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1.
干热河谷等“热区”以其充足的光照及相对较高的温度为冬春季蔬菜生产提供了重要条件,合理的水肥管理是保障区域蔬菜产业可持续发展及农业环境安全的重要举措。为提高西南热区特色作物水肥管理能力,巩固北方冬春蔬菜供应链,设置不同灌溉量（4469.10、2253.60、1806.70 m3/hm2）和施氮量（240、210、180、150 kg/hm2）2个因子,在元谋干热河谷开展冬春季节番茄大田试验,分析比较不同水氮处理对番茄产量、品质及其水肥利用效率的影响。结果表明：（1）降低灌溉定额后,番茄单果重显著增加（P<0.05）,总产量无显著差异（P>0.05）,番茄果横径和果梗洼大小显著增加（P<0.05）,糖含量和番茄红素显著降低（P<0.05）,水分利用效率显著提高（P<0.05）;（2）氮肥施用量显著影响番茄果梗洼大小（P<0.05）;（3）水氮耦合作用显著影响糖含量和番茄红素（P<0.05）,番茄产量和品质更易受水分供应限制,而受氮肥影响较小。结果显示元谋冬春茬番茄传统种植模式存在过量灌溉和过量施肥的现象,选择低水（灌溉定额1806.70 m3/hm2）中氮（180 kg N/hm2）的水肥管理策略,保产的同时能有效提高番茄水分利用效率,能产出品质较好的番茄,同时减小环境污染风险。  相似文献   

2.
了解水分、氮素及其互作对水稻产量与水、氮利用效率的影响,对协同提高水稻产量与水氮利用效率有重要意义。本文概述了水稻节水灌溉技术、氮肥利用效率与氮肥施用技术、水分与氮素对水稻产量及水氮利用效率的耦合效应、作物-土壤关系及水氮调控机制等方面取得的进展;讨论了存在的问题,这些问题包括:高产水稻作物与土壤的水氮互作效应尚不明确;高产水稻水氮耦合与高效利用的分子机理不清楚;协同提高水稻产量与水氮利用效率的调控途径尚未掌握。针对这些问题,建议今后重点研究:高产水稻作物与土壤的水氮互作效应及其机制;水氮互作调控水稻吸收利用水分和氮素的生理与分子机理;协同提高水稻产量和水氮利用效率的调控途径与关键技术。  相似文献   

3.
进行了水分胁迫及复水过程中斑茅和甘蔗活性氧代谢和渗透调节变化的研究。结果表明,随着水分胁迫程度的提高,斑茅丙二醛(MDA)含量提高幅度低于拔地拉,但超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)比活性较高,同工酶谱带较强(SODb1、SODb2和PODa1)且明显不同于拔地拉,而且其在严重胁迫后复水出现与拔地拉相同的新的诱导谱带PODb2o。过氧化氢酶(CAT)比活性分析结果还表明,拔地拉在水分胁迫下,比活性明显下降,而斑茅则呈上升趋势。  相似文献   

4.
为明确黑龙港平原正在推广应用的冬小麦贮墒旱作栽培的播前土壤适宜墒情,研究了不同贮墒水平对小麦产量和水分利用效率的影响。试验于2014-2015和2015-2016年在河北吴桥进行,通过播前补灌设置5个贮墒水平,即2 m土体含水量分别为田间持水量的75%(W1)、80%(W2)、85%(W3)、90%(W4)、100%(W5)。结果表明,随贮墒量的增加,小麦全生育期耗水量显著增大,以W5处理的耗水量最大;提高贮墒量可促进小麦增产,但在贮墒量达到一定程度后产量变化不再明显,两年平均产量以W4处理最大;在W1、W2和W3处理间小麦水分利用效率差异不显著,而W4和W5处理显著低于前三个处理。在本试验土壤及降雨条件下,把播前2m土壤含水量调整为田间持水量的85%~90%是贮墒旱作最适宜的贮墒水平。  相似文献   

