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1.
Long-term studies of changes in the properties of solonetzic soil complexes of the dry steppe zone under anthropogenic impacts (deep plowing, surface leveling, irrigation, and post-irrigation use) have been performed on the Privolzhskaya sand ridge and the Khvalyn and Ergeni plains. The natural morphology of solonetzic soils was strongly disturbed during their deep ameliorative plowing. At present, the soil cover consists of solonetzic agrozems (Sodic Protosalic Cambisols (Loamic, Aric, Protocalcic)), textural (clay-illuvial) calcareous agrozems (Eutric Cambisols (Loamic, Aric, Protocalcic)), agrosolonetzes (Endocalcaric Luvisols (Loamic, Aric, Cutanic, Protosodic), agrochestnut soils (Eutric Cambisols (Siltic, Aric)), and meadowchestnut soils (Haplic Кastanozems). No features attesting to the restoration of the initial profile of solonetzes have been found. The dynamics of soluble salts and exchangeable sodium differ in the agrosolonetzes and solonetzic agrozems. A rise in pH values takes place in the middle part of the soil profiles on the Khvalyn and Ergeni plains. 相似文献
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Soils derived from loess are extensive in Europe and are well suited for forestry. They are suspected to be poor acid buffers, however. We have estimated the weathering stage and acid neutralizing capacity of acid soils under forest in a toposequence on loess in the Belgian silt belt. The soils vary distinctly in morphology and physico‐chemical properties according to their topographic position. Dystric Cambisols have developed in colluvial deposits in the dry valley floors, whereas Dystric Luvisols have formed on the slopes in a rejuvenated material. The Cambisols are more acid and less saturated in bases than are Luvisols. They are strongly depleted of clay and contain less weatherable minerals. Easily weatherable minerals are concentrated mainly in the clay fraction of both soil types. Clay minerals of size < 2 μm therefore act as major sinks for protons in these soils. A simplified expression taking into account the total reserve in bases, total aluminium and iron occluded in silicates is used to estimate acid neutralizing capacity. Our estimates confirm that these acid loessic soils are indeed poor acid buffers. They show that the Dystric Cambisols depleted of clay are sensitive to potential acidification, whether natural or man‐made. 相似文献
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安徽省沿淮地区几种主要土壤诊断特性和系统分类研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文对安徽省沿淮地区的黄棕壤、黄褐土、水稻土、砂姜黑土、潮土和石灰土等六种主要土壤的典型剖面进行系统研究,按《中国土壤系统分类(修订方案)》确定了各土壤剖面具有的诊断层和诊断特性,进行了分类检索,得出了这六种典型土壤剖面在中国土壤系统分类中所属的分类单元,并与现有发生学分类进行了参比。典型剖面研究结果表明:这些土壤分别被划归铁质湿润淋溶土土类、粘磐湿润淋溶土土类、简育水耕人为土土类、淡色潮湿雏形土土类、简育潮湿变性土土类、钙质湿润淋溶土土类。 相似文献
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Tillage-induced soil erosion or redistribution increases spatial variation of several soil properties and often reduces the productive capacity of soil resources. Our objectives were to identify the extent of this type of erosion by observing the changes in soil morphological properties in the field and analysing its possible effects on soil productivity. The study was initiated in 2001 and conducted at two irrigated sites located approximately at Terena, Alandrol, 80 km east of Évora, Portugal. They were planted to corn (Zea mays L.) during this study, but have a long history of agricultural use with a trend toward increasing intensity in recent years. Soils in the field studies are classified mainly as Calcaric Regosols, Calcaric Cambisols, Luvisols and small areas of Fluvisols. The amount of erosion was estimated by simulation and verified by describing the lithology and measuring soil carbonates. The presence of carbonates in the superficial Ap horizons of soils that were previously devoid of this compound, provide evidence of soil redistribution: (1) in soils derived from calcareous parent material, this is the result of a re-carbonation process; (2) in soils derived from non-calcareous parent material the presence of carbonates in the superficial Ap horizons results from a carbonation process. On both sites, A and B, approximately 17% of the soils sampled were either carbonated or re-carbonated. Carbonation and re-carbonation of soil profiles confirmed that tillage had redistributed the soil-ploughing layer over time. Decreased corn yield was also observed as slope increase. If current agricultural practices are continued in this area, a decrease in soil quality and maximum yield on higher slopes can be expected. 相似文献
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山东主要果园土壤的粘土矿物组成及其吸附特性 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
