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1.
The presence of arsenic in irrigation water and in paddy field soil were investigated to assess the accumulation of arsenic and its distribution in the various parts (root, straw, husk, and grain) of rice plant from an arsenic effected area of West Bengal. Results showed that the level of arsenic in irrigation water (0.05–0.70 mg l−1) was much above the WHO recommended arsenic limit of 0.01 mg l−1 for drinking water. The paddy soil gets contaminated from the irrigation water and thus enhancing the bioaccumulation of arsenic in rice plants. The total soil arsenic concentrations ranged from 1.34 to 14.09 mg kg−1. Soil organic carbon showed positive correlation with arsenic accumulation in rice plant, while soil pH showed strong negative correlation. Higher accumulation of arsenic was noticed in the root (6.92 ± 0.241–28.63 ± 0.225 mg kg−1) as compared to the straw (1.18 ± 0.002–2.13 ± 0.009 mg kg−1), husk (0.40 ± 0.004–1.05 ± 0.006 mg kg−1), and grain (0.16 ± 0.001–0.58 ± 0.003 mg kg−1) parts of the rice plant. However, the accumulation of arsenic in the rice grain of all the studied samples was found to be between 0.16 ± 0.001 and 0.58 ± 0.003 mg kg−1 dry weights of arsenic, which did not exceed the permissible limit in rice (1.0 mg kg−1 according to WHO recommendation). Two rice plant varieties, one high yielding (Red Minikit) and another local (Megi) had been chosen for the study of arsenic translocation. Higher translocation of arsenic was seen in the high yielding variety (0.194–0.393) compared to that by the local rice variety (0.099–0.161). An appreciable high efficiency in translocation of arsenic from shoot to grain (0.099–0.393) was observed in both the rice varieties compared to the translocation from root to shoot (0.040–0.108).  相似文献   

2.
Summary Trials were carried out in two years on a sandy loam and on a heavy clay soil with two cultivars to examine the potential of chloride fertilization as a tool to reduce blackspot susceptibility of potatoes and to investigate other effects on yield and quality. Blackspot susceptibility was significantly reduced in cv. Marijke, but not in cv. Bintje as a result of increasing doses of applied chloride from 0 to 400 kg ha1. Dry matter concentration, assessed as under-water weight, was reduced by chloride in both cultivars at the two locations. Fry colour of French fries was improved by chloride. Applying 400 kg ha−1 Cl− to both soil types decreased net tuber yield >35 mm of cv. Bintje but not of cv. Marijke. Chloride caused slower emergence, retarded crop development and less stems per plant on the sandy loam soil but not on the heavy clay soil.  相似文献   

3.
Ponded water convection kinetics should be altered by growth stages of rice plants. We investigated the convective velocity of ponded water in a vegetated paddy field. The convective velocity was measured using the equipment through use of the principle of a hot-wire anemometer, and the temperature profile of the ponded water was measured using lysimeters with and without paddy rice vegetation. The maximum convective velocity in a vegetated plot was 0.7 mm s−1, slower than the maximum velocity in an unvegetated plot, which was 1.6 mm s−1. The convective velocity in a vegetated plot increased slightly when the temperature of the surface water was higher than that near the soil, between 09:00 and 17:00.  相似文献   

4.
We investigated the soil and soil water chemistry in abandoned terraced paddy fields (reed stand) and a thicket of deciduous broad-leaved trees (thicket stand) on the same slope in Sado Island, Japan. The soils gathered from these plots were incubated under different water conditions to examine the dynamics of dissolved ions. The organic carbon pool in the soil in the reed stand at the lower slope position was greater than the thicket stand at the middle slope position. The high concentration of base cations and an almost neutral pH of the soil water at the reed stand corresponded with the high exchangeable cation concentrations and base saturation in the soil. These results reflect the mineral-rich groundwater percolating down the slope, which may be produced by chemical weathering. An in situ sulfate reduction in the reed stand at deeper soil horizons was identified. The different water conditions in the incubated soils affected the soil pH(H2O), transformation of Fe, and dominant anions (NO3 −, HCO3 −, and SO4 2−). These biogeochemical processes were more conspicuous in the reed stand at the lower slope position where the concentrations of organic matter and base cations were high. When the abandoned terraced paddy field is developed for the conservation of the Japanese crested ibis (Nipponia nippon) habitat in Sado Island, the reductive subsoil at the lower slope position should be kept waterlogged to limit sulfuric acid generation.  相似文献   