5.
小麦籽粒戊聚糖含量及相关遗传特性分析   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  
2001～2002年选用18个小麦品种为试验材料,测定了其籽粒总戊聚糖含量和水溶性戊聚糖含量,探讨了戊聚糖含量的遗传特性及与穗部性状的相关性,以期为专用小麦的选育提供理论依据。研究结果表明,同一生态环境条件下,不同小麦品种间的籽粒总戊聚糖含量、水溶性戊聚糖含量均存在极显著差异;总戊聚糖含量和水溶性戊聚糖含量具有较高的遗传力,水溶性戊聚糖含量遗传进度较大;结实小穗数与总戊聚糖含量呈显著正相关,单位面积穗数与水溶性戊聚糖含量呈极显著正相关,穗粒数、穗粒重与水溶性戊聚糖含量呈极显著负相关。  相似文献   

6.
Ba Lai Irrigation Project is located at coastal area in the Mekong Delta. In dry season when the flow rate decreases and the strong east wind blows into the delta, the salinity intrusion increases and seriously affects agricultural and domestic water use. Intakes of Ba Lai system have to be closed for 1–3 months depending on their locations, and no water supply during this period often causes water pollution in the project area. In order to solve such problems, this study aims to seek gate operation procedures for salinity control and water environment improvement. A numerical model is developed to simulate water movement, salinity concentration and duration of remaining water (water age) within the system under three scenarios: (1) without control structures, (2) with available control structures, (3) with the full control structures. Through the numerical simulations, control structures are confirmed to be an effective measure for the salinity control and suitable gate operation schedules are proposed to improve the water environment in the project.  相似文献   

7.
In Taiwan, groundwater commonly becomes important water resources in dry periods, and/or areas lack of water storage facility due to its low cost, steady water supply and good water quality. However, improper groundwater development brings about serious decreases in groundwater levels and land subsidence which causes disasters, such as seawater intrusion or soil salination, accompanied with environmental and economic losses. It is critical to develop strategies for water resources conservation in mountainous areas. The complex heterogeneity of mountainous physiographic environment makes it challenging in the forecasts of groundwater level variations, particularly in mountainous areas. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) have been recognized as an effective modeling tool for complex nonlinear systems in the last two decades. This study aims to investigate the interactive mechanisms of groundwater at the mountainous areas of the Jhuoshuei river basin in central Taiwan through analyzing and modeling the groundwater level variations. Several issues are discussed in this study, which includes the correlation between groundwater level variation and rainfall as well as streamflow, the identification of groundwater recharge patterns and effective rainfall thresholds for estimating groundwater level variations. The results indicate: (1) the daily variation of groundwater level is closely correlated with river flow and one-day antecedent rainfall based on correlation analyses; (2) effective rainfall thresholds can be identified successfully; (3) groundwater level variations can be classified into four types for monitoring wells; and (4) the daily variations of groundwater level can be well estimated by constructed ANNs. The identified interactive mechanisms between surface water and groundwater can facilitate the mountainous water resource conservation strategy for better water management, especially irrigation water supply and for alleviating land subsidence in downstream areas in the future.  相似文献   

8.
The effects of high pressure processing (HPP) at 500 and 800 MPa for 1 and 10 min, and the addition of glycerol (4% w/w) and salt (1% w/w) on the properties of water in corn tortillas were investigated. Moisture content and water activity were not affected by either HPP or addition of glycerol/salt. Thermal analysis techniques (such as differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H cross-relaxation and 1H T1 and T2 relaxation times) were used to characterize these samples at a structural and molecular level, respectively. Addition of glycerol and salt significantly decreased the ‘freezable’ water content of the tortillas while HPP had little effect on the measured structural properties. The proton mobility was significantly decreased by HPP but not affected by addition of glycerol and salt. These results show that both composition and HPP may alter the structural and molecular properties of water in corn tortillas.  相似文献   