研究了山东主要果园土壤中粘土矿物的组成、类型及其对P、K和Cu、Zn、Pb金属元素的吸附特性。结果表明：山东主要果园土壤的粘土矿物类型存在着明显的差异,淋溶较强,酸度较大的棕壤（简育湿润淋溶土）中粘土矿物以高岭石占优势,对P的吸附较强,但对K＋吸附固定较弱。含游离C aCO3较高的潮土（淡色潮湿雏形土）和褐土（简育干润淋溶土）,对P有较强的吸附和沉淀作用,使土壤磷的有效性降低。而砂姜黑土（钙积潮湿变性土）由于含有较高的蒙脱石和1.4 nm过渡矿物,对K＋具有很强的吸附和晶穴固定作用,因此砂姜黑土中磷肥和钾肥的有效性均较低,在施肥上应采取集中施肥和保持较湿润土壤环境等措施,以提高养分有效性。砂姜黑土和潮土对Cu、Zn、Pb金属元素的吸附显著地大于棕壤和褐土,主要的影响因素是不同土壤的粘粒含量和粘土矿物的类型的差异。同一土壤对Pb的吸附量远远大于对Zn和Cu的吸附量,主要取决于金属元素本身的化学性质和胶体的吸附特性。 相似文献
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Detailed characterization of soils and their variation along different topography positions has not been investigated in depth for Mediterranean arid regions. There is a need to accurately understand the variation and the spatial distribution of soil properties within dry region of the Levant. Such understanding is required to optimize the use and management of scarce land and water resources. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of hillslope characteristics on the variation of selected soil chemical properties in an arid Mediterranean climate. At each of five selected transects four sites were chosen to represent four different topographic positions: summit, shoulder, backslope and toeslope. A soil profile was examined at each site and a representative sample from each horizon was withdrawn for chemical analyses. The analyses indicated that generally, the carbonate contents of the surface horizons decreased from higher to lower positions of the toposequence, the carbonate content increased with depth for profiles occupying the lower positions. This suggests more intense leaching within soil at lower positions. The effect of steepness and curvature on controlling the variation of soil properties was obvious at the summit and shoulder positions. Leaching process seems to hinder the effect of steepness and curvature for soils at lower positions. Lower positions receive runoff water and organic matter from upper positions, which complicate the relationship between landform shape and organic matter content. Continuous tillage resulted in lower organic matter contents for soils at lower positions. Higher pH values were reported for soils down along the transect due to the movement of soil material from upper hillslope positions. Electrical conductivity, exchangeable calcium and potassium contents decreased downslope due to higher moisture accumulation. However, no obvious relationship was found between the variation of pH or EC in one hand and the variation of steepness and curvature on the other. Potassium content was variable due to its greater mobility. The analyses indicated that variation in the soil CEC is governed by two factors: the leaching pattern, which is controlled by hillslope position, and the accumulation of Eolian carbonates at the soil surface. The distribution of iron oxides and types of clay minerals indicated more weathering in a descending direction and with soil depth, which is attributed to higher availability of soil moisture along the same direction. These relationships suggested systematic variation of chemical properties along toposequences in this arid environment. 相似文献
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A detailed study of the soil cover of a sinkhole (300 m2) in the dry steppe landscape of the Bogdinsk–Baskunchak Natural Reserve in Astrakhan oblast has been performed, and the factors of its differentiation have been analyzed. The indices of pedodiversity have been calculated and compared for karst sinkholes in the dry steppe and northern taiga landscapes. Quantitative parameters of the lateral migration of solid soil substances on the slopes of the sinkhole have been determined. The rate of soil erosion decreases from the slope of southern aspect to the slopes of western, northern, and eastern aspects. On the average, it is estimated at 0.4 mm/yr. The average rate of accumulation of solid substances on the lower parts of the slopes and in the bottom of the sinkhole reaches 0.74 mm/yr. A comparative analysis of the soil properties attests to their dependence on the particular position of a given soil within the sinkhole. Downward the slopes of the sinkhole, full-profile brown arid soils (Cambic Calcisols) are replaced by sierozem-like soils (Haplic Calcisols), light-humus poorly developed soils (Luvisols), lithozems (Leptosols), and stratified soils (stratozems, or Colluvic Regosols). The soils within the upper ring-shape soil microzone are more diverse and contrasting with respect to their morphological, physical, chemical, and physicochemical properties. The degree of soil contrasts decreases down the slopes of the sinkhole towards its bottom. The studied sinkhole is characterized by considerable pedodiversity. Quantitative parameters of pedodiversity for the sinkhole in the dry steppe zone are higher than those form the sinkholes in the northern taiga zone. 相似文献
11.
