共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 171 毫秒
1.
为明确云南特色葡萄产区葡萄霜霉病菌的群体遗传结构,本研究采用7对SSR分子标记对采自云南3个地区的155株葡萄霜霉病菌进行了群体遗传多样性研究,并分析了病原菌群体遗传结构与地域之间的关系。7对引物共检测出41个等位基因,114种基因型,病原菌群体的Shannon’s信息指数和Nei’s无偏基因多样性指数分别为0.942和0.600。分子方差分析和群体连锁不平衡分析显示,不同群体间存在相当大的遗传变异。遗传分化系数、基因流以及Structure分析表明,元谋群体与宾川、寻甸两群体之间均具有较高的基因交流,宾川和寻甸两群体间则存在一定的遗传分化。上述结果表明,云南葡萄霜霉病菌群体存在较高水平的遗传多样性,且群体遗传结构与地理距离之间存在一定相关性。 相似文献
2.
避雨栽培对葡萄霜霉病发生的影响与葡萄冠层微气象因子的关系 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
系统比较了云南省石林县(‘红地球’)和弥勒县(‘水晶葡萄’)葡萄园采用避雨栽培和露天栽培对葡萄霜霉病Plasmoparaviticola(Berk.Curtis)Berl.de Toni.的防治效果,监测了田间葡萄园内避雨栽培和露天栽培处理中葡萄霜霉病的发生流行与植株冠层气象因子的变化情况,并结合适宜葡萄霜霉病病害循环的温度、相对湿度、叶面持露时间及田间葡萄植株冠层微气象因子的变化对避雨栽培有效防治葡萄霜霉病的气象原理进行了分析。结果表明,避雨处理可有效控制葡萄霜霉病的发生和危害,石林县和弥勒县两地葡萄园的防治效果分别达到97.84%和66.29%。弥勒县‘水晶葡萄’对霜霉病的抗性较强,霜霉病发生较轻,但在避雨栽培条件下霜霉病的病情指数也显著低于对照。植株冠层微气象因子变化分析表明,避雨栽培可以减少决定霜霉病菌能否成功侵染的叶面水膜持续时间,创造不适宜霜霉病菌萌发和侵入的条件,还可以显著减低棚内植株冠层适宜孢子囊产生的相对湿度的持续时间,减少霜霉病菌的侵染菌量,从而有效地控制了霜霉病的发生和危害。 相似文献
3.
4.
在北京和天津等地调查研究了大白菜霜霉病的初侵染来源问题,并对幼苗的有限系统侵染现象进行了研究。卵孢子是初侵染的重要来源,华北和东北各主要白菜产区的白菜病叶和菜田土壤中存在有大量霜霉病菌的卵孢子。这些卵孢子可以侵染幼苗而引起发病,在田间形成初发病株成为再侵染的来源。田间卵孢子一年不止形成一次,春菜上形成的卵孢子到秋季即可侵染。种子带菌情况因地区而异。山东“胶州白”因种株上易罹病害,莢果组织中的卵孢子可以夹在种子间传播。1961—1962年在京津两地收集的种子上未检查到卵孢子。唯在部分春播采种的种子上,病菌菌丝可潛伏于种皮中并产生孢子囊。以菌丝在留种株上潛伏而在次年带到田间成为春菜初侵染来源的可能性仍需进一步研究。首次报导了大白菜幼苗上 Peronospora parasitica 的有限系统侵染可以达到第一对真叶。病菌从茎基部侵入后,菌丝向上扩展进入子叶和第一对真叶,但不进入第二对真叶。田间最早发生的病株大多是有限系统侵染的。这一发现对了解病害流行起点是有帮助的。 相似文献
5.
为明确我国山西、山东、河北和云南省葡萄霜霉病菌对烯酰吗啉的抗性以及田间病菌群体的适合度,本研究采用Taqman-MGB技术检测了2020年-2021年采自上述4省份292株葡萄霜霉病菌对烯酰吗啉的抗性频率;采用叶盘法测定了田间抗性菌株与敏感菌株的适合度。结果表明,上述4个地区的平均烯酰吗啉抗性频率及抗性等位基因频率分别为64.0%和74.7%,其中山东省蓬莱区最高(91.2%和96.3%),河北省廊坊市(73.8%和85.0%)和云南省宾川县(75.0%和82.6%)次之,山西省清徐县(16.7%和34.7%)最低。适合度分析发现,田间抗性菌株的产孢能力明显高于敏感菌株,但二者的复合适合度指数无显著差异。上述结果表明,4省份霜霉病菌群体均对烯酰吗啉产生了不同程度的抗性,田间抗性菌株与敏感菌株相比无明显适合度变化。 相似文献
6.