5.
Insufficient puddling with inappropriate implements or imprecise time/intensity may alter saturated water flow in paddy soil spatially or temporary due to change in aggregate size distribution, dry bulk density, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and percolation rate of the soil. In this study, spatial variability of saturated hydraulic conductivity (K s), a key parameter of the saturated water flow, in Fuchu Honmachi paddy plot (100 m × 28 m) was characterized based on dielectric or ADR dry bulk density (ρb-ADR) with help of non-similar media concept (NSMC) and geostatistics model to meet its correlation to subsurface percolation. A 100 cc core and an ADR data were sampled from each sub-plot (7 m × 7.5 m), and then were used for measuring and predicting ρb and K s. The predicted data agreed with the measured ones, in which they fitted well the x = y line with RMSE of 0.029 cm3 cm−3 (R 2 = 0.68), 0.027 g cm−3 (R 2 = 0.71) (ρb), and 0.098 cm d−1 (R 2 = 0.45) for θ, ρb, and K s, respectively. The predicted ρb and K s had similar trend in spatial variability to the measured ones particularly within the distance of 46.3–51.9 m and 26.2–27.9 m, respectively. The spatial variability of the predicted K s coincided to that of the subsurface percolation rate, in which they had similar distance of dependence. The results indicated that the presenting method can be reasonably accepted.  相似文献   

6.
Water management is recognized as one of the most important factors in regulating nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from paddy fields. In China, controlled irrigation (CI) is widely applied because it has been proved highly effective in saving water. During the rice-growing season, the soil in CI paddy fields remains dry 60–80% of the time compared with soil irrigated by traditional methods. This study aims to assess N2O emissions from paddy fields under CI, with traditional irrigation (TI) as the control. The cumulative N2O emission from CI paddy fields was 2.5 kg N ha−1, which was significantly greater than that from TI paddy fields (1.0 kg N ha−1) (P < 0.05). Soil drying caused substantial N2O emissions. The majority (73.9%) of the cumulative N2O emission from CI paddy fields was observed during the drying phase, whereas no substantial N2O emissions were observed when the soil was re-wetted after the drying phase. More and significantly higher peaks of N2O emissions from CI paddy fields (P < 0.05) were also detected. These peaks were observed ~8 days after fertilizer application at water-filled pore spaces (WFPS) ranging from 78.0 to 83.5%, soil temperature ranging from 29.1 to 29.4°C, and soil redox potential (Eh) values ranging from +207.5 to +256.7 mV. The highest N2O emission was measured 8 days after the application of base fertilizer at a WFPS of 79.0%, soil temperature of 29.1°C, and soil Eh value of +207.5 mV. These results suggest that N2O emissions may be reduced obviously by keeping the WFPS higher than 83.5% within 10 days after each fertilizer application, especially when the soil temperature is suitable.  相似文献   

7.
Puddling and recurring intermittent irrigation, common praxis in wet rice cultivation, modify the soil structure and therewith cause a temporal variation of the infiltration properties. This study attempts to evaluate the temporal variation of the infiltration rates of plough pan (vertical infiltration) and paddy fields’ surrounding bunds (bund infiltration) by analyzing (i) the infiltration rate as a function of time, (ii) the relationship between ponding water depth and infiltration rate, and (iii) the influence of cultivation age on vertical water loss and cross-flow through bunds. Two experimental fields with respective cultivation ages of 30 (A) and 7 (B) years were investigated. The results revealed that the time series of vertical infiltration rate (IR v) was with time consistency and the persistency of the bund infiltration was uncertain. The mean infiltration rate into the plough pan of A and B was 3.34 and 1.01 cm d?1, respectively. A total water depth of 230 and 85 cm would be, respectively, lost in A and B through the plough pan during rice growing season. The correlation coefficient between ponding water depth and IR v was ?0.48 and ?0.81 in A and B, respectively, demonstrating that the dynamic IR v in the old paddy field was less affected by the drying and wetting cycles. It is concluded that rice paddies which have been taken into cultivation since only a few decades may contribute to water losses. Maintenance of equilibrium condition between ponding and drying stages and careful preparation of bunds may reduce water loss.  相似文献   