Achmadi Jumberi Mina Yamada Satoshi Yamada Hideyasu Fujiyama 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(4):657-664
A greenhouse experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of exchangeable Na on the growth and absorption of metal elements in barley, rye, and maize. The plants were cultivated in soils whose exchangeable sodium percentages (ESP) were 6.6 (saline soil: Saline), 17.4 (saline-sodic soil: Sodic 1), and 39.6 (sodic soil: Sodic 2), which were prepared from Tottori sand dune soil (Control). The dry weight (DW) and concentrations of metal elements Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn, and Cu) in shoots were analyzed. The shoot DW was smaller with higher ESP, but in barley the difference between all the treatments was no longer observed with time. In Sodic soils, the growth of barley was vigorous, whereas rye growth was poor, and maize plants died by 5 weeks after planting. The Na concentration in shoots of all the species was higher with higher ESP. The K concentration in shoots was low at the early growth stage, but in barley it was higher in the Saline and both Sodic soils than in the Control at the subsequent stages. The concentrations of Ca and Mg in shoots of barley and maize in the Saline and both Sodic soils were higher than those in the Control, but in rye the concentrations were lowest in Sodic 2. The concentrations of Mn, Zn, and Cu in barley shoots in the Saline and bothSodic soils tended to be higher than those in the Control, whereas in rye they were lower than in the Control in both Sodic soils. Barley showed a higher ability to absorb low available microelements than rye and maize. These results indicate that barley is tolerant to sodicity as well as salinity, maize is tolerant to salinity, but is very sensitive to sodicity, and rye is moderately sensitive to both stresses. We suggest that the tolerance of grain crops to ESP involves a tolerance to a high Na concentration in shoots, the ability to keep suitable concentrations of essential cations in the presence of a high concentration of Na in shoots and the ability to absorb low available microelements. 相似文献
12.
J. E. Gama-Castro E. Solleiro-Rebolledo E. Vallejo-Gmez 《Soil & Tillage Research》2000,55(3-4):143-165
Parent material and pumiceous alluvial soils, located in a tropical region of Mexico, were studied to supply information on soil suitability for agricultural production in the context of sustainable agriculture. In recent alluvial soils, an understanding of how soil characteristics vary with parent material and topography provides a basis for determining land utilization type, land suitability as well as land quality. The main objective of this study was to establish the relationship of soil properties to parent material in west Nayarit, Mexico. Field studies were initiated in 1993 by a request for technical assistance from the Comision Federal de Electricidad. The studied soils were derived from pumice that has been reworked and mixed with detrital material from other sources. We found that such soils have unique physical, chemical and mineralogical characteristics that are rarely found in soils derived from other parent materials. Data for two selected alluvial soil profiles are presented. These soils were developed on Holocene volcanogenic pumiceous alluvial river terraces and river floodplains, under current udic-isohyperthermic soil-climate conditions. The agronomic properties, tillage influences and fertilizer requirements of these soils have been studied extensively. To maximize their productivity and minimize deterioration, proper management must be based on an understanding of the unique physical, chemical and mineralogical properties. Results indicate that such soils have physical properties that provide a good environment for deep rooting and can supply the water necessary for vigorous plant growth. In both soils, water retention at 33 and 1500 kPa, particle surface area, calculated clay, cation exchange capacity, Al exchangeable percentage and P retention, and the occurrence of isotropic coatings on rock fragments and peds tend to increase in the presence of the large amounts of hydrolyzed pumice that are found in the 0.02–2.0 mm fraction. Scanning electron microscope–energy dispersive X-ray analyses demonstrate that the coatings dominantly consist of noncrystalline material, probably allophanic-like material as suggested by the Si/Al molar ratio of 1.0. Selective dissolution analysis reveals that these abundant noncrystalline materials consist of ferrihydrite and allophane with an atomic ratio (Alo−Alp)/Sio of approximately 1.4. Both ferrihydrite and allophane have very large specific surface area and absorptive capacity that make a significant contribution to the overall properties of these soils. X-ray diffraction analysis and transmission electron microscope observation show that the major group of crystalline clay minerals in the upper section of studied soils are tubular and spheroidal halloysite. These soils were classified as Vitrandic Udifluvents according to Soil Taxonomy. 相似文献
13.
