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1.
The hyphomycete Chalara (syn. Thielaviopsis) paradoxa produces endoglucanase activity during the late trophophase. The low molecular mass (35 kDa) endoglucanase purified from cultured broths works optimally at 37 degrees C and pH 5.0. The enzyme inactivates at pH below 3.0 and also at temperatures of 50 degrees C or higher, but it is stable at lower temperatures, including refrigeration temperature and freezing. The enzyme is inhibited by detergents, by EDTA, and by the divalent cations Hg(2+) and Ag(2+). It is also inhibited to some extent by 10 mM Zn(2+), Fe(2+), and Mg(2+), but it is stimulated by Mn(2+). Enzyme activity is not affected by reducing agents. In the presence of low concentrations of water miscible organic solvents (20%) endoglucanase activity is inhibited by 7% (for methanol) to 50% (for acetonitrile), and it is totally inhibited at higher solvent concentrations (50%). Enzyme activity is not affected by the water immiscible solvent ethyl acetate. Carboxymethylcellulose is the preferred substrate (K(m(app)) = 8.3 g/L; V(max(app)) = 1.1 microM/min). Hydrolysis of crystalline cellulosic substrates is very limited, but it is greatly enhanced by phosphoric acid swelling. The purified enzyme shows no activity toward disaccharides or aryl-glucosides. Its activity is inhibited by cellobiose.  相似文献   

2.
重庆缙云山典型林分的林地土壤抗蚀抗冲性能   总被引：11，自引：2，他引：11       下载免费PDF全文
 为给三峡库区水土保持型植被建设提供一定依据,采用水浸实验和放水冲刷实验,对三峡库区重庆缙云山4种典型林分（针阔叶混交林、常绿阔叶林、楠竹林和灌木林）林地土壤的抗蚀抗冲特征进行研究。结果表明:林地土壤抗蚀指数为农地土壤的1.3～1.9倍。各林分林地土壤抗蚀指数的顺序为灌木林最大（78.4）,其次为混交林（63.1）和楠竹林（63.3）,阔叶林最小（53.3）。抗蚀指数随着土层的增加而减弱。不同林分的抗蚀指数与时间的动态模拟关系为二次幂函数曲线,相关系数0.9以上。林地土壤抗蚀指数与其相关因子非毛管孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、稳渗率、有机质含量关系最密切。林地土壤抗冲系数为常绿阔叶林最大（2.719）,其次为针阔混交林（2.431）和灌木林（2.024）,楠竹林地土壤抗冲系数最小（1.096）。除楠竹林外,各林分林地土壤抗冲系数大于农地（1.21.9倍）。林地土壤抗冲系数与土层厚度关系最密切。  相似文献   

3.
四川雨城区主要土壤母质上的耕地土壤性质变异研究   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1  
通过在四川省雨城区采集侏罗系沙溪庙组(J2s)、侏罗系遂宁组(J3s)、侏罗系蓬莱镇组(J3p)、白垩系夹关组(K2j)等地层9种母质上发育的耕地土壤样品共55个,并进行土壤性质测定及对比分析,结果表明:白垩系夹关组紫色砂岩上发育的耕地土壤较其他紫色母岩上发育的耕地砂粒含量高,pH低,养分含量低;第三系名山群及白垩系灌口组上发育的耕地土壤具有较其他母质高的土壤全钾;青衣江灰色河流冲积物发育的耕地土壤较其他母质发育的耕地土壤全磷和速效磷含量高,第四系冰水沉积物上发育的耕地土壤pH最低,粘粒含量高,土壤有机质及全氮、速效氮较其他母质发育的耕地土壤高。  相似文献   

4.
黄土高原设施农业种植制度探析   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4       下载免费PDF全文
对黄土高原日光温室黄瓜与其他作物建立的不同种植制度研究表明,冬春茬黄瓜收获后采用不同轮作体系可显著减少土壤微生物数量;休闲降低土壤细菌和真菌数量效果最佳,其次为种植豇豆或与其他豆科作物轮作。翻青玉米、翻青黑豆和种植豇豆处理黄瓜产量较高,其次为夏季休闲,而种植番茄和小白菜处理黄瓜产量较低。并提出黄瓜与翻青玉米、豇豆、翻青黑豆轮作是有效预防和克服土壤连作障碍的较佳种植制度。  相似文献   

5.
The browning of glucose-fructose-glycine mixtures involves parallel glucose-glycine and fructose-glycine reactions, which share a common intermediate, the immediate precursor of melanoidins in the kinetic model. At pH 5.5, 55 degrees C glucose is converted into this intermediate in a two step process where k(1) = (7.8 +/- 1.1) x 10(-)(4) mol L(-)(1) h(-)(1) and k(2) = (1.84 +/- 0.31) x 10(-)(3) h(-)(1) according to established kinetics, whereas fructose is converted into this intermediate in a single step where k(4) = 5.32 x 10(-)(5)()()mol L(-)(1) h(-)(1). The intermediate is converted to melanoidins in a single rate limiting process where k(mix) = 0.0177 h(-)(1) and the molar extinction coefficient (based on the concentration of sugar converted) of the melanoidins so formed is 1073 +/- 4 mol(-)(1) L cm(-)(1). Whereas the value of k(mix) is the same when the individual sugars undergo browning, the value of the molar extinction coefficient is similar to that for melanoidins from the glucose-glycine reaction (955 +/- 45 mol(-)(1) L cm(-)(1)) but it is approximately double the value for melanoidins from the fructose-glycine reaction (478 +/- 18 mol(-)(1) L cm(-)(1)). This is the reason that the effects of glucose and fructose on the rate of browning are synergistic.  相似文献   