8.
The present study was carried out to evaluate nutrient losses that occur during the course of agricultural activity from rice paddy fields of reclaimed tidal flat. For this study, we chose a salt-affected rice paddy field located in the Saemangeum reclaimed tidal area, which is located on the western South Korean coasts. The plot size was 1,000 m2 (40 m × 25 m) with three replicates. The soil belonged to the Gwanghwal series, i.e., it was of the coarse silty, mixed, mesic type of Typic Haplaquents (saline alluvial soil). The input quantities of nitrogen and phosphorus (as chemical fertilizer) into the experimental rice paddy field were 200 kg N ha−1 and 51 kg P2O5 ha−1 per annum, and the respective input quantities of each due to precipitation were 9.3–12.9 kg N ha−1 and 0.4–0.7 kg P ha−1 per annum. In terms of irrigation water, these input quantities were 4.5–8.2 kg N ha−1 and 0.3–0.9 kg P ha−1 per annum, respectively. Losses of these nutrients due to surface runoff were 22.5–38.1 kg N ha−1 and 0.7–2.2 kg P ha−1 for the year 2003, and 26.8–29.6 kg N ha−1 and 1.6–1.9 kg P ha−1 for the year 2004, respectively. Losses of these nutrients due to subsurface infiltration during the irrigation period were 0.44–0.67 kg N ha−1 and 0.03–0.04 kg P ha−1 for the year 2003, and 0.15–0.16 kg N ha−1 and 0.05–0.06 kg P ha−1 for 2004. When losses of nitrogen and phosphorus were compared to the amount of nutrients supplied by chemical fertilizers, it was found that 11.3–19.1% of nitrogen and 0.5–1.7% of phosphorus were lost via surface runoff, whereas subsurface losses accounted to 0.2–0.8% for nitrogen and only 0.02–0.04% for phosphorus during the 2-year study period.  相似文献   

9.
The HYDRUS-ID model was experimentally tested for water balance and salt build up in soil under rice crop irrigated with different salinity water (ECiw) of 0.4, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 dS m−1 in micro-lysimeters filled with sandy loam soil. Differences of means between measured (M) and HYDRUS-1D predicted (P) values of bottom flux (Q o) and leachate EC as tested by paired t test were not found significant at P = 0.05 and a close agreement between RMSE values showed the applicability of the HYDRUS-1D to simulate percolation and salt concentration in the micro-lysimeters under rice crop. Potential ET values of rice as obtained from CROPWAT matched well with model predicted and measured one at all ECiw treatments. The model predicted root water uptake varied from 66.1 to 652.7 mm and the maximum daily salt concentration in the root zone was 0.46, 2.3, 4.5, 6.7, 8.4 and 10.2 me cm−3 in 0.4, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 dS m−1 ECiw treatments, respectively. The grain production per unit evapotranspiration ( \textWP\textET\texta {\text{WP}}_{{{\text{ET}}_{\text{a}} }} ) value of 2.56 in ECiw of 0.4 dS m−1 treatment declined to 1.31 with ECiw of 2 dS m−1. The \textWP\textET\texta {\text{WP}}_{{{\text{ET}}_{\text{a}} }} reduced to one-fifth when percolation was included in the productivity determination. Similarly, the water productivity in respect of total dry matter production (TDM) was also reduced in different treatments. Therefore, the model predicted values of water balance can be effectively utilized to calculate the water productivity of rice crop.  相似文献   