黄淮麦区小麦全蚀病菌群体的遗传多样性分析 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
为了解小麦全蚀病病菌的群体组成和遗传多样性,采用8对多态性较好的微卫星标记,对我国黄淮麦区的116个小麦全蚀病菌株进行了分析。8个SSR标记的平均等位基因数为4.25个,多态性信息含量的平均值为0.66。供试菌株的平均有效等位基因数和基因遗传多样性指数分别为1.46和0.27,漯河群体的遗传多样性水平最高,周口群体最低。不同群体间遗传距离均较小,为0.0199~0.1153,其中徐州和周口群体间的遗传距离相对较大,而周口和驻马店群体间的遗传距离相对较小。分子方差分析结果显示,小麦全蚀病菌群体间和群体内均存在着一定的遗传分化,群体间的遗传变异占总变异的10%,群体内遗传变异占90%。6个群体间的基因流为3.5。根据SSR多态性,对来源不同菌株的UPGMA聚类分析结果显示,小麦全蚀病菌群体结构与地理来源有一定的关系。 相似文献
7.
福建省丙环唑不同敏感性玉米小斑病菌的遗传多样性和致病性 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用菌丝生长法、ISSR分子标记和分生孢子悬浮液喷雾接种法,探讨了福建省玉米小斑病菌对丙环唑的敏感性以及不同敏感性病菌群体的遗传多样性和致病性。敏感性测定结果表明,福建省玉米小斑病菌对丙环唑产生了抗药性,抗药性菌株的抗性倍数达到2.1~9.4倍。筛选获得的10条ISSR引物对55个菌株共检测出153个位点,其中多态性位点百分比高达93.46%。在敏感型、中间型和抗药型群体中多态性位点百分比分别为77.12%、69.93%和81.70%,在抗药型群体中,等位基因观测值、等位基因有效值、Nei’s遗传多样性指数和Shannon’s信息指数均高于敏感型群体,表明玉米小斑病菌抗药型群体的遗传多样性最丰富。聚类分析结果表明,病菌群体遗传多样性与抗药性水平和地理来源均有较高的相关性。致病性测定表明,丙环唑不同敏感性病菌群体对11个鲜食玉米品种均具有较强的致病性,但是,在9个玉米品种上,敏感型群体中强致病力菌株出现频率明显低于抗药型群体。研究结果为深入研究玉米小斑病菌群体遗传结构及其田间抗药性监测提供了理论基础。 相似文献
8.
炭疽病是葡萄的主要病害之一, 避雨栽培措施对葡萄炭疽病具有较好的防控作用?然而2020年, 在广西地区避雨栽培的葡萄上也发生了较严重的炭疽病, 田间调查发现, 炭疽病病穗率高达70%~80%, 造成产量损失50%?本研究于2020年从广西南宁市的‘阳光玫瑰’葡萄炭疽病病果中分离得到4株炭疽病菌?根据形态特征和多基因(ITS? ACT? TUB2? GAPDH 和CAL)系统发育分析, 将4个菌株鉴定为Colletotrichum viniferum?这是在广西首次发现C.viniferum引起葡萄炭疽病? 相似文献
9.
小麦条锈病菌和白粉病菌多重TaqMan Real-time PCR方法的建立 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
<正>小麦条锈病(Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritici,Pst)和小麦白粉病(Blumeria graminis f.sp.tritici,Bgt)是我国小麦生产上的重要病害。条锈病主要发生在西北、华北、长江中下游和西南各省、自治区;白粉病则在西南各省和河南、山东、湖北、江苏、安徽等省发生较重,且西北、东北麦区也日趋严重[1]。条锈病菌依靠夏孢子造成小麦初侵染和再侵染并随气流远距离传播导致大区流行,白粉病菌则依赖于分生孢子或子囊孢子进行初侵染和再侵染。二者作为典型的气传病害,空中的接种体在 相似文献
10.
