共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Formisano V Atreya S Encrenaz T Ignatiev N Giuranna M 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,306(5702):1758-1761
We report a detection of methane in the martian atmosphere by the Planetary Fourier Spectrometer onboard the Mars Express spacecraft. The global average methane mixing ratio is found to be 10 +/- 5 parts per billion by volume (ppbv). However, the mixing ratio varies between 0 and 30 ppbv over the planet. The source of methane could be either biogenic or nonbiogenic, including past or present subsurface microorganisms, hydrothermal activity, or cometary impacts. 相似文献
2.
Feely RA Sabine CL Lee K Berelson W Kleypas J Fabry VJ Millero FJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,305(5682):362-366
Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations over the past two centuries have led to greater CO2 uptake by the oceans. This acidification process has changed the saturation state of the oceans with respect to calcium carbonate (CaCO3) particles. Here we estimate the in situ CaCO3 dissolution rates for the global oceans from total alkalinity and chlorofluorocarbon data, and we also discuss the future impacts of anthropogenic CO2 on CaCO3 shell-forming species. CaCO3 dissolution rates, ranging from 0.003 to 1.2 micromoles per kilogram per year, are observed beginning near the aragonite saturation horizon. The total water column CaCO3 dissolution rate for the global oceans is approximately 0.5 +/- 0.2 petagrams of CaCO3-C per year, which is approximately 45 to 65% of the export production of CaCO3. 相似文献
3.
By reconstructing the history of water impoundment in the world's artificial reservoirs, we show that a total of approximately 10,800 cubic kilometers of water has been impounded on land to date, reducing the magnitude of global sea level (GSL) rise by -30.0 millimeters, at an average rate of -0.55 millimeters per year during the past half century. This demands a considerably larger contribution to GSL rise from other (natural and anthropogenic) causes than otherwise required. The reconstructed GSL history, accounting for the impact of reservoirs by adding back the impounded water volume, shows an essentially constant rate of rise at +2.46 millimeters per year over at least the past 80 years. This value is contrary to the conventional view of apparently variable GSL rise, which is based on face values of observation. 相似文献
4.
在中国严重干旱的新疆哈密地区以葡萄和大枣两种果树为试验材料,研究了不同保水剂施用方法、用量对两种新植和挂果果树成活率、植株生长、果品含糖量和土壤含水量的影响,并对保水剂施用后的经济效益进行了分析。结果表明:保水剂直接拌土效果优于凝胶拌土;施用保水剂能显著增加土壤的保水能力,严重干旱时土壤含水量增加可达2倍以上;对于新移栽的果苗,10～30g/株的复合保水剂用量较为适宜,可以增加苗木成活率20%左右,并促进新梢生长;对于盛果期的葡萄树用100～200g/株复合保水剂较为适宜。复合保水剂为100g/株和200g/株时,葡萄产量分别较对照增产12.59%和25.29%,含糖量分别较对照增加9.92%和6.01%,每公顷分别增收2812.5元和5625.0元;在葡萄果实膨大期干旱胁迫时(正常灌水量75%的条件下),分别较对照增产38.46%和66.62%,含糖量增加0.78%,每公顷分别增收9967.5元和16605.0元。 相似文献
5.
Prinn R Cunnold D Rasmussen R Simmonds P Alyea F Crawford A Fraser P Rosen R 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1987,238(4829):945-950
Frequent atmospheric measurements of the anthropogenic compound methylchloroform that were made between 1978 and 1985 indicate that this species is continuing to increase significantly around the world. Reaction with the major atmospheric oxidant, the hydroxyl radical (OH), is the principal sink for this species. The observed mean trends for methylchloroform are 4.8, 5.4, 6.4, and 6.9 percent per year at Aldrigole (Ireland) and Cape Meares (Oregon), Ragged Point (Barbados), Point Matatula (American Samoa), and Cape Grim (Tasmania), respectively, from July 1978 to June 1985. These measured trends, combined with knowledge of industrial emissions, were used in an optimal estimation inversion scheme to deduce a globally averaged methylchloroform atmospheric lifetime of 6.3 (+ 1.2, -0.9) years (1sigma uncertainty) and a globally averaged tropospheric hydroxyl radical concentration of (7.7 +/- 1.4) x 10(5) radicals per cubic centimeter (1sigma uncertainty). These 7 years of gas chromatographic measurements, which comprise about 60,000 individual calibrated real-time air analyses, provide the most accurate estimates yet of the trends and lifetime of methylchloroform and of the global average for tropospheric hydroxyl radical levels. Accurate determination of hydroxyl radical levels is crucial to understanding global atmospheric chemical cycles and trends in the levels of trace gases such as methane. 相似文献
6.