湖南张家界典型植烟土壤地球化学特征研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了研究张家界山地植烟区域土壤的成土环境及地球化学元素的丰缺状况和迁移富集规律,为烟区优质特色烟叶的生产和布局提供科学依据,本文采集23个长期耕种的典型植烟土壤剖面样品,测定分析了25种地球化学元素(氧化物)的含量,并对土壤的风化发育状况和元素(氧化物)的迁移富集特征进行了研究。结果表明,张家界烟区主要成土母质如石灰岩、板页岩、紫色砂页岩风化物均受到了较强的风化作用,化学风化指数(CIA)介于73.19～88.03之间,总体上土壤具有Ca、Na贫乏而Fe、Al相对富集的化学组成特征。其中紫色砂页岩风化物发育形成的紫色土的风化作用较强,土壤的淋溶作用较强;石灰岩风化物发育形成的土壤富铝化程度较低。黄壤、水稻土、紫色土中地球化学元素多数表现出一定的富集特征,大量有益营养元素的富集对于提高烟叶产量具有重要作用。土壤剖面淋溶层中元素(氧化物)P、B、Se、Mn、Zn、Cu、Ni、Y、Sc、La、Fe2O3、SiO2的含量均高于中国或世界土壤元素(氧化物)中值(均值),而N、S、Cl、Mo、Co、Sr、Br、I、CaO、MgO、K2O、Na2O、Al2O3的含量偏低,其中元素(氧化物)N、P、S、Mo、Se、Mn、Zn、Br、I、CaO、MgO在土壤剖面中的含量变化较大。通过对元素(氧化物)富集系数的聚类分析,将元素(氧化物)分为3类:呈较强富集特征的元素N、P、S、Se;呈较强迁移特征的元素(氧化物)Br、I、Mn、CaO;变化较稳定的其他元素。微量元素B、Zn、Cu和稀土元素Y、Sc、La含量较丰富且变化相对稳定,表明除了常量元素N、P、S以外,微量元素Se、B、Zn、Cu和稀土元素Y、Sc、La可能是影响张家界烟区烤烟品质的重要特征元素。 相似文献
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A.F. Harrison 《Soil biology & biochemistry》1979,11(4):393-403
Variation in total, organic and available-P contents and phosphatase activity of P-deficient soils of some English Lake District woodlands of differing vegetative composition were examined in relation to individual woodlands, two depths in the soil profile, mull, moder and mor humus types, and different times of the year. Depth in the soil profile was a more important source of variation in the P properties than different woodlands. Soils in individual woodlands differed in their degree of variability in the four P properties. Available P contents and phosphatase activities were more variable than total and organic P contents. Available-P and organic-P contents and phosphatase activity showed seasonal variation. Seasonal variation in available-P was almost as great as differences in available-P between woodlands. Total and organic-P contents showed similar patterns of variation with respect to individual woodlands, humus type and soil depth. Differences in degree of variation within woodlands and differences in degree and pattern of variation of the four P-properties may need to be taken into account in soil sampling programmes of studies comparing soils under differing vegetation regimes.Different interpretations of the variation in the soil-P properties were obtained by expressing the data respectively in terms of soil weight (g?1 soil) or soil volume (cm?1 soil), due to marked variation in bulk-densities of the woodland soils. It is suggested that where soils vary in bulk-density, soil data should be expressed in terms of soil volume.The P-deficiency of the woodland soils is probably associated with the relatively low total P content per unit volume of soil and the high proportion of it which is organically bound. 相似文献
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探明区域农田土壤有机碳密度（soil organic carbon density, SOCD）空间分布特征及其影响因素对增加农田土壤碳汇、实现“双碳”目标具有重要意义。该研究以北京市为研究区,基于2022年采样实测的0～60 cm各层SOCD数据,采用3D概念模型、Mantel test、地理加权回归、地理探测器模型开展SOCD空间变异分析,探究不同因素对SOCD的影响程度及各因素间交互后的作用力。结果表明：1）研究区SOCD在空间上呈自表层向深层逐渐降低的趋势,其中0～15 cm土层的SOCD显著高于30～60 cm（P < 0.05）,0～60 cm土层的有机碳储量约为10.80 Tg。2）土壤含水率、土壤亚类、地形部位分别对0～15、15～60、45～60 cm土层的SOCD产生了显著影响（P < 0.05）;土壤亚类、土壤母质、土壤质地、地形部位与SOCD的空间关联性较强,关联程度自表层向下逐渐增大。3）各重要因子交互后对研究区SOCD的解释能力呈双因子增强或非线性增强的关系,土壤亚类与其他各因子交互后对SOCD的解释能力提升最为突出。今后研究区内开展土壤有机碳空间变异等相关研究时应尽可能综合考虑多因素间的交互作用,其中土壤亚类（土壤类型）可作为重点指标。研究结果可为优化农田资源空间结构,制定农田固碳增汇措施提供科学参考。 相似文献
