2. Chicks fed on the tannin‐containing diets exhibited a high mortality and significant decreases in body‐weight as well as lower food intakes and higher food intake:weight gain ratios (P<0.01). In rats there was no mortality but the growth and food intake were adversely affected (P< 0.05).

3. Histological changes occurred in the ileal mucosa of chicks. Atrophy and shortening of villi with distortion of their architecture were observed. Similar histological disorders but less pronounced were also found in rats.

4. Histopathology of the liver of both chicks and rats showed an hydropic degeneration of hepatocytes, clearly more severe in the former than in the latter.  相似文献   

2. Lipoxygenase was not involved in this phenomenon since addition of linoleic acid to the diets containing field beans did not improve egg weight.

3. The depressing effect of the field beans was proportional to the proanthocyanidine content of the seed extracted with absolute methanol.

4. In a longer trial (252d) field beans rich in these kinds of tannin decreased laying rate, efficiency of food utilisation and tended to increase mortality.

5. The removal of the hulls from the field beans did not prevent the reduction in egg weight.  相似文献   

2. Substituting triticale for maize, weight for weight, but not on a iso‐nitrogenous basis, in a groundnut oil cake (GNC) starter diet improved weight gain (P < 0.05) when the substitution exceeded 75% without affecting the protein efficiency ratio (PER).

3. A similar substitution in a soybean oil meal diet, improved weight gain (P < 0.05) at 50% or more but PER declined (P < 0.05).

4. The net protein utilisation and protein retention efficiency values of the diets in which maize protein was replaced by triticale protein were significantly reduced.

5. The maize‐GNC diet was equally limiting in methionine and lysine while the triticale‐GNC diet was not.

6. The growth and food efficiency obtained with a triticale‐GNC diet was higher (P < 0.01) than with the maize‐GNC diet but not with a maize‐GNC supplemented with fish meal and methionine.

7. It is concluded that triticale could quantitatively substitute maize in the starter diets.  相似文献   

2. Neither pelleting diets nor heat processing the beans by autoclaving proved beneficial. A continuous‐flow process for infra‐red heating of the seeds at 150 °C for 70 s followed immediately by flaking (micronisation) gave inconsistent results.

3. Beans having a white skin with associated low tannin content, did not support significantly higher egg production than did a normal brown‐skinned bean, thus indicating that tannin was not the main anti‐nutritive factor.

4. A cotyledon fraction, obtained by mechanical removal of the tannin‐containing skin from brown beans, did not support higher egg production than did the whole bean, and the corresponding brown‐skin fraction did not reduce egg production when substituted for cereal in the control diet. Again this indicated that tannin was not implicated.  相似文献   

2. Supplementing the diet with DAC equivalent to 25 g protein/kg did not improve egg production, the efficiency of food utilisation, egg weight, nitrogen retention or the apparent absorption of lysine and methionine; increases in food intake and in the concentration of methionine in the serum and liver were observed.

3. Adding sodium sulphate, alone or with DAC, did not affect the variables noted above.

4. Supplementation of the basal diet with methionine increased egg production, egg weight, food intake and the concentrations of lysine in the serum and liver.

5. It is concluded that the supplemental NPN was used only in serum protein synthesis.  相似文献   

2. In the first a low methionine diet with 2.6 g methionine/kg was supplemented with 0.3, 0.6, 0.9 and 1.2 g DL‐methionine/kg. Choline at 1.12 g/kg was added to the diets, which contained 5.4, 6.0 and 6.6 g TSAA.

3. In the second diets with 3.02, 3.80, 4.53, 5.30, 6.04 and 6.51 g TSAA/kg were used and 0.94 g choline/kg was added to these diets.

4. Supplemental methionine increased egg production but not egg weight in the first experiment. When the low TSAA diet was supplemented with choline, egg output increased slightly but not significantly.

5. When supplemental methionine was added to the low protein and TSAA diets in experiment 2 it increased egg production and egg weight. Added choline did not increase egg production or egg weight, even with the diet very low in protein and TSAA. Body weight gain, food intake and feed conversion efficiency of food utilisation were improved by supplemental methionine but not choline.  相似文献   

2. The experimental diet was calculated to be low in energy and methionine and high in fibre by conventional standards. Birds ate up to 12% more of this diet, but the calculated intakes of energy and methionine were less than those of the corresponding controls.

3. White stocks fed on the experimental diet produced seven eggs less per bird than controls while the production of brown stocks was essentially unaffected.

4. The gross efficiency of energy utilisation for egg production was better with the experimental diet.  相似文献   

2. Chemical analyses indicated lathyrus to be high in crude protein with adequate concentrations of most inorganic elements and amino acids except methionine and cystine.