9.
In the context of increased competition for water, growing more rice with less water will be one of the major challenges of the 21st century. This paper examines water savings and issues of scale in water productivity. The main objective is to understand if and how field-scale interventions scale up to subbasin-scale water savings in the Zhanghe Irrigation District (ZID) in Hubei Province, central China. Our results confirmed that on-farm water-saving practices result in higher water productivity per unit of irrigation water at the field scale due to lower irrigation water input. However, the question is, if these field-scale practices have led to real water savings; savings which can be transferred to other agricultural and non-agricultural uses without lowering existing production levels. To investigate this question, we examined water use and productivity at four different scales: field scale, meso scale, main canal command scale, and subbasin scale using the water accounting methodology. The study clearly demonstrates the high dependence on the scale of water use and productivity parameters. Depleted fraction and water productivity per unit of gross inflow and irrigation water varied dramatically across scale. Thus, it is not possible to conclude from field-scale observations that basin level water savings will or will not take place. The major reasons for these scale effects are the lateral flow of water across boundaries, differing land use patterns across scales, and changing water management patterns across scales. In the ZID, going from field and meso scale to even larger scales, water productivity per unit of irrigation increases to even higher levels than at the field scale. Here it becomes clear that the ZID, with its possibilities of reuse of drainage return flows and capturing rainfall and runoff in all the reservoirs within the system, is very effective in capturing and using water productively. Factors that influence water productivity and depleted fraction are on-farm water savings as well as the reuse of drainage water, effective capturing and utilization of rain, and canal water management. The scope for additional real water savings in the Zhanghe Irrigation District is limited. Only 13% of the combined rainfall and Zhanghe reservoir irrigation water releases flow out of the basin. A further reduction in drainage surface outflow from the ZID may have negative downstream effects on other water uses, including environmental uses. The main lessons learned are that (1) employing a combination of factors—on-farm practices, reuse, and canal operations—can be an effective means of conserving water resources within irrigation systems, (2) the scope for savings must be considered by an analysis at larger scales (i.e. irrigation system or basin scale), and may be less than thought because of the interactions of these factors. The results clearly indicate that scale effects are important for understanding and planning for water savings and water productivity.  相似文献   

10.
A water and nitrogen balance model for the surface ponded water compartment of rice fields was developed. The model estimates the daily ponded water depth and the daily losses and the uses of NH4–N and NO3–N in their transformation processes. The model was applied with data obtained from two rice fields during 2005 at Thessaloniki plain in northern Greece. Significant amounts of applied irrigation water were lost with the surface runoff and deep percolation to groundwater. The gaseous losses of nitrogen (volatilization and denitrification) and nitrogen uptake by algae were the main processes of nitrogen reduction in the ponded water of rice fields. The study showed that the system of a rice field is a natural system where an important amount of influent nitrogen applied by irrigation water can be reduced. These processes decrease the possibilities of water resources contamination.  相似文献   

11.
The leaves ofCoriandrum sativum contain 51.4µg of betacarotene (85.6 IU) per gram and 361mg L-ascorbic acid per 100g on a dry weight basis. The vitamin C in the plant did not change significantly for three days when the cut stems were placed in water and maintained at a temperature of 17 °C. Cooking for 5 minutes lowered the vitamin C content in 4 and 10 volumes of water by 41 to 49% and 61 to 67%, respectively. Cooking for 10 minutes in the same amount of water increased the loss by a few percentage points.  相似文献   