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A diverse range of acid sulphate soils occur in Negara Brunei Darussalam on the inland flat areas that are important agricultural lands. Prior to this study, there was no information on their occurrence. Information about these soils is critical because they present significant management challenges for both agriculture and protection of the environment. Field surveys and laboratory analysis conducted in eight areas of the Brunei‐Muara district and four areas of the Belait district identified, characterized and classified using Soil Taxonomy, a wide range of 10 acid sulphate soil types in four soil orders: Histosols, Vertisols, Inceptisols and Entisols. A user‐friendly soil identification key using easily observed soil characteristics was developed to assist users with the recognition of the range of acid sulphate soils. Conceptual soil hydro‐toposequence models in the form of cross‐sections were constructed to explain the spatial heterogeneity of (i) acid sulphate soil properties comprising a range of features (e.g. organic‐rich materials/peats, clays, sands, cracks and jarosite‐rich mottles), sulphidic material and sulphuric horizons, (ii) pyrite shale outcrops and (iii) soil types using both the soil identification key and Soil Taxonomy. The soil hydro‐toposequence models together with the soil identification key helped to easily visualize and illustrate the complexities and importance of understanding specific sites to assess the detailed behaviour and implications of various soil, regolith and topographic features. 相似文献
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Greyzems (Grey Forest Soils) are zonal soils of the forest–steppe, in Russia geographically situated between the (Podzo) Luvisols of the southern taiga forest and the (Luvic) Chernozems of the steppe. Greyzems are characterized by a dark mollic horizon, with uncoated (bleached) silt and sand grains on pedfaces, and an argic horizon as diagnostic horizons. The FAO–Unesco soil map of the world shows Greyzems and Luvisols in Russia at this transition (the Russian soil map shows only Greyzems), while in similar geographic position in the USA and Canada the proportion of Greyzems is very small and Luvic Phaeozems/Chernozems and Albic Luvisols occupy those transitional zones of the grassland–forest interface. Three Greyzem profiles, presently under forest, and developed on loess-like mantle loams of Late Weichselian (Valday) age in the northern forest–steppe zone of the East European plain (Middle Russian Upland) were described and sampled near Pushchino, some 100 km south of Moscow. Micromorphology, particle size data, chemical data and clay mineralogy were studied. Based on the particle size distribution and the occurrence of fragments of a second humus horizon (SHH) the presence of two, rather similar, deposits in the solum is advocated. The following processes have been deduced from the study: (i) decalcification and secondary accumulation of carbonates; (ii) humus accumulation, including the significance of the SHH; (iii) clay illuviation, presumably two main phases; (iv) biological activity; (v) degradation of the mollic A: occurrence of bleached grains; (vi) downward migration of textural components and organic matter, in the Bt horizon along major pedfaces: occurrence of black organo-clay coatings and uncoated silt/sand grains; (vii) gleying. The tentative sequence of these processes during Late Weichselian and Holocene times leads us to conclude that Greyzems are polygenetic. They formed as Podzo(Luvisols) under forest, with fine clay coatings in the fine pores inside the blocky and prismatic peds, in the Late Glacial and Early Holocene. The change to tall grass steppe in the Atlanticum created a mollic horizon, that degrades when forest re-invades during the Subatlanticum. Fine clay, combined with organic matter forms black coatings on the major pedfaces. Uncoated silt and sand particles also migrate downward along those major pedfaces. Biological activity is involved in the very complex pattern of the transitional AhE and EBt horizons. Active gleying only occurs in the profile on the lowest topographic position. These latter processes are still active today. Similar soils do occur in the grassland–forest interface in North America, except where the younger age of the landscape and high CaCO3 content at shallow depth prevented their full development. 相似文献