3. The performance of growing chicks fed 800 g/kg lathyrus over a four week period was significantly poorer than those given a wheat/ soyabean meal‐based diet (P<0.05), but there appeared to be some adaptation to the antinutritive factors in the lathyrus.

4. Chick performance was markedly improved by dietary methionine supplementation alone (P<0.05); it was slightly better when trypto‐phan was added in combination with methionine but was still inferior to that on a wheat/soyabean meal‐based diet.

5. Supplementation of lathyrus‐based diets with methionine and tryto‐phan may improve chick performance, but it is not sufficient to overcome the effects of antinutritive factors in the legume.  相似文献   

2. For both cockerels and chicks, the digestibility and TMEn of semipurified starches from triticale were higher than those from beans. Starch digestibilities of triticales (range 99.1 to 97.7%), of semipurified starches from triticales (range 96.5 to 89.9%) and from field beans (range 75.4 to 71.6%) were similar for both cockerels and chicks.

3. The addition of NT‐hulls improved, in general, the digestibility of semipurified starches for both chicks and cockerels, which suggests that fibre improves the digestion of semipurified starches.

4. The effects of tannins of T‐hulls on semipurified starch from beans and from triticale were different. Tannins always decreased the digestibility and TMEn of semipurified starch from field beans but only decreased the digestibility and TMEn of semipurified starch from triticale when fed to chicks, but not when fed to cockerels.

5. The addition of tannin extract always decreased the digestibility of semipurified starches by a greater amount than T‐hulls, which supports the idea that the effect of tannins depends on the quantity of tannin ingested.  相似文献   

2. In the first experiment the diets contained 0, 8 (with and without supplementary methionine, lysine, or methionine and lysine) or 16% lupin meal: addition of the lupin meal required a concomitant addition of 5 % rapeseed meal (by computer selection).

3. The diets were fed from 38 to 65 d and did not affect live‐weight but the efficiency of food utilisation was significantly worse on the 16 % lupin, 5% rapeseed meal diet than it was on the control diet.

4. The second experiment was designed as a 2 x 4 factorial to separate any effect due to rapeseed meal from that due to lupin meal, the treatments, which were applied from 1 to 62 d, being 0, 8, 16 and 24% lupin meal with and without 5 % rapeseed meal.

5. Birds gained more rapidly in the second experiment on diets containing 16 or 24% lupin meal whereas live‐weight was depressed when 5% rapeseed meal was included in the diets containing 0 or 8% lupin.

6. The 16 and 24% lupin treatments also had added dietary fat from 6 to 9 weeks of age and this may have ameliorated the adverse effect of rapeseed meal.

7. Up to 16% lupin meal and 5% rapeseed meal had no detectable effect on the colour, appearance, flavour or texture of roasted chicken meat when evaluated by a trained taste panel.  相似文献   

2. Commercial broiler chicks were fed from 7 to 49 d of age on 15 experimental diets which varied in their concentrations of tannins and animal fat (tallow), by the inclusion of different amounts of high and a low protein varieties of sorghum.

3. Substitution of a low tannin sorghum completely for maize did not have any significantly adverse effect on performance. Broiler chicks could tolerate up to 2.6 g tannin/kg above which their performance was reduced. Addition of tallow did not significantly affect broiler performance except at the highest tannin content and added fat intake, where weight gain and efficiency appeared to improve significantly.  相似文献   

2. From the chemical analysis the metabolisable energy (ME) content of salseed meal would be expected to be 11.22 MJ/kg. In vivo assay with chicks yielded values considerably less than this, 7.1 MJ/kg being found at an inclusion rate of 150 g/kg diet.

3. As the inclusion rate of salseed meal was increased to 300 g/kg, dietary ME and the digestion and retention of dietary protein decreased.

4. More than 50 g salseed meal/kg in the diet of chicks resulted in poor growth rate and food conversion.  相似文献   

2. Chemical tests indicated 72.5% of the total lysine in HFM was available.

3. Total lysine concentration of 11.3 g/kg diet maximised performance during the period 0 to 34 d.

4. Reduction in dietary methionine content during the period 0 to 34 d from 4.2 g/kg to 3.2 g/kg did not depress performance on diets containing 60 g HFM/kg.

5. The results indicate that at least 57% by weight of the total sulphur amino acid requirement of broilers can be provided by cystine.  相似文献   

2. Both methionine sources were added at equimolar concentrations of 0.03, 0.07, 0.11, 0.15, 0.20 and 0.25% to the diet.

3. A non‐linear multi‐exponential regression model was used to describe the weight gain and food conversion response to supplemental sources of methionine.