12.
Two type of water transfer have occurred in Taiwan, namely, regular and emergency transfers. According to the prevailing Water Law, water is permitted to transfer among water rights holders whenever they need and agree upon relevant compensation. As for the emergency transfer, in the event of extensive drought, every water user sector will suffer serious water shortages resulting in unavoidable economic losses. The Government should step in to perform emergency water transfer by suspending agricultural water rights a course of action considered to cause smaller losses even when an entire rice crop is abandoned, to minimize overall losses to the national macro economy. This study has examined two typical water transfer cases that were implemented in Taiwan. The first one involved the regular transfer of agricultural water from the Changhwa and Yunlin Irrigation Associations (IAs) to the industrial user Formosa Petrochemical Corporation (FPC). The second one involved the transfer of agricultural water from the Taoyuan, Shimen and Shinchu IAs to domestic and industrial uses during the period from 2002 to 2006 as an emergency transfer. From the perspective of water transfer options, Taiwanese case studies have demonstrated that an officially recognized marketing oriented water transfer mechanism has yet to be established. However, water transfer is still undertaken whenever necessary. In this respect, regardless of the type of water transfer undertaken, water rights can only be suspended but not terminated. In spite of the types of water transfer, it is inevitable to affect the ecological and environmental functions. Therefore, further investigations with related topics should be broadly taken into account. Ecosystem services of paddy fields have attracted increasing recognition in the monsoon Asian countries. Currently, there is a research program collaborating with the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) on the impact and influence induced by water transfer with a major concern on the ecosystem services of paddy fields in Taiwan.  相似文献   

13.
《Plant Production Science》2013,16(3):269-278
Abstract

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to study the adaptive mechanism of cotton and peanut under water stress conditions. Five cultivars of cotton and six cultivars of peanut were grown in pots under two water levels; the control and water stress condition, where irrigation water equal to 100% and 50% of the daily transpiration, respectively, was daily applied. Peanut showed a greater increase than cotton in leaf temperature (Tl) and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and a greater decrease in water content per unit leaf area (WCLA), chlorophyll content and maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (PSII) (Fv/Fm) in the water stress condition. On the other hand, the water stress lowered the transpiration rate, actual quantum yield of PSII (ΔF/F’m) and leaf area (LA) more in cotton than in peanut. Cotton showed greater reduction in LA along with little reduction in the root dry weight (RDW) leading to high WCLA, while peanut showed increased RDW with little reduction in LA under the water stress condition. It was concluded that photodamage and down regulation in PSII were induced by water stress, coinciding with increases in leaf temperature regulated mainly by transpiration. Peanut showed more severe photodamage in PSII than cotton under the water stress condition.  相似文献   

14.
W.-Z. Liu  X.-C. Zhang   《Field Crops Research》2007,100(2-3):302-310
Matching fertilizer rates with available water supplies in water-scarce environments remains a major challenge for improving water use efficiency and crop yield. The objectives are to (i) develop a new approach to characterizing interrelations of yield (Y), evapotranspiration (ET), water use efficiency (WUE), and soil fertility using an elasticity index, and (ii) to further derive optimal-coupling domains of water and fertilizer inputs using maize data of 1997 and 1998, as an example. The experiment was an incomplete factorial design with two factors (water supply and fertilizer input) with five levels each, and had a total of 13 treatments with three replicates each. A maize cultivar (Zhongdan 2, Zea mays L.) was grown in a loessial silt loam in the hilly region of the Loess Plateau of China. Irrigation was hand applied at predetermined amounts as needed, and fertilizers including nitrogen, phosphate, and yard manure were applied at planting and jointing at predetermined rates. Approaches on how to use the crop–water production function and elasticity index (EI) to characterize the interrelations of Y, ET, and WUE were presented, and further extended to derive the optimal-coupling domains of water and fertilizer inputs. Yield responses to water and fertilizer inputs followed a quadratic function with a positive interactive term. When constrained by local maximum yields, the optimal-coupling domain took a half-ellipse form with the global maximum WUE and Y (or maximum ET) corresponding to the left and right end points on its long axis. As water supply increased, WUE reached its maximum before yield did. If water supply is limiting, fertilizer rates that maximize WUE rather than yield should be used; otherwise, seeking maximum yield may be desirable. For irrigation management, total water supply to maize should not exceed 550 mm in the region. Furthermore, the optimal domain can be used to determine optimal fertilizer rates for any given water supply, which may be estimated from seasonal climate forecasts in the case of dryland farming or based on available water supply for future irrigation. For a given water supply, fertilizer rates should be between the rate of reaching local maximum WUE and the rate of reaching local maximum yield.  相似文献   

