance.Attempts were made to crosscauliflower with club-root resistantcabbage in order to obtain better disease resistance in cauliflowerlike plants. Slides are shown which demonstrate the quality problems 12–15 years after crossing, and the difficulties of breeding for cauliflower headlets were often obtained along the stump, but terminal head positions were rare. Quality-wise this cauliflower had more leaves inside the curd than usual. The breeding material segregates also for colour. Better cold — and frost — resistance was observed. If one does not follow up such observations one can lose a lot of disease resistance potential from the breeding material.

Paper presented at the Congress of the International Association for Quality Research on food Plants (CIQ) held in common with the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Qualitätsforschung (Pflanzliche Nahrungsmittel) (DGQ) in Wädenswil, Switzerland, Oktober 1975.  相似文献   

15.
Since its introduction, the ‘push-pull’ technology (PPT) has been promoted as an innovative approach for addressing yield losses caused by Striga weeds and stemborer infestations on farmers’ maize fields in western Kenya. The technology has been disseminated through different pathways each of which might have different uptake enhancement capabilities. This study was concerned with how different dissemination pathways impacted on farmers’ time to adoption while controlling the effects of selected socio-economic and regional factors. This assessment was necessary in order to recommend which dissemination pathway or combination of pathways that could provide an effective dissemination strategy that speed up adoption, while ensuring continued practice of the technology. Data were analyzed using a parametric (Weibull) functional form to specify time to adoption from the first date of a farmer being aware of the technology. The findings indicate positive duration dependence and a positive rate of change in the adoption process. Field days (FD) had the highest effect on the speed of uptake, followed by Farmer Teachers (FT). Other variables that accelerated adoption were education, household size and high-income level. Gender, Tropical Livestock Units (TLUs), group membership, and district dummy variables had delaying effects on the adoption process. The findings suggest the need to fast track the scale up and uptake of PPT through pathways which allow for interactive information sharing and learning as exemplified through farmer teachers and field days.  相似文献   

16.
Dyes derived from natural sources have emerged as an important alternative to synthetic dyes. Therefore, there is a need for developing better solid-liquid extraction techniques for leaching natural colorants from plant materials for applications in plant research, food as well as dyeing industries. The influence of ultrasound on natural colorant extraction from different potential dye yielding plant materials has been studied in comparison with magnetic stirring process as control. The color yielding plant materials used in the present study include Green wattle bark, Marigold flowers, Pomegranate rinds, 4’o clock plant flowers and Cocks Comb flowers. Analytical studies such as UV-VIS spectrophotometry and gravimetric analysis were performed on the extract. The results indicate there is a significant 13-100% improvement in the extraction efficiency of the colorant obtained from different plant materials due to the use of ultrasound. Therefore, this methodology could be employed for extracting coloring materials from plant materials in a faster and effective manner.  相似文献   

17.
《Plant Production Science》2013,16(4):383-390
Abstract

Accumulation of soluble carbohydrates plays an important role in enhancement of resistance to freezing and snow mold of plants during cold acclimation. Nevertheless, few studies have examined whether changes in cell wall properties are involved in enhancement of resistance during cold acclimation. In this study, four winter wheat cultivars were sown in a field on six different dates during August–October, and their resistance to freezing and snow mold were compared in relation to soluble carbohydrate content and cell-wall mass in leaves. Resistance to freezing and snow mold was much higher in the plants sown on 23 September than in those sown on 9 September. The percentage of cell-wall mass in leaf to total dry mass (%CW) and water-soluble carbohydrate content also increased considerably during 9–23 September. Multiple regression analyses revealed that %CW contributed significantly to freezing resistance, whereas total water-soluble carbohydrate content contributed significantly to snow mold resistance. These results suggest that increased %CW enhances freezing resistance during cold acclimation.  相似文献   