为明确云南省条锈菌群体结构和遗传多样性水平,利用19个中国鉴别寄主和11对微卫星(simple sequence repeat,SSR)标记引物对采自云南省大理、曲靖、文山、昭通4个市的88个菌系进行了毒性表型分析和分子基因型分析。毒性表型分析结果表明,云南省条锈菌群体Nei’s基因多样性指数为0.17,Kosman指数为0.22,云南省条锈菌群体毒性结构复杂;菌系以Hybrid 46类群(77.3%)和贵农22类群(17.0%)为主,并且均不能侵染鉴别寄主中四和Triticum spelta album。分子基因型分析结果表明,云南省条锈菌整体上香农信息指数为0.63,分子遗传多样性比较丰富;大理市菌系香农信息指数为0.64,分子遗传多样性最丰富;文山市菌系香农信息指数为0.35,分子遗传多样性最低。聚类分析结果表明,云南省西部大理市菌系明显不同于云南省东部曲靖市、昭通市、文山市的菌系,昭通市菌系和曲靖市菌系毒性结构和基因型结构基本相同,表明云南省东、西部条锈菌群体遗传分化程度较高,是2个相对独立的流行区域。 相似文献
11.
葡萄叶提取物对葡萄霜霉病的防治作用及有效成分分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为探究葡萄叶提取物对葡萄霜霉病的防治作用,测定了葡萄叶提取物及其有效物质对葡萄生单轴霉Plasmopara viticola孢子囊和游动孢子的抑制作用以及对葡萄霜霉病的防治效果,观察了其对葡萄生单轴霉在叶片中扩展、产生孢子囊能力的影响,并对葡萄叶提取物组成成分进行了分析。结果表明,葡萄叶提取物对葡萄生单轴霉孢子囊的形成和萌发均有明显的抑制作用。当葡萄叶提取物浓度为10 mg/mL时,其对孢子囊形成的抑制率为82.4%,葡萄生单轴霉孢子囊和游动孢子的萌发率仅为7.6%和1.1%,均显著低于无菌水处理。荧光显微观察发现,葡萄叶提取物可以抑制葡萄生单轴霉在叶片内的扩展。当葡萄叶提取物浓度为10 mg/mL和50 mg/mL时,对葡萄霜霉病的室内防治效果分别为80.1%和100.0%;且浓度为10 mg/mL的葡萄叶提取物对葡萄霜霉病的田间预防效果为67.8%,与烯酰吗啉处理无显著差异。液质联用技术检测显示,葡萄叶提取物中含有白藜芦醇和紫檀芪,其对葡萄生单轴霉均有显著的抑制作用,且紫檀芪的抑制效果强于白藜芦醇。 相似文献
12.
Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) is one of the most important diseases in grape-growing areas worldwide, including Brazil. To examine pathogen population biology and structure, P. viticola was sampled during the 2015/16 growing season from 516 lesions on nine grape cultivars in 11 locations in subtropical areas of São Paulo State, Brazil. For identification of cryptic species, a subsample of 130 isolates was subjected to cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) analysis, and for 91 of these isolates the ITS1 region was sequenced. These analyses suggest that the population of P. viticola in São Paulo State consists of a single cryptic species, P. viticola clade aestivalis. Seven microsatellite markers were used to determine the genetic structure of all 516 P. viticola isolates, identifying 23 alleles and 55 multilocus genotypes (MLGs). Among these MLGs, 34.5% were clonal and represented 93% of the isolates sampled. Four dominant genotypes were present in at least five different locations, corresponding to 65.7% of the isolates sampled. Genotypic diversity (Ĝ = 0.21–0.89) and clonal fraction (0.58–0.96) varied among locations (populations). Most populations showed significant deviation from Hardy–Weinberg expectations; in addition, excess of heterozygosity was verified for many loci. However, principal coordinate analysis revealed no clusters among locations and no significant isolation by distance was found, suggesting high levels of migration. The results indicate that downy mildew epidemics result from multiple clonal infections caused by a few genotypes of P. viticola, and reproduction of P. viticola in São Paulo State is predominantly asexual. 相似文献
13.