15.
施用生物炭对华北平原土壤水分和夏玉米生长发育的影响   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
2014～2017年在中国农业大学吴桥实验站设每年施用生物炭7 200 kg/hm~2(T1)、3 600 kg/hm~2(T2)、1 800 kg/hm~2(T3)和不施生物炭(CK)4个处理,探究施用生物炭对土壤水分和夏玉米生长发育的影响。结果表明,与CK处理相比,T1和T2处理的子粒产量分别降低10.59%～10.80%和6.30%～7.76%(P0.05)。施用生物炭显著降低全生育期的耗水量,提高水分利用效率。与T3和CK处理相比,T1和T2处理显著降低主要生育时期的SPAD值、光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率,花后的叶面积指数也较低,从而降低花后的干物质积累。施用生物炭可以增加土壤含水量,减少夏玉米耗水量,进而提高水分利用效率;中高量的施用降低夏玉米和周年的子粒产量。因此,在华北平原生物炭施用量建议以低量为宜。  相似文献   

16.
Pesticides are very important in European rice production. For appropriate environmental protection, it is useful to predict the potential impact of pesticides after application, in paddy fields, in paddy runoff, and in the surrounding water, by calculating predicted environmental concentrations (PECs). In this paper, a joint simulation is described, coupling a field-scale pesticide fate model (RICEWQ) and a transportation model (RIVWQ) to evaluate the potential for predicting environmental concentrations of pesticides in the paddy field and adjacent surface water bodies and comparing the predicted values with the monitoring data. The results demonstrate that the application of the calibrated field-scale RICEWQ model is a conservative method to predict the PEC at the watershed level, overestimating the observed data; the coupled RICEWQ and RIVWQ models could be adequately used to predict PECs in the surrounding water at watershed level and in the higher tier risk assessment procedure.  相似文献   

17.
Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) plays an important role in crop–livestock mixed farming on marginal land in the semiarid Loess Plateau. However, the duration, yield performance and water use of long-term alfalfa stands and choice of appropriate subsequent crops are not clear. A 5-year field experiment was conducted at Zhonglianchuan, Gansu Province, China from 2001 to 2005. Productivity and water use were determined and compared between (1) three alfalfa stands that were 1–5 (A1–5), 6–10 (A6–10) and 11–15 (A11–15) years old during the trial; (2) alfalfa using conventional cultivation and a water-harvesting technique (RA1–5); and (3) conventional crop rotation (CK) and four 5-year crop sequence rotations sown after 10-year-old alfalfa had been ploughed, being millet–wheat–potato–pea–potato (MWLPL); millet–corn–corn–wheat–wheat (MCCWW); millet–potato–wheat–corn–corn (MLWCC) and millet–fallow–pea–potato–pea (MFPLP). Forage yield peaked in 7-year-old alfalfa (5740 kg ha−1), but 9-year-old alfalfa had the maximum forage yield profit (4477 kg ha−1 y−1) in terms of whole growing years. Soil water use efficiency (WUES in terms of forage yield and soil water use) of alfalfa increased dramatically up to the 11th year, and then leveled off from year 12 to 15. Forage yield and WUEB/ET (WUE in terms of aboveground biomass and evapotranspiration) of alfalfa were significantly higher using water harvesting compared with conventional cultivation, but were significantly lower than CK. Soil water content did not change in CK as stand age increased, but it decreased in conventional alfalfa stands. After 10 years of alfalfa, a fallow year was not necessary before planting annual crops as soil water was greatly restored after sowing subsequent annual crops. Yield of some crops in the four crop sequence rotations did not differ significantly from CK. MWLPL and MLWCC had more aboveground biomass than MCCWW and MFPLP but the choice of crop sequence needs to be further considered.  相似文献   

