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1.
猪屎豆是重要的农业植物资源,在绿肥、饲用和药用等方面都有重要的开发潜力,然而目前关于猪屎豆的品种培育还处于空白,生产上缺乏优良品种导致生产性能参差不齐的问题突出,开展多倍体育种研究可为今后猪屎豆种质资源创新利用和培育新品种奠定材料基础。本研究以二倍体猪屎豆为实验材料,通过不同质量浓度秋水仙素和不同处理时间对猪屎豆露白种子进行多倍体诱导,探讨秋水仙素对二倍体猪屎豆的诱变效果,并利用流式细胞倍性检测和根尖染色体核型分析对诱变后代的倍性进行检测,进一步比较分析二倍体和同源四倍体的气孔和保卫细胞大小以及叶片和种子形态等特征变化。结果表明：与对照相比,秋水仙素处理抑制了猪屎豆种子胚根的生长和下胚轴的伸长,使种子胚轴发生诱变而缩短变粗。研究发现以100 mg/L的秋水仙素浓度浸泡12 h时猪屎豆种子四倍体诱导率最高,为13.33%,总体效果最佳。与二倍体相比,同源四倍体植株叶片下表皮的气孔长度和宽度、保卫细胞长度和宽度显著增加而气孔密度显著降低;同源四倍体植株的叶片宽度和叶柄宽度显著增加,而叶片长度和叶柄长度显著缩短;同源四倍体植株的叶形指数显著减小。此外,同源四倍体植株所获种子较二倍体显著增大,种子百粒重较二倍体显著增加。综上所述,本研究掌握了秋水仙素诱导加倍猪屎豆的方法,并成功获得了同源四倍体猪屎豆新种质,为猪屎豆遗传育种及相关基础研究奠定了种质基础。 相似文献
2.
橡胶树不同倍性的气孔性状差异研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以通过流式细胞倍性检测鉴定出的橡胶树二倍体、三倍体、四倍体植株为研究对象,对不同倍性植株的气孔性状进行观察和统计。结果表明:不同倍性间的橡胶树叶片的气孔长度、气孔宽度、气孔密度均存在极显著差异。随着橡胶树倍性的提高,气孔的长度和宽度均增大,而气孔密度减小。二倍体、三倍体和四倍体的气孔长度范围分别为10.65~15.29、14.04~18.89、15.15~19.37μm,气孔宽度范围分别为7.13~10.65、8.58~11.83、10.38~13.83μm,气孔密度范围分别为520.62~867.69、402.53~764.80、381.79~555.32个/mm~2。以气孔长度15.15μm、气孔宽度10.38μm和气孔密度555.32个/mm~2为临界值,可以鉴定二、四倍体混合群体中的四倍体。三倍体和二倍体、四倍体在气孔长度值、宽度值和密度值在分布区间上均存在较大的重复,但以气孔长度14.04μm,气孔宽度8.58μm和气孔密度764.80个/mm~2为临界值,可以筛除二、三、四倍体混合群体中的部分二倍体,提高多倍体鉴定的效率。 相似文献
3.
4.
大麦小孢子培养研究进展 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
大麦小孢子培养技术不但可用来生产单倍体植株和加倍单倍体植株,而且可望成为转基因的理想受体系统。国际上正朝着把转基因技术、分子杂交技术与小孢子培养系统有机结合的方向努力。从小孢子的预处理方法及机理、胚性发生诱导培养基、培养过程中小孢子内源激素变化以及培养方法等方面综述了大麦小孢子培养的研究进展。 相似文献
5.
应用小孢子离体培养技术培育大麦新品系 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
以大麦F1、F2代为供体材料,通过技术优化,建成了大麦小孢子培养高频再生技术程序。利用大麦小孢子加倍单倍体育种技术平台,二年内就可获得种性稳定的株系,四年内即可参加新品种区试。经过田间严格鉴定与选择,育成了大麦新品系“花98-11”和新株系“花01-3”、“花01-12”。 相似文献
6.
木薯成熟种茎多倍体诱导及鉴定 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以木薯品种SC205和新选048的成熟种茎为材料,利用秋水仙素对侧芽进行滴液法处理诱导多倍体,使用流式细胞仪鉴定木薯植株倍性,并通过形态学、解剖学、生理学方法鉴定和分析多倍体、嵌合体和二倍体特征特性。结果表明:通过诱变处理获得了木薯四倍体和嵌合体植株,四倍体和嵌合体植株与二倍体相比表现出最上部全展叶第1和第2叶叶形指数降低、叶片厚度增加,气孔密度变小,叶绿体数目增加,气孔长度、保卫细胞长度和宽度增大,叶绿素a含量、叶绿素b含量、类胡萝卜素含量、叶绿素总量、SPAD值增高,净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度、蒸腾速率增大。 相似文献
7.