10.
Although the West African inland valleys are characteristically wet all-year-round, their hydrological conditions are known to be site-specific and may differ markedly between the rainy and the dry seasons. Information on their physical properties would be useful for proper water management under the sawah rice culture and for planning dry season cropping. Representative inland valleys at four locations (Gadza, Nasarafu, Shaba-Maliki and Ejeti) around Bida in the Guinea savanna zone of Nigeria were selected for the study. Apart from Ejeti where the soil is clay loam, the predominant texture is sandy loam. The total and classified water-stable aggregates (WSA) were lowest at Ejeti, followed by Nasarafu. On the average, over 82% of the WSA were below 1.0 mm. Variations among the locations progressively decreased from the largest to the smallest aggregate-size class. Aggregate stability, as evaluated by both sand-corrected WSA and the mean weight diameter (MWD), followed similar trend as the WSA. Values were generally low for soil organic matter (SOM) (0.8–2.2%), but moderate for bulk density (0.98–1.55 Mg m−3) and total porosity (40.6–62.6%). Overall, Ejeti maintained the most favourable values of these three parameters, followed by Shaba-Maliki, Nasarafu and Gadza in the order listed. Micropores constituted over 87% of the soils’ pore system. Saturated hydraulic conductivities were, however, highly variable; indicating lowest rates at Ejeti. Clay fraction correlated positively with the unstable (<0.25 mm) aggregates and porosity parameters, but negatively with other structural indices. The SOM correlated negatively and positively with MWD and total porosity, respectively. Soil–water management implications of these results are discussed.  相似文献   

11.
Cereal production is chronically deficit in the Timbuktu region of Mali, sufficient for only 4.5 months of annual household consumption. Small-scale, village-based irrigation schemes, usually 30–35 ha in size, irrigated by a diesel motor pump, have become important to improve food security in this arid region. The NGO Africare has worked during the past 12 years with farmers in Goundam and Dire circles to establish irrigation schemes and provide them with technical assistance. In 2007, Africare undertook a first test of the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) in Goundam circle. After farmers observed a yield of 9 t ha−1 of paddy compared to 6.7 t ha−1 in the control plot there was interest in larger scale testing of the SRI system. In 2008, Africare, in collaboration with the local Government Agriculture Service and with support from the Better U Foundation, implemented a community-based evaluation of SRI with 60 farmers in 12 villages. Farmers in each village selected five volunteers, who each installed both SRI and control plots, side by side, starting the nurseries on the same day and using the same seed. For SRI plots, seedlings were transplanted one plant hill−1 at the two-leaf stage (on average, 11.6 days old), with spacing of 25 cm × 25 cm between hills and aligned in both directions. This allowed farmers to cross-weed with a cono-weeder, on average 2.4 times during the season. In the control plots, farmers planted 3 plants hill−1 with seedlings 29.4 days old and spaced on average 23.7 cm, not planted in lines. Weeding was done by hand. 13 t ha−1 of organic matter was applied under SRI management, and 3 t ha−1 in the control plots. Fertilizer use was reduced by 30% with SRI compared to the control. Although alternate wetting and drying irrigation is recommended for SRI, this was not optimally implemented due to constraints on irrigation management within the scheme; thus water savings were only 10% compared to the control. Average SRI yield for all farmers reached 9.1 t ha−1, with the lowest being 5.4 t ha−1 and highest being 12.4 t ha−1. SRI yields were on average 66% higher than the control plots at 5.5 t ha−1, and 87% higher than the yields in surrounding rice fields at 4.9 t ha−1. Number of tillers and panicles hill−1, number of tillers and panicles m−2, and panicle length and number of grains panicle−1 were clearly superior with SRI compared to control plants. Farmers tested five varieties, all of which produced better under SRI. The SRI system allowed for a seed reduction of 85–90%: from 40–60 kg ha−1 for the control plots to 6.1 kg ha−1 under SRI. Although production costs per hectare were 15% higher for SRI, revenue was 2.1 times higher than under the control. Farmers were very satisfied with these results. In 2009/2010, Africare and the Government’s agriculture service worked with over 270 farmers in 28 villages to scale up SRI practices and to test innovations, including composting techniques, optimization of irrigation, and techniques to reduce labor requirements and production costs. The good crop performance along with other advantages was confirmed in this third year with SRI yields of 7.7 t ha−1 (n = 130 farmers) compared to 4.5 t ha−1 in farmers’ fields.  相似文献   