4. Compared with DL‐methionine on an equimolar basis, bioefficacy of MHA‐FA was calculated at 73% from weight gain and 68% from food conversion data, respectively. This corresponds to an efficiency of Alimet® between 60 and 64% relative to DL‐methionine on a weight for weight basis.  相似文献   

2. In experiment 1 egg production was 84% using a conventional control diet, 61% with a basal low‐protein diet, and 79% with the basal diet supplemented with 10 essential amino acids + L‐glutamic acid (GA).

3. In experiment 2 supplementation with lysine and methionine (L + M) alone increased egg production significantly from 54 to 72%, compared with 83% with the conventional diet.

4. In experiment 3 egg production was 55% with the basal diet, 71% with the basal diet + L + M, 75% with a diet containing 141 g protein/kg + L + M, and 73% with the conventional diet.

5. In all three experiments supplementation with GA alone either gave no significant response or a depression in production.

6. Daily intakes of 1.24 g nitrogen as non‐essential amino acids and 13 to 14 g total crude protein per bird resulted in good egg production. Supplementation of the basal diet with L + M resulted in a daily intake of 413 mg methionine/bird day which was considered adequate, and a daily intake of 710 mg lysine which was considered slightly inadequate.  相似文献   

2. Body weight and food utilisation efficiency of White Leghorns at 10 d of age were not affected by diet, whereas the lower concentrations of lysine and methionine depressed these traits in White Rocks.

3. Tryptophan deficiency reduced food intake of White Leghorns, but not White Rocks.

4. With choice feeding of balanced and deficient diets from day 10 to 16, preferences between the diets were minimal for White Leghorns, whereas for White Rocks there was an almost immediate preference for the balanced diet, followed by lack of preference or preference for the deficient diet.

5. Apparently for some genetic stocks there is rapid adjustment to deficiencies in these amino acids with overconsumption, followed by compensation for preference of the balanced diet. The response, however, will vary depending on the deficient amino acid.  相似文献   

2. The difference between the NPU values, 0.66 for yeast and 0.80 for the soyabean meal and fish meal mixture, could largely be attributed to the high nucleic acid content of the yeast.

3. Chicks given the diet containing yeast (190 g/kg) did not grow as rapidly as those given the soyabean meal and fish meal reference diet, and the reduced growth could only partly be explained by a marginal deficiency of methionine.

4. Food conversion efficiency with the yeast diet was improved by maize oil while responses to α‐tocopheryl acetate and sodium selenite were inconsistent.

5. Chicks grew well when yeast replaced fish meal in the mixture of soyabean meal and fish meal, and when fish meal (194 g/kg diet) was the sole protein supplement.  相似文献   

In the first experiment a basal soyabean meal diet (14.3 per cent crude protein) was supplemented with L‐lysine and DL‐methionine, singly and together. Supplementation of the basal soyabean diet with the amino acids caused no significant effects on egg production, mean and total egg weight or food conversion efficiency. None of the soyabean diets proved as satisfactory for egg production or food conversion efficiency as a fish meal control diet (16.9 per cent crude protein).

In the second experiment the effect of adding 0.1 per cent each of L‐lysine and DL‐methionine or 0.2 per cent each of l‐lysine and DL‐methionine to a low fish meal diet (2.5 per cent fish meal) was examined. The addition of 0.2 per cent of each amino acid caused an increase in egg production.

Mean egg weight was improved by the addition of amino acids at both levels although this effect was not statistically significant. Comparison of the low fish meal diets with a fishmeal control diet (10 per cent fishmeal) showed that at the 0.2 per cent addition of amino acids, egg production, total egg weight and food conversion efficiency were better than on the 10 per cent fish meal control diet.

Two breeds, light and medium hybrids were used in both experiments.

The results are discussed with reference to their practical significance.  相似文献   

2. Substitution of 141 g MSK/kg diet for maize in a practical diet did not affect performance of chicks, whereas adverse effects occurred with 282 g or more/kg.

3. Processing of MSK improved performance but it was still not equivalent to that achieved with maize.

4. Increasing the protein content of the diet containing processed MSK from 207 to 226 g/kg did not improve performance and replacing ground nut meal with soyabean meal depressed performance.  相似文献   

2. Dietary rapeseed had no effect on the onset of lay when fed from 17 weeks of age but caused a delay when fed from 10 weeks of age: changing to a control soyabean diet for the laying period resulted in normal egg production.

3. Diets containing B. napus but not B. campestris consistently depressed egg production and reduced egg weight in one experiment. Mustard seed meal did not affect performance.

4. Significant number of eggs with a “fishy” taint were laid by brown‐egged birds fed on a diet containing rapeseed.

5. Thyroids of birds fed on rapeseed meal diets during the laying period were significantly heavier than those of birds fed on diets containing mustard seed or soyabean.

6. The enlargement of the thyroid gland is probably related to the oxazolidinethione content of the rapeseed.  相似文献