以剑麻H.11648愈伤组织为材料,分别采用0、2、4、6、8 g/L浓度的秋水仙碱对愈伤组织进行不同时间(1、2、3、4、5、6 d)的诱导处理,观察处理后的再生植株气孔大小、保卫细胞叶绿体数目、叶长、叶宽、叶形指数、叶片厚度以及苗头大小等,采用流式细胞仪倍性鉴定方法对处理后的再生植株体细胞DNA含量进行了检测。结果表明:用4 g/L浓度的秋水仙碱处理2 d诱变率最高,诱变率为(57.69±6.66)%,不定芽分化率为(63.33±2.89)%,分化系数为(3.55±1.24),加倍后的再生植株叶片下表皮气孔变大,单位叶面积的气孔数减少,叶片变宽变厚,叶形指数变小,植株变粗,突变体再生植株体细胞DNA含量是二倍体的2倍。 相似文献
8.
用卡宝品红法检测了不同来源离休甜菜的不同器官在不同年度间细胞焙性的变化。并统计分析了年度间变化的差异显著性及不同倍性优势细胞比率与增殖能力之间的相关性，结果表明，甜菜离休植株茎尖细胞倍性在继代培养中相对稳定，而根尖细胞倍性在年度间有显著变化。由未授粉胚珠培养再生的胚性细胞团，其细胞染色体容易自然加倍；再生的单倍体植株，其茎尖细胞为单倍体，而根尖细胞为二倍体。在所测年度内，离体甜菜细胞倍性的变化对其增殖能力无明显影响。通过茎尖和不断选择培养是离休甜菜保持遗传稳定性的有效手段。 相似文献
9.
多倍化可伴随产生一些优良的农艺性状，如抗逆性增强、器官体积变大、生物量增加等，多倍体育种为木薯新品种培育提供了一个重要途径。本研究以木薯品种SC12离体单芽茎段为诱导材料，比较不同浓度秋水仙素对外植体诱导率的影响，并对木薯二倍体与同源四倍体不同株系进行形态学、解剖学和农艺特性比较。结果表明，以0.03 g/L浓度的秋水仙素诱导SC12同源四倍体效率最高，为7.78%；通过流式细胞仪和根尖染色体数目观察对筛选的20个植株进行倍性鉴定，获得了11个同源四倍体和5个嵌合体植株，同源四倍体为检测株系的55%，变异植株为检测株系的80%；二倍体和同源四倍体植株表现出显著的形态和生理差异，在形态上表现为四倍体植株变矮、茎杆变粗、叶尖盾化，叶片由披针形向拱形过渡，同源四倍体裂叶长/裂叶宽显著降低、叶绿素含量显著增加；通过解剖学发现四倍体叶片保卫细胞的长、宽、叶绿体数目均显著增加，分别比二倍体增加2.33%、28.99%、117.79%；气孔数显著降低，比二倍体减少40.06%；四倍体变异株保卫细胞呈椭圆形，二倍体保卫细胞趋近于圆柱形；四倍体叶片厚度和栅栏组织厚度均显著高于二倍体，比对照分别增加24.... 相似文献
10.
甘蓝型油菜小孢子单倍体二倍化技术的研究 总被引：19，自引：3，他引：19
采用6种方法系统研究甘蓝型油菜（Brassica napus)品系（种）及杂种的小孢子再生苗单倍体染色体加倍技术。结果表明，单倍体苗接种含70－80mg/L秋水仙碱的培养基处理4－5d，植株染色体加倍率50％以上；单倍体小苗移栽前用1－2g/L秋水仙碱液浸泡处理3－6h，加倍率50％以上，由这些方法产生的加倍植株大多是可育花和不育花共生的嵌合体，每株产生的种子很少。分离的小孢子在含10－50mg/L秋水仙三的NLN培养基中处理48h后，接种无秋水仙碱NLN培养基诱导胚状体，再生植株加倍率80％以上，全株的花均能自交结籽，嵌合植株很少。 相似文献
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12.
《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(2):81-114
Summary The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices. 相似文献
13.
Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：4
Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity. 相似文献
14.
Alexander N. Shikov Elena V. Flisyuk Ekaterina D. Obluchinskaya Olga N. Pozharitskaya 《Marine drugs》2020,18(11)
Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future. 相似文献
15.