Increasing river discharge to the Arctic Ocean 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
Peterson BJ Holmes RM McClelland JW Vörösmarty CJ Lammers RB Shiklomanov AI Shiklomanov IA Rahmstorf S 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2002,298(5601):2171-2173
Synthesis of river-monitoring data reveals that the average annual discharge of fresh water from the six largest Eurasian rivers to the Arctic Ocean increased by 7% from 1936 to 1999. The average annual rate of increase was 2.0 +/- 0.7 cubic kilometers per year. Consequently, average annual discharge from the six rivers is now about 128 cubic kilometers per year greater than it was when routine measurements of discharge began. Discharge was correlated with changes in both the North Atlantic Oscillation and global mean surface air temperature. The observed large-scale change in freshwater flux has potentially important implications for ocean circulation and climate. 相似文献
7.
Here we provide global estimates of the seasonal flux of sediment, on a river-by-river basis, under modern and prehuman conditions. Humans have simultaneously increased the sediment transport by global rivers through soil erosion (by 2.3 +/- 0.6 billion metric tons per year), yet reduced the flux of sediment reaching the world's coasts (by 1.4 +/- 0.3 billion metric tons per year) because of retention within reservoirs. Over 100 billion metric tons of sediment and 1 to 3 billion metric tons of carbon are now sequestered in reservoirs constructed largely within the past 50 years. African and Asian rivers carry a greatly reduced sediment load; Indonesian rivers deliver much more sediment to coastal areas. 相似文献
8.
Six gas samples from the 17 April 1979 Soufriere eruption plume were analyzed for carbonyl sulfide, carbon disulfide, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, fluorocarbon-11, fluorocarbon-12, methyl chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride. Only carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, carbonyl sulfide, and carbon disulfide were found to have increased mixing ratios as compared with those in clean tropospheric air, but the increases were not sufficient to contribute greatly to the global budgets of these four components. 相似文献
9.
Seasat and Geosat satellite altimeter measurements for the Greenland ice sheet (south of 72 degreesN latitude) show that surface elevations above 2000 meters increased at an average rate of only 1. 5 +/- 0.5 centimeters per year from 1978 to 1988. In contrast, elevation changes varied regionally from -15 to +18 centimeters per year, seasonally by +/-15 centimeters, and interannually by +/-8 centimeters. The average growth rate is too small to determine if the Greenland ice sheet is undergoing a long-term change due to a warmer polar climate. 相似文献
10.
Craig H Chou CC Welhan JA Stevens CM Engelkemeir A 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1988,242(4885):1535-1539
Air bubbles in polar ice cores indicate that about 300 years ago the atmospheric mixing ratio of methane began to increase rapidly. Today the mixing ratio is about 1.7 parts per million by volume, and, having doubled once in the past several hundred years, it will double again in the next 60 years if current rates continue. Carbon isotope ratios in methane up to 350 years in age have been measured with as little as 25 kilograms of polar ice recovered in 4-meter-long ice-core segments. The data show that (i) in situ microbiology or chemistry has not altered the ice-core methane concentrations, and (ii) that the carbon-13 to carbon-12 ratio of atmospheric CH(4) in ice from 100 years and 300 years ago was about 2 per mil lower than at present. Atmospheric methane has a rich spectrum of isotopic sources: the ice-core data indicate that anthropogenic burning of the earth's biomass is the principal cause of the recent (13)CH(4) enrichment, although other factors may also contribute. 相似文献
11.
How much more rain will global warming bring? 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Climate models and satellite observations both indicate that the total amount of water in the atmosphere will increase at a rate of 7% per kelvin of surface warming. However, the climate models predict that global precipitation will increase at a much slower rate of 1 to 3% per kelvin. A recent analysis of satellite observations does not support this prediction of a muted response of precipitation to global warming. Rather, the observations suggest that precipitation and total atmospheric water have increased at about the same rate over the past two decades. 相似文献
12.
The low O2 content of the Archean atmosphere implies that methane should have been present at levels approximately 10(2) to 10(3) parts per million volume (ppmv) (compared with 1.7 ppmv today) given a plausible biogenic source. CH4 is favored as the greenhouse gas that countered the lower luminosity of the early Sun. But abundant CH4 implies that hydrogen escapes to space (upward arrow space) orders of magnitude faster than today. Such reductant loss oxidizes the Earth. Photosynthesis splits water into O2 and H, and methanogenesis transfers the H into CH4. Hydrogen escape after CH4 photolysis, therefore, causes a net gain of oxygen [CO2 + 2H2O --> CH4 + 2O2 --> CO2 + O2 + 4H(upward arrow space)]. Expected irreversible oxidation (approximately 10(12) to 10(13) moles oxygen per year) may help explain how Earth's surface environment became irreversibly oxidized. 相似文献
13.