12.
为了探讨铬(Cr)胁迫条件下土壤质地对小麦植株形态及旗叶光合特性的影响,采用盆栽试验方法,研究了3种土壤质地(壤土、粘土、砂土)下灌浆期小麦的根长、分生根数、干物质量等形态指标及旗叶的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、水分利用率(WUE)、叶绿素相对含量等光合特性指标的差异。结果表明,随着Cr胁迫浓度的升高,小麦根长在粘土中呈逐渐变短的趋势,在壤土和砂土上则呈先升高后降低趋势,且根长达到最大值的Cr浓度为100 mg·kg-1;小麦分生根数在3种质地土壤上均呈逐渐减少趋势;Cr胁迫使不同器官的干物质量及干物质总重都有不同程度下降;旗叶的Pn在壤土上也随Cr浓度的升高逐渐降低,在粘土和砂土上则先升高后降低,且当Cr浓度分别为100和200 mg·kg-1时达到最大值;小麦旗叶Gs、Ci、Tr和叶绿素相对含量均呈先升高后降低趋势,且在壤土和粘土上达到最大值的Cr浓度均为100 mg·kg-1,在砂土上为200 mg·kg-1;旗叶WUE在粘土上呈先升高后降低趋势,砂土上则呈现升高趋势,壤土上波动不大。整体来说,Cr胁迫对小麦灌浆期各项光合指标起到了低促高抑或抑制作用,尤其当Cr浓度≥200 mg·kg-1时,Cr对小麦表现出明显的胁迫效应,导致根长降低,分生根数减少,旗叶Gs、Ci、Tr和叶绿素相对含量降低,各器官干物质量减少。此外,在3种质地土壤上,小麦灌浆期旗叶光合指标在Cr胁迫下不同程度下降,砂土的下降趋势比壤土和粘土明显。  相似文献   

13.
The micro paddy lysimeter (MPL) was developed and evaluated for its performance to simulate solute transport in paddy environment under laboratory conditions. MPLs were constructed using soil collected from Field Museum Honmachi of Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan. For the physical characteristics of the hardpan layer, parameters such as thickness, and soil aggregate size, affecting the percolation rate were studied. For the plow layer, two types of plow soils, sieved and un-sieved soils were compared. The sieved soil plow layer was produced by mixing air-dried soils of different aggregate sizes of D > 9.50, 9.50 ≥ D > 4.75, 4.75 ≥ D > 2.0 mm and D ≤ 2.0 mm at 47.1, 19.5, 20.6, and 12.8%, respectively. The un-sieved plow layer soil was directly used after collecting from the field. Inert tracer was applied to ponding water with controlled boundary conditions to evaluate the reproducibility of the soil hydraulic characteristics. HYDRUS-1D was used to evaluate the movement of bromide tracer in the MPL. The proposed conditions of the MPL were that the hardpan layer can be made from soil aggregates smaller than 0.425 mm with 2 cm thickness and that the plow layer can be prepared with sieved or un-sieved soils. With these conditions, the obtained results proved that MPLs can be a useful tool to simulate solute transport in paddy environment.  相似文献   

14.
Summary Excessive fertilizer application in North Carolina, USA results in high residual soil levels of P, K and total soluble salts in potato fields. Our objectives were to determine the salt sensitivity of three common cultivars (Atlantic. Snowden and Superior), and the effects of planting density and fertilization on stand establishment, soilborne disease, and yield. Greenhouse results suggest that potato growth and emergence, but not shoot initation, are reduced by high salinity. On a Portsmouth fine sandy loam, high fertilizer rates did not reduce stands of cv. Atlantic in the field in 1996 or 1997. Excess N resulted in moreRhizoctonia stem canker in 1996, and lower yields at the lower planting density in 1997. Yield compensation for reduced plant density occurred in 1997 at the lower N rates (56 and 112 kg N ha−1) and at the high PK rate (49 kg P and 139 kg K ha−1).  相似文献   