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基于GIS的亚热带典型地区土壤有机碳空间分布预测 总被引：19，自引：4，他引：19
CHENG Xian-Fu SHI Xue-Zheng YU Dong-Sheng PAN Xian-Zhang WANG Hong-Jie SUN Wei-Xia 《土壤圈》2004,14(4):425-431
Spatial distribution of organic carbon in soils is difficult to estimate because of inherent spatial variability and insufficient data. A soil-landscape model for a region, based on 151 samples for parent material and topographic factors, was established using a GIS spatial analysis technique and a digital elevation model (DEM) to reveal spatial distribution characteristics of soil organic carbon (SOC). Correlations between organic carbon and topographic factors were analyzed and a regression model was established to predict SOC content. Results for surface soils (0-20 cm) showed that the average SOC content was 12.8 g kg-1, with the SOC content between 6 and 12 g kg-1 occupying the largest area and SOC over 24 g kg-1 the smallest. Also, soils derived from phyllite were the highest in the SOC content and area, while soils developed on purple shale the lowest. Although parent material, elevation, and slope exposure were all significant topographic variables (P < 0.01), slope exposure had the highest correlation to SOC content (r = 0.66). Using a multiple regression model (R2 = 0.611) and DEM (with a 30 m × 30 m grid), spatial distribution of SOC could be forecasted. 相似文献
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Surface and buried Andosols and buried Luvisols of the Nevado de Toluca Late Quaternary tephra-paleosol sequence (Central Mexico) were studied to show whether these soils present an evolutionary sequence and to determine the pedogenic mechanisms and environmental factors involved in the evolutionary process. Micromorphological observations and mineralogical composition of fine sand and clay fractions were used to detect type and succession of soil-forming process. Some of the buried Andosols, defined as “intergrade” Andosols, have a predominantly blocky structure, humus-depleted areas, redoximorphic features and thin clay coatings in Ah horizons. Clay fractions of buried Andosols contain halloysite besides amorphous components, whereas in modern Andosols, allophane is dominant. Luvisols have micro-areas with granular structure and abundant phytoliths in the groundmass of Bt horizons assumed to be the relict Andosol features. Luvisol clay fractions are dominated by halloysite and kaolinite. Primary minerals show micromorphological weathering features in all studied soils being stronger in Luvisols; however, even in Luvisols, sand fractions consist mostly of unstable volcanic silicates. We hypothesise that the studied profiles form an evolutionary sequence: Andosols–“intergrade” Andosols–Luvisols; the soil transformation is supposed to be linked to progressive crystallisation of 1:1 clay minerals. Comparing the Nevado de Toluca paleosol properties with the existing data on volcanic soil climo- and chronesequences and assessing the regional paleopedological and lacustrine records of Quaternary paleoclimates, we concluded that wet/dry climatic oscillations took place during the formation of the studied paleosols. Rapid crystallisation of 1:1 minerals occurred during dry phases, which speeded up the Andosol to Luvisol transformation and made it independent from the primary mineral weathering status. The Andosol to Luvisol transformation accelerated by climatic fluctuations is thought to be a common soil evolutionary pathway in the subtropical and tropical regions of recent volcanism, which suffered contrasting precipitation oscillations in the Quaternary. 相似文献