Roemmich D 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1992,257(5068):373-375
Hydrographic time-series data recorded during the past 42 years in the upper 500 meters off the coast of southern California indicate that temperatures have increased by 0.8 degrees C uniformly in the upper 100 meters and that temperatures have risen significantly to depths of about 300 meters. The effect of warming the surface layer of the ocean and there by expanding the water column has been to raise sea level by 0.9 +/- 0.2 millimeter per year. Tide gauge records along the coast are coherent with steric height and show upward trends in sea level that vary from about 1 to 3 millimeters per year. 相似文献
14.
Turner J Lachlan-Cope TA Colwell S Marshall GJ Connolley WM 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,311(5769):1914-1917
We report an undocumented major warming of the Antarctic winter troposphere that is larger than any previously identified regional tropospheric warming on Earth. This result has come to light through an analysis of recently digitized and rigorously quality controlled Antarctic radiosonde observations. The data show that regional midtropospheric temperatures have increased at a statistically significant rate of 0.5 degrees to 0.7 degrees Celsius per decade over the past 30 years. Analysis of the time series of radiosonde temperatures indicates that the data are temporally homogeneous. The available data do not allow us to unambiguously assign a cause to the tropospheric warming at this stage. 相似文献
15.
气温变化背景下中国黄淮旱地冬小麦农艺性状的变化特征 ——以山西临汾为例 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
【目的】作物品种选育是在气候变化背景下的自然选择和人工选择的结果。黄淮麦区是中国最大的麦区,在保障中国小麦生产和粮食安全中有重要作用。研究过去30年黄淮旱地冬小麦品种农艺性状和气温要素变化规律,为旱地小麦育种适应未来气候变化提供理论依据和技术支撑。【方法】利用近30年来国家黄淮旱地冬小麦区域试验典型代表临汾点的对照品种农艺性状及该市的气温资料,研究对照品种农艺性状、生育期平均气温和≥0℃积温的变化规律,并进行农艺性状和气象要素的相关、多元回归和通径分析。【结果】小麦生育期的平均气温、≥0℃积温、最低和最高温度在逐年呈缓慢增加。小麦生育期平均气温平均每年上升0.05℃,≥0℃积温平均每年上升21.9℃,且二者呈正相关关系。≥0℃积温变化更能深入反映小麦生育期的温度变化情况。小麦生育期最高气温平均每年上升0.02℃、最低气温平均每年上升0.16℃。播种至越冬前的平均气温和≥0℃积温增加最多,营养生长阶段平均气温和≥0℃积温增加明显,生殖生长阶段平均气温增加较少且≥0℃积温有下降趋势。随着气候变暖,分蘖多的强冬性品种逐渐被分蘖适中的冬性和弱冬性品种替代。1986-1996年对照品种农艺性状变化幅度不大,1997-2007年期间变化较大,2007-2014年变化幅度最大;这和小麦生育期平均气温变化趋势基本相同。黄淮旱地对照品种千粒重和穗粒数逐年缓慢上升,分别每年平均增加1.57%和3.39%。有效穗数和产量及株高缓慢下降,分别每年平均下降0.16%和1.29%。产量与株高（0.684**）、有效穗（0.531**）和千粒重（0.541**）均极显著正相关。株高、起身至拔节期≥0℃积温和平均气温是决定小麦产量的3个主要因子,分别决定了小麦产量的46.73%、26.17和3.26%的变异。在黄淮旱地小麦适应气候变化中,起身至拔节期≥0℃积温和株高对产量贡献较大且为正效应;起身至拔节期平均气温为负效应。【结论】气候变暖对黄淮旱地冬小麦农艺性状变化趋势有较强的影响,选育株高和有效穗数适中、穗粒数较多、千粒重较大的中高产抗旱品种是黄淮旱地小麦适应未来气候变化的育种改良方向。 相似文献
16.
Arendt AA Echelmeyer KA Harrison WD Lingle CS Valentine VB 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2002,297(5580):382-386
We have used airborne laser altimetry to estimate volume changes of 67 glaciers in Alaska from the mid-1950s to the mid-1990s. The average rate of thickness change of these glaciers was -0.52 m/year. Extrapolation to all glaciers in Alaska yields an estimated total annual volume change of -52 +/- 15 km3/year (water equivalent), equivalent to a rise in sea level (SLE) of 0.14 +/- 0.04 mm/year. Repeat measurements of 28 glaciers from the mid-1990s to 2000-2001 suggest an increased average rate of thinning, -1.8 m/year. This leads to an extrapolated annual volume loss from Alaska glaciers equal to -96 +/- 35 km3/year, or 0.27 +/- 0.10 mm/year SLE, during the past decade. These recent losses are nearly double the estimated annual loss from the entire Greenland Ice Sheet during the same time period and are much higher than previously published loss estimates for Alaska glaciers. They form the largest glaciological contribution to rising sea level yet measured. 相似文献
17.