15.
The aim of this study is to quantify the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) of drainage water from paddy fields in agricultural areas of Tottori prefecture, Japan. In four experimental paddy fields, DOC concentration varied much from 1.1 to 10.1 mg C l−1, and was the highest during heavy runoff that occurred in April when there was a non-agricultural period. However, variation in DOC concentration did not always correspond to rainfall, but depended more on cultivation-activity events such as tilling, planting, draining in summer, and final draining in autumn. The water discharge rate from each experimental field was estimated by using a hydrologic model (the Tank Model and a genetic algorithm). Daily DOC export rate per unit area of three experimental paddy fields was calculated to be 0.0074, 0.0052, and 0.0081 kg a−1 day−1, respectively. The daily DOC export rate showed large seasonal variation with the highest value in May and June. It can be concluded that DOC export from paddy fields can be a substantial source of DOC in receiving waters, and the export rate depends much on cultivation method practice. It might be suggested that DOC export from paddy fields can be controlled by a better water management practice of farmers.  相似文献   

16.
Water logging and salinity often occur together because rising water table brings salt to the surface. We studied the effects of a range of low soil matric suctions (or nearly paddy condition) (2–33 kPa) and salinity (EC = 0.7–8 dS m?1 for bean and 2–20 dS m?1 for wheat) on the root respiration (Rr) in two sandy loam and clay loam soils at greenhouse condition. Results showed that the aeration porosity mainly controls Rr especially at 2 kPa matric suction. As matric suction increases, soil aeration rises and consequently the Rr reaches maximum values (7.9 μmol m?3 s?1 for bean and wheat) at 6 and 10 kPa suctions in clay loam and sandy loam soils, respectively. Using a mechanistic soil respiration model reveals that these matric suctions, h, are corresponded to the aeration porosities of 0.18 m3 m?3 in sandy loam and 0.16 m3 m?3 in clay loam soils. Bean and wheat Rr remains nearly constant at higher suctions (h > 10 kPa) in sandy loam and decreases slightly in clay loam soil. Gas diffusivity and the root surface area may explain the variation of the Rr between the sandy loam and the clay loam soils. Results showed that the salinity (EC = 6–8 dS m?1 for bean and EC = 16–20 dS m?1 for wheat) amplifies the effect of aeration stress at 2 kPa matric suction in both soils. We also observed a strong correlation between root surface area, Rs, and the Rr for all experiments. We concluded that the aeration deficit is not only major factor determining differential plant respiration under adverse stress conditions, and the salinity has a pronounced impact on differences in crop physiological responses.  相似文献   

17.
Conventional tillage and planting method for rice (Oryza sativa L.) production in northern Iran is wet tillage (puddling). Effect of different puddling intensities on physical properties of a silty clay soil (Typic Haplodalfs) was investigated under laboratory and field conditions. Changes in soil physical parameters and water requirement for puddling were measured. For laboratory experiments, undisturbed cylindrical soil samples (diameter and height of 50 cm), were used. A laboratory puddling apparatus was designed and constructed. The puddling intensity was measured by duration of puddling. Four levels of puddling intensity were used as: P 0 (no puddling, control), P 1 (low), P 2 (medium) and P 3 (high). For field tests, 12 plots of 8 × 4 m were selected. The first tillage was performed with a moldboard plow and then the plots were puddled with different intensity using a rotary tiller. The results showed that under laboratory conditions, water content of the puddled layers decreased with an increase in settling time. During drying period, P 0 dried faster than P 1, P 2 and P 3. Puddling with low intensity in laboratory and field conditions caused bulk density of 0–15 cm soil layer to decrease by 24.07 and 25.45%, respectively. Increasing puddling intensity increased the bulk density. Bulk density increased with time as particles settled after halting the puddling. Bulk density increased with depth as well. Under laboratory conditions, increasing puddling intensity from P 1 to P 2 reduced percolation rate significantly. For all puddling intensities, soil moisture characteristic curves of both field and laboratory samples showed that puddling increased the amount of water retained over the whole range of suctions. More water was needed for P 3 as compared to P 1 and P 2. Under the laboratory and field conditions, the P 3 required 27.72 and 28.58% more water as compared to P 2, respectively. Although the mechanisms implemented for puddling were different under laboratory and field experiments, the results were similar. Bulk density, soil moisture content and water percolation rate decreased faster in the puddled soil under field and laboratory conditions. Therefore, to reduce the cost and time, the laboratory method could be used to study the effects of puddling intensity on physical properties of paddy soils. Medium intensity puddling was shown to be the proper tillage practice for paddy fields with silty clay soil.  相似文献   