Identification of Microsatellite Markers for Plasmopara viticola and Establishment of High throughput Method for SSR Analysis 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Davide Gobbin Ilaria Pertot Cesare Gessler 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2003,109(2):153-164
The Oomycete Plasmopara viticola is the causal organism of downy mildew on grapevine (Vitis spp.). In order to set up the techniques for investigating downy mildew disease dynamics and genetic structure, co-dominant, neutral, highly reproducible and polymorphic microsatellite markers for P. viticola were developed. Five markers, two with a (TC)n repeat (loci BER and ISA), two with a (TC)n(AC)n repeat (loci CES and REX) and one with a (CT)n(CTAT)n repeat (locus GOB), were selected. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers revealed different degrees of polymorphism within 190 oil spots (disease symptoms) collected from an infected Italian vineyard. The most polymorphic SSR marker GOB showed 43 alleles (Nei's expected gene diversity He = 0.89) while CES, ISA, BER and REX showed 14 (He = 0.71), 4 (He = 0.57), 3 (He = 0.24) and 1 allele (He = 0), respectively. A high throughput DNA extraction method, that allowed molecular analysis of this obligate pathogen directly in the host without any isolation procedure, was developed. The quality and quantity of oil spots did not influence the SSR analysis. Amplified SSR loci were separated by electrophoresis on a Beckman–Coulter 2000XL sequencer and automatically analysed. The objective of this study was to develop molecular biological tools and methods that allow high throughput analysis of the downy mildew populations. 相似文献
14.
葡萄生单轴霉重寄生菌F3的鉴定及防治效果测定 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为明确从生长异常的葡萄霜霉层上分离获得的菌株F3对葡萄生单轴霉Plasmopara viticola的重寄生作用及对葡萄霜霉病的防治效果,通过光学和扫描电子显微镜观察菌株F3对葡萄生单轴霉的重寄生作用,并对菌株F3进行形态特征观察及28S rDNA序列分析,采用孢子囊萌发抑制和离体叶片点样法测定该菌株对葡萄霜霉病的防治效果。结果表明,菌株F3对葡萄生单轴霉表现出覆盖、缠绕的重寄生现象。结合形态特征与序列分析结果将该菌株最终鉴定为层生镰刀菌Fusarium proliferatum。菌株F3分生孢子悬浮液及其无菌发酵液对葡萄霜霉菌孢子囊萌发具有显著的抑制作用,抑制率分别为86.8%和83.1%;经菌株F3分生孢子悬浮液预防处理后的离体葡萄叶片发病率为10.9%,显著低于对照的发病率98.8%,防治效果达88.9%;菌株F3分生孢子悬浮液与葡萄霜霉病菌孢子囊混合后点样接种处理的叶片发病率为50.0%,也显著低于对照,防治效果为49.1%;而治疗处理的叶片发病率与对照间无显著差异。表明层生镰刀菌对葡萄生单轴霉具有重寄生作用,且对葡萄霜霉病具有较强的预防控制作用。 相似文献
15.
Silvia Vezzulli Antonella Vecchione Marco Stefanini Luca Zulini 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2018,150(2):485-495
Downy mildew is a major grapevine disease caused by the biotrophic oomycete, Plasmopara viticola. Numerous disease resistance studies of diverse Vitis germplasm have been previously carried out to identify downy mildew resistance sources; however, ratings were mainly reported using leaf disc in vitro testing and foliage field assessment, or upon leaf and cluster field evaluations. In the current study, 28 grapevine hybrid cultivars were screened using leaf disc bioassay, for disease resistance characterization of both existing and wild-collected materials. 16 hybrids were identified as highly resistant or resistant, and will serve as relevant resistance donors in future pre-breeding and breeding programs. All grapevine hybrids were evaluated for foliar and cluster downy mildew resistance in an untreated field trial over three successive years. This study showed that the leaf disc bioassay provided some information on the resistance level of the genotypes under scrutiny, but it was a weak predictor of their resistance level under field conditions on leaves and even more on bunches. These findings are relevant to future applications in both traditional and marker-assisted breeding programs which promote sustainable viticulture. 相似文献
16.
Seiichi Furuya Mai Mochizuki Seiya Saito Hironori Kobayashi Tsutomu Takayanagi Shunji Suzuki 《Pest management science》2010,66(11):1268-1272
BACKGROUND: The increasing occurrence of QoI fungicide resistance in Plasmopara viticola (Berk. & MA Curtis) Berl. & DeToni populations is becoming a serious problem in the control of grapevine downy mildew. In Japan, the existence of QoI‐fungicide‐resistant P. viticola was reported in 2009. RESULTS: The QoI fungicide resistance in P. viticola samples collected from vineyards in Japan in 2008 and 2009 was monitored. Resistant P. viticola were detected in the regions where QoI fungicides have been introduced in accordance with the pest management programme, whereas in Hokkaido vineyards, where QoI fungicides have not yet been introduced, QoI‐fungicide‐resistant P. viticola were not found. CONCLUSION: Japan comprises thousands of islands and is physically isolated from other countries by the sea. Monitoring the emergence, incidence and distribution of QoI fungicide resistance in P. viticola populations in Japan is necessary to improve pest management strategies for downy mildew disease in Japanese vineyards. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
17.