18.
The objective of this study was to use molecular spectral analyses with the diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (DRIFT) bioanlytical technique to study carbohydrate conformation features, molecular clustering and interrelationships in hull and seed among six barley cultivars (AC Metcalfe, CDC Dolly, McLeod, CDC Helgason, CDC Trey, CDC Cowboy), which had different degradation kinetics in rumen. The molecular structure spectral analyses in both hull and seed involved the fingerprint regions of ca. 1536–1484 cm−1 (attributed mainly to aromatic lignin semicircle ring stretch), ca. 1293–1212 cm−1 (attributed mainly to cellulosic compounds in the hull), ca. 1269–1217 cm−1 (attributed mainly to cellulosic compound in the seeds), and ca. 1180–800 cm−1 (attributed mainly to total CHO C–O stretching vibrations) together with an agglomerative hierarchical cluster (AHCA) and principal component spectral analyses (PCA). The results showed that the DRIFT technique plus AHCA and PCA molecular analyses were able to reveal carbohydrate conformation features and identify carbohydrate molecular structure differences in both hull and seeds among the barley varieties. The carbohydrate molecular spectral analyses at the region of ca. 1185–800 cm−1 together with the AHCA and PCA were able to show that the barley seed inherent structures exhibited distinguishable differences among the barley varieties. CDC Helgason had differences from AC Metcalfe, MeLeod, CDC Cowboy and CDC Dolly in carbohydrate conformation in the seed. Clear molecular cluster classes could be distinguished and identified in AHCA analysis and the separate ellipses could be grouped in PCA analysis. But CDC Helgason had no distinguished differences from CDC Trey in carbohydrate conformation. These carbohydrate conformation/structure difference could partially explain why the varieties were different in digestive behaviors in animals. The molecular spectroscopy technique used in this study could also be used for other plant-based feed and food structure studies.  相似文献   

19.
The effect of technological processing on the contents of eight minerals – i.e., calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, phosphorous, potassium, selenium, and zinc – was investigated in pasta making. Milling of durum wheat as well as pasta making were carried out in a pilot plant by using three different grain samples. Pasta samples purchased on the market were also surveyed to gain information on the mineral content of commercial products. The effect of cooking was also investigated in order to determine the retention of the selected elements in the final ‘ready-to-eat’ product. Analyte concentrations in whole grains, semolina, pasta and cooked pasta were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry.  相似文献   

20.
Success in “super” rice breeding has been considered a great progress in rice production in China. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that an improved root system may contribute to better shoot growth and consequently to higher grain yield in “super” rice. Two “super” rice varieties Liangyoupeijiu (an indica hybrid) and Huaidao 9 (a japonica inbred) and two elite check varieties Yangdao 6 (an indica inbred) and Yangfujiang 8 (a japonica inbred) were field-grown at Yangzhou, China in 2006 and 2007. Root and shoot dry weight (DW) was significantly greater in “super” rice varieties than in check ones throughout the growth season in both years, so was the root length density. Root oxidation activity (ROA) and root zeatin (Z) zeatin riboside (ZR) content, in per plant basis, were significantly greater in “super” rice than check varieties before and at heading time. However, both ROA and root Z + ZR content, either in per plant basis or per unit root DW basis, were significantly lower in ‘super’ rice than in check varieties at the mid- and late grain filling stages. Grain yield of the two ‘super’ rice varieties, on average, was 10.2 t ha−1 in 2006 and 11.4 t ha−1 in 2007, and was 13% and 21% higher than that of check varieties, respectively. The high grain yield was mainly due to a larger sink size (total number of spikelets) as a result of a larger panicle. The percentage of filled grains of the two “super” rice varieties, on average, was 72.9% in 2006 and 79.0% in 2007, and was 19.4% and 12.9%, respectively, lower than that of the check varieties. The mean ROA and root Z + ZR content during the grain filling period significantly correlated with the percentage of filled grains. Collectively, the data suggest that an improved root and shoot growth, as showing a larger root and shoot biomass and greater root length density during the whole growing season and higher ROA and root Z + ZR content per plant at early and mid-growth stages, contributes to the large sink size and high grain yield in the “super” rice varieties. The data also suggest the yield of “super” rice varieties can be further increased by an increase in filled grains through enhancing root activity during grain filling.  相似文献   

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