18.
The aim of this investigation was to study the antioxidant and anticancer activities of young sprouts of some traditional Korean salad plants. Total phenolics, antioxidant and anticancer activities of the methanol extracts from young sprouts of 11 salad plants were determined. The highest amount of phenolics was found in methanol extracts of Euonymus alatus (235.7 mg kg−1), followed by Hypericum ascyron (197.1 mg kg−1), Zanthoxylum piperitum (194.1 mg kg−1) and Zanthoxylum schinifolium (142.5 mg kg−1). Methanol extracts of E. alatus, H. ascyron, and Z. piperitum at 63 mg kg−1 exhibited the highest dose-depend DPPH radical scavenging activity by 91.2, 91.2 and 83.9%, respectively. According to the MTT results, the methanol extracts from Stellaria aquatica, Eleutherococcus sessilifolrus and Z. schinifolium showed the highest anticancer activities against Calu-6 (IC50 < 25.0 μgml−1) and from S. aquatica—the highest anticancer activities against SNU-601 (153.3 μgml−1), following by E. sessilifolrus (196.7 μg ml−1) and Amaranthus mangostanus (303.1 μgml−1). Total phenolics were highly correlated with the DPPH, suggesting that they contribute to the antioxidant properties of the studied plants. In conclusion: young sprouts of Korean salad possess antioxidant and anticancer properties and could be used as a supplement to proper drugs.  相似文献   

19.
Wide variation (>10.28 times) of fish yield (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758) was obtained in a trial arranged in concrete cisterns (100 l) receiving compost (T-2), Diammonium phosphate (=DAP) (T-3) and vermicompost (T-4) as direct application fertilizer and manure in those systems. Significant (P < 0.005) differences were observed in diversity and abundance of plankton in response to manure application among treatments. Highest phyto- and zooplankton population was found in the cistern treated with vermicompost followed by DAP, compost and control. In all the treatments dry weight and population of both phyto- and zooplankton population were significantly (P < 0.005) higher than control. The highest production of fish was obtained in the cisterns treated with vermicompost (3,970.56 kg ha−1 90 day−1), followed by diammonium phosphate (3,080.45 kg ha−1 90 day−1), compost (1,952.64 kg ha−1 90 day−1) and the lowest in the control (385.92 kg ha−1 90 day−1). Vermicompost might be cost-effective manure in carp culture, replacing the expensive chemical fertilizer diammonium phosphate.  相似文献   

20.
This study aims to assess the nitrogen contamination of groundwater in paddy and upland fields. A reactive chemical transport model PHREEQC and a variable saturated groundwater flow and transport model FEMWATER were used to evaluate the vertical transport of nitrogen compound in various soil types of paddy and upland. The shallow groundwater quality monitoring data of 2003, 2006, 2009 in the Choushui river alluvial fan, the major agriculture production area in Taiwan, were applied to support the validity of the numerical simulation findings. Results from PHREEQC and FEMWATER simulations showed that the organic-rich impermeable plow sole layer underneath the muddy layer of rice paddy can effectively reduce NO3 − and N2 to NH4 + and retard the movement of NH4 +. However, in the upland field which has no plow sole layer, the NH4 + can move easily to the shallow aquifer and contaminate the groundwater. The spatiotemporal distribution of NO3 −–N and NH4 +–N in the Choushui river alluvial fan revealed that high nitrate–N contamination areas were located mainly in the upland field of the proximal fan, where the granular unconfined aquifer was vulnerable to surface contaminants. Moreover, the unconfined nature of the aquifer allows the oxidization of NH4 + to NO3 − and accelerates the plume movement. High ammonium–N concentration areas were mostly dispersed in the distal-fan area where upland planting and aquacultural farming were prevailed. The high NH4 +–N found in the northern Choushui river alluvial fan was attributed to the alternative planting of rice and upland crops, and the plow sole layer was broken to maintain the quick drainage upland crop needs.  相似文献   

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