Camila Bitencourt Patricia M. O. Pierre Felipe A. M. F. Pinto Paulo C. P. Fermino-Junior Beatriz R. Gomes Andriele C. de Morais Jhennifer M. Dias Leocir J. Welter 《Plant pathology》2021,70(8):1897-1907
This work evaluates the formation of oospores of Plasmopara viticola, the causal agent of grape downy mildew (DM), in highland regions in southern Brazil. Leaves of susceptible and resistant grape genotypes naturally infected with the pathogen were collected in the autumn of 2017, 2018, and 2019 from vineyards located in the highlands of Santa Catarina state. Leaf tissues were evaluated by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Oospores of P. viticola were identified in both susceptible and resistant host genotypes. They were concentrated in the central regions of the DM lesions, close to the leaf veins, and exhibited a rounded shape, yellowish colour, thick wall, and a diameter ranging from 16.28 to 49.15 µm. The formation of oospores is strong evidence that sexual reproduction is occurring in P. viticola in the climatic conditions of the highlands of southern Brazil. Sexual reproduction contributes to the maximization of genetic diversity via meiosis. Populations with high genetic variability are more likely to break resistance mechanisms conferred by resistance genes and to develop resistance to fungicides applied for disease control. To our knowledge, this is the first scientific study to prove the formation of P. viticola oospores in Brazil. The results presented provide a solid basis for further studies on sexual recombination in P. viticola. Genetic improvement programmes for grapevines, disease management methods, and disease prediction models need to consider the sexual reproduction of this pathogen, otherwise their effectiveness may be compromised. 相似文献
18.
为明确樟树枝叶提取物对葡萄霜霉病的防治效果,采用混合液滴显微镜观察法研究了樟树枝叶提取物及其活性成分对病原菌孢子囊萌发的抑制作用,利用高效液相色谱法鉴定了枝叶乙酸乙酯萃取物的化学成分,测定了其活性成分对葡萄霜霉病的室内和田间防治效果。结果表明,浓度为0.1 g/mL以上的樟树枝叶提取物对孢子囊萌发均有很好的抑制效果,抑制率达100.0%;樟树枝叶提取物经不同极性有机溶剂萃取后,分别获得正己烷、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇和水相分离物,浓度为1.0%时各分离物对孢子囊萌发的抑制率分别为58.4%、92.4%、32.5%和58.7%,乙酸乙酯相富集了主要抑菌活性成分,经液相色谱分析并与色谱库数据比对,确定其活性成分中含有芦丁和槲皮素;浓度为1.0%的芦丁和槲皮素对孢子囊具有抑制作用;田间试验显示,浓度为0.3 g/mL以上的枝叶提取物对葡萄霜霉病预防效果显著,治疗效果在60.0%以上。研究表明,樟树枝叶提取物可以有效控制葡萄霜霉病,提取物的活性成分芦丁和槲皮素可以作为植物源药剂。 相似文献
19.
暗黑链霉菌PY-1活性产物分析及其对葡萄霜霉病田间防效评价 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为探究暗黑链霉菌Streptomyces atratus PY-1对葡萄霜霉病菌Plasomopara viticola的抑制作用,通过扫描电镜观察PY-1发酵滤液对葡萄霜霉病菌孢子囊的影响,检测PY-1的活性物质种类,并测定其对葡萄霜霉病的田间防效。结果表明,PY-1发酵滤液能够导致葡萄霜霉病菌孢子囊和孢子囊梗出现褶皱、破裂和畸形,进而使其丧失侵染功能。PY-1菌株代谢产物中包含几丁质酶、蛋白酶、嗜铁素、1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸脱氨酶、氰化氢、吲哚乙酸,不含纤维素酶。PY-1菌株对葡萄霜霉病具有较好的田间防效,发酵原液对葡萄霜霉病的田间中期防效可达到89.17%以上,末期防效达86.28%以上,比52.5%噁唑菌酮·霜脲氰2 000倍液的防效略低,但显著高于58%甲霜·锰锌1 000倍液的防效;PY-1菌株发酵液稀释700倍后对葡萄霜霉病的末期防效与甲霜锰锌1 000倍液防效相当。表明PY-1菌株具有研制防治葡萄霜霉病生防制剂的潜力。 相似文献