心土混层耕改造白浆土效果研究 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
经过7年系列试验和两年心土混层耕改良白浆土效果试验证明：设计心土混层耕犁的理论依据是保持耕层，改造白浆层。淀积层与白浆层按1∶1或0.5∶1混拌，应用心土混层耕犁的农艺参数为上翻20cm，下混30-40cm。心土混层耕具有持续改土增产效果，粮豆作物第一年增产15.6%,第二年增产11.4%；心土层土壤硬度降低，抗穿透阻力从25kg/cm#+2降到5-10kg/cm#+2，土壤饱和透水系数提高1.7-7.3倍,土壤抗旱涝能力提高。心土混层耕改土经济效益显著，改土效益期内（两年）每台犁可获纯收益18.7万元。 相似文献
18.
Seasonal variations in the stable carbon isotopic signature of biogenic methane in a coastal sediment 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Systematic seasonal variations in the stable carbon isotopic signature of methane gas occur in the anoxic sediments of Cape Lookout Bight, a lagoonal basin on North Carolina's Outer Banks. Values for the carbon isotope ratio (delta 13C) of methane range from -57.3 per mil during summer to -68.5 per mil during winter in gas bubbles with an average methane content of 95%. The variations are hypothesized to result from changes in the pathways of microbial methane production and cycling of key substrates including acetate and hydrogen. The use of stable isotopic signatures to investigate the global methane cycle through mass balance calculations, involving various sediment and soil biogenic sources, appears to require seasonally averaged data from individual sites. 相似文献
19.
旱地麦田休闲期覆盖对土壤水分积耗的影响及与产量的关系 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
【目的】明确旱地麦田休闲期覆盖的增产效果,探索旱地小麦休闲期覆盖保水技术途径,为促进旱地小麦产量和水分利用效率的提高提供理论依据。【方法】于2010-2013年在山西省闻喜县邱家岭村以冬小麦品种运旱20410为试验材料,设休闲期深翻后覆盖与不覆盖2个处理,测定休闲期和小麦各生育时期土壤水分及产量和产量构成因素,研究休闲期覆盖对麦田土壤水分积耗规律和小麦产量、水分利用效率的影响。【结果】休闲期覆盖后播种期3 m内土壤蓄水量提高,丰水年提高47 mm,平水年提高55 mm,欠水年提高63 mm,且欠水年更有利于土壤水分蓄保于深层。休闲期覆盖后土壤蓄水效率显著提高,丰水年提高35%,平水年提高48%,欠水年提高101%,且蓄水效果至开花期仍显著。休闲期覆盖后生育期耗水量虽显著增加,但休闲期耗水量显著降低,因而周年总耗水量无明显变化。休闲期覆盖后拔节前耗水比例显著降低,拔节后耗水量及日平均耗水量显著增加,拔节后耗水比例增加,尤其在欠水年休闲期覆盖对生育后期耗水有较大调控作用。休闲期覆盖后产量和产量构成因素均显著提高,其中对穗数影响最大,尤其在欠水年提高了19%,且欠水年对穗粒数和千粒重的影响也较大,最终丰水年产量提高30%,平水年提高35%,欠水年提高50%。此外,在休闲期覆盖条件下,各生育阶段的耗水量与产量均密切相关,尤其是拔节后的耗水量。结果还表明,休闲期覆盖处理,每多蓄1 mm播种期土壤水分可增产17-26 kg·hm-2,每多消耗1 mm生育期土壤水分可增产22-26 kg·hm-2,且降水生产效率和水分利用效率均显著提高,尤其欠水年更能高效用水。【结论】休闲期覆盖有利于蓄积休闲期降水直至开花期;有利于实现降水周年调控,减少生育前期耗水,增加生育中后期耗水;有利于优化产量构成因素,尤其穗数,提高产量,最终实现降水的高效利用。在欠水年,休闲期覆盖的蓄水增产效果最佳。 相似文献
20.
Using measurements of time-variable gravity from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment satellites, we determined mass variations of the Antarctic ice sheet during 2002-2005. We found that the mass of the ice sheet decreased significantly, at a rate of 152 +/- 80 cubic kilometers of ice per year, which is equivalent to 0.4 +/- 0.2 millimeters of global sea-level rise per year. Most of this mass loss came from the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. 相似文献