Résumé
Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences
d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les
champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents
en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.
Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O2:1% CO2, 2% O2:6% CO2, 2% O2:12% CO2, 6% O2:6% CO2) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.
Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O2:1% CO2, 2% O2:6% CO2, 2% O2:12% CO2, 6% O2:6% CO2). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.相似文献
16.
Yanhua Lu Chongwei Zhang Peter Bucheli Dongzhi Wei 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》2006,61(2):55-63
Flavonoids-enriched tissues of citrus such as peel, immature fruit and flower are consumed as culinary seasonings, tea ingredients in China for centuries. This HPLC quantitative study on the five citrus flavonoids, naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, sinensetin and nobiletin on a wide range of Chinese citrus fruits and several Traditional Chinese Medicinal food ingredients in East China, revealed a great diversity in flavonoid composition. Huyou peel (C. paradisi cv. Changshanhuyou) was found to be the best naringin (3.25%) and neohesperidin (2.76%) source; C. aurantium, a major ingredient of several citrus-related TCM, is also a suitable source of naringin and neohesperidin, and a good juice source for flavanone glycosides; the peel of Wenzhoumiju (C. unshiu) is one of the richest local species in hesperidin (up to 6.25%); Zaoju (C. subcompressa) has the highest content of nobiletin (0.59%), a polymethoxylated flavone. LC-ES-MS analysis of Zanthoxylum genus for flavonoids revealed for the first time the presence of significant amounts (0.74%) of hesperidin in the root of Liangmianzhen (Z. nitidum (Roxb.) DC), a relative of Sichuan pepper, which is a spice widely used in China. 相似文献
17.
Whereas the concept that availability of resources drives seed production is sound in principle, it is incomplete as there are many solutions to the allocation of resources that derive from the trade-off between number and size. This paper examines evolutionary aspects of this trade-off in annual grain crops. The analysis is centred on the working hypotheses that, for a given species and environment, allocation of resources to reproduction involves (H1) high plasticity in seed number, which allows for variable resource availability, and (H2) a relatively narrow range of seed size that results from evolutionary and agronomic selection. Comparisons between crops and fish are used to highlight common evolutionary elements in taxa where parents provide little or no care to their offspring, with the consequence that both number and early survival of offspring, hence fitness of parents, are partially related to embryo size and reserves.
The plasticity of seed number in relation to availability of resources is analysed against the established relationship between offspring number and parent growth rate during critical stages. The notion that seed size is under stabilising selection is analysed against three conditions: (1) mean seed size is conservative for a given species and environment, (2) seed size affects fitness, and (3) seed size is heritable. Databases from published papers were compiled to analyse the relative variability of seed size and number, and the heritability of seed size. Evidence for and against the link between seed size and parental fitness is revised using the Smith–Fretwell model as framework (Am. Nat., 108, 499–506).
The proposal of high plasticity of seed number and narrow variability of seed size resulting from stabilising natural selection is generally consistent with evolutionary and genetic considerations. Agronomic selection may have reinforced natural selection leading to relatively narrow seed size in species such as wheat and soybean, where cultivated types retained high plasticity for seed number. In contrast, selection for one or few inflorescences in crops like sunflower and maize may have morphologically reduced seed number plasticity and increased variability of seed size and its responsiveness to resource availability in relation to their wild ancestors. 相似文献
18.
Alejandro M. S. Mayer Aimee J. Guerrero Abimael D. Rodríguez Orazio Taglialatela-Scafati Fumiaki Nakamura Nobuhiro Fusetani 《Marine drugs》2021,19(2)
The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories. 相似文献
19.
《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(1-2):55-98
SUMMARY Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia. 相似文献
20.
Summary The viability of five pathogens was decreased by treatment with hot water when tested in vitro.Polyscytalum pustulans was most sensitive andRhizoctonia solani least sensitive.
Potato tubers were exposed to 55°C for 5 min in a commercial continuous hot water treatment plant using naturally contaminated
seed tubers and tubers which had been inoculated by dipping in comminuted cultures. The frequency of eyes colonised byP. pustulans, Helminthosporium solani, andR. solani was reduced to virtually zero and the effect persisted on tubers subsequently stored at 4°C and at 15°C for up to 16 wk.
Results withColletotrichum coccodes were inconclusive. Treatment suppressedPenicillium spp. which, however, rapidly recolonised the eyes during storage, leading to higher contamination levels in the treated than
in the untreated tubers. With tubers inoculated withPhoma foveata, good control was achieved when the incubation period before treatment was 10 d but not when the period was 42 d. 相似文献