18.
《Field Crops Research》2006,95(1):89-96
Tuber yields of potato plants grown from microtubers in fields are more variable than yields from conventional seed tubers (CT). One reason could be their higher susceptibility to water stress. This study clarified the effect of soil water stress from 1 month after emergence on the growth and yield of plants grown from conventional seed tubers and microtubers in fields. Microtubers (0.5–3 g) and conventional seed tubers (50 g) were grown in Hokkaido, Japan, over three field seasons. One month after emergence, poly-shelters were placed over the plots to prevent rainfall, and either irrigated (wet plot) or non-irrigated (dry plot) treatments were formed. At mid-flowering (about 50 days after emergence) leaf area index (LAI) in microtuber plants was decreased relatively more due to soil water stress than LAI in conventional seed tuber plants. However, at maximum shoot growth (about 80 days after emergence) both microtuber and conventional seed tuber plants had a similar relative decrease in LAI due to soil water stress. At mid-flowering and maximum shoot growth microtuber and conventional seed tuber plants had reduced stomatal conductance due to soil water stress, but the reduction in stomatal conductance was greater in conventional seed tuber plants than in microtuber plants. Microtuber and conventional seed tuber plants had similar root development at maximum shoot growth. Tuber production from mid-flowering until plant maturity was similarly affected by soil water stress in microtuber and conventional seed tuber plants. At harvest, plants affected by soil water stress had about 87% of the tuber dry weight of irrigated plants. We conclude, that the greater variation on tuber yield of microtuber plants cannot be attributed to soil water stress from 1 month after emergence.  相似文献   

19.
In regions with shallow water tables, ground water may have a positive (water supply) or negative (waterlogging or salinization) impact on crops. Reciprocally, crops can influence ground water, altering water table depth and chemical composition. We quantified these reciprocal influences along natural gradients of groundwater depth in flat sedimentary landscapes of the Inland Pampas occupied by wheat, soybean, and maize during two growing seasons (2006/2007 and 2007/2008). We correlated crop yield and groundwater depth maps at the field level and made direct plant, soil and groundwater observations at the stand level across topographic gradients. Water table level largely accounted for spatial crop yield variation, explaining 20–75% of their variance. An optimum groundwater depth range, where crop yields were highest, was observed for all three crop species analyzed (1.40–2.45 m for maize, 1.20–2.20 m for soybean, and 0.70–1.65 m for wheat). The areas within these optimum bands had yields that were 3.7, 3 and 1.8 times larger than those where the water table was below 4 m for wheat, maize, and soybean, respectively. As groundwater levels become shallower than these depth bands, crop yields declined sharply (∼0.05 kg m−2 on average for every 10 cm increase in water table level), suggesting negative effects of waterlogging, root anoxia and/or salinity. Groundwater levels below these depth bands were associated with gradually declining yields, likely driven by poorer groundwater supply.  相似文献   

20.
A field experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of alternate irrigation (AI) on the yield, water use and water use efficiency (WUE) of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)/maize (Zea mays L.) intercropping system in an oasis region of northwest China in 2006-2008. Three planting patterns, i.e., sole wheat, sole maize and wheat/maize intercropping. Three irrigation levels were applied for each treatment during 3 years. Results showed that land use efficiency of wheat and maize was significantly enhanced by intercropping system; land equivalent ratio (LER) of wheat/maize intercropping system in different treatments was all greater than 1.0. Moreover, significant difference in grain yield was observed between intercropping treatment and sole cropping treatment, in which the yield of intercropped wheat was 55.37-74.88% of sole wheat, and intercropped maize was 66.63-78.87% of sole maize. Wheat/maize intercropping treatments increased water use by 1.8-16.4% than half of the total water use of sole-cropping wheat and maize. Compared to sole cropping wheat treatments, wheat/maize intercropping with alternate irrigation significantly improved water use efficiency (WUE) by 30.5-57.7%, 55.5-71.4% and 12.0-19.8%, and increased by 32.7-37.8%, 9.5-15.8% and 4.0-20.8% than sole cropping maize treatments in 2006-2008, respectively. Our results suggest that AI should be a useful water-saving irrigation method on wheat/maize intercropping in arid oasis field where intercropping planting is decreased because of limited water resource.  相似文献   

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