6.
China is a major producer of oats; the annual harvested area of 350,000 ha yields approximately 465,000 tons, giving an average yield of 1.33 tons/ha. The bran is not used for animal feed as it is of poor digestibility and low nutritive content and is considered a waste byproduct. Therefore, it is advantageous to produce a value-added product from the bran. We extracted the native polysaccharide, a linear (1-3)-, (1-4)-linked beta-glucan (OBG) from the oat bran and synthesized a sulfated derivative OBGS containing 36.5% sulfate. OBGS had potent activity against a primary isolate of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells at a concentration (EC(50)=5.98 x 10(-4) microM) approximately 15,000 times below its cytotoxic concentration. OBGS was also active postinfection (EC(50)=5.3 x 10(-4) microM) and protected pretreated peripheral mononuclear cells (EC(50)=5.2 x 10(-2) microM) washed free of the compounds prior to infection. Thus, OBGS has potential as a vaginal microbicide and is the first such report for oat bran derived sulfated beta-glucan.  相似文献   

7.
三种笛鲷的野生群体和养殖群体遗传多样性的微卫星分析   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  
摘要：利用微卫星标记技术,采用10对微卫星引物对南海海域红鳍笛鲷、星点笛鲷、紫红笛鲷3种笛鲷鱼的野生种群（HYE、XYE、ZYE）和养殖种群（HYA、XYA、ZYA）进行了遗传多样性分析。10对微卫星引物在6个群体中共检测到78个等位基因,每个位点的等位基因数目在1~8个之间。6个群体的观测杂合度(Ho)为0.2500~1.0000,平均观测杂合度为：ZYE(0.9550)> ZYA(0.8900),HYE(0.8950)> HYA(0.8400),XYE(0.8450)>XYA(0.8100) ;平均多态信息含量(PIC) 为0.3648~0.7964,各野生群体均大于养殖群体;三种笛鲷鱼的野生群体和养殖群体遗传距离HYE与HYA,XYE与XYA,ZYE与ZYA分别为0.1029,0.0371,0.0135,基因分化系数分别为0.0371,0.0211,0.0352。群体遗传结构分析结果表明：红鳍笛鲷、星点笛鲷和紫红笛鲷的遗传多样性较丰富,养殖群体的遗传多样性较野生群体均有一定程度的降低,野生群体和养殖群体分化较弱。  相似文献   

8.
The animal feed sample is extracted with ethanol or acetone and the extract is evaporated to dryness. Another portion of the same sample, spiked at the 3 ppm level with 8 sulfonamides, is similarly extracted and the extract is evaporated to dryness. The residue from each solution is dispersed with 5 ml 0.1N NaOH and, following the addition of 1 ml 1N HCl and mixing, the solution is filtered. The filtrate is mixed with Celite, transferred to a column, and eluted with ammoniacal ether. Aliquots of the concentrated sample and control eluates are spotted on a neutral Adsorbosil-1 thin layer chromatographic (TLC) plate. Following development in chloroform-methanol (95+5) and drying, the plate is sprayed with an alcoholic solution of p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde until the control chromatogram shows 6 yellow spots which are, from top to bottom; sulfadimethoxine (SO), the combined sulfamerazine (SM)-sulfamethazine (SH)-sulfaquinoxoline (SQ) spot, sulfadiazine (SD), sulfapyridine (SP), sulfathiazole (SZ), and sulfaguanidine (SG). A spot on the sample chromatogram can be identified if the Rf is identical to one of the 5 sulfonamides not overlapping with another compound. If the Rf of the sample spot is approximately the same as that of the combined SM-SH-SQ spot, more definite identification can be obtained by using basic Adsorbosil-1 TLC plates, with chloroform-methanol (92+8) as the developing solvent.  相似文献   

9.
Mushroom tyrosinase exhibits catalase activity with hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) as substrate. In the absence of a one-electron donor substrate, H(2)O(2) is able to act as both oxidizing and reducing substrate. The kinetic parameters V(max) and K(m) that characterize the reaction were determined from the initial rates of oxygen gas production (V(0)(O)()2) under anaerobic conditions. The reaction can start from either of the two enzyme species present under anaerobic conditions: met-tyrosinase (E(m)) and deoxy-tyrosinase (E(d)). Thus, a molecule of H(2)O(2) can reduce E(m) to E(d) via the formation of oxy-tyrosinase (E(ox)) (E(m) + H(2) <==> O(2) right harpoon over left harpoon E(ox)), E(ox) releases oxygen into the medium and is transformed into E(d), which upon binding another molecule of H(2)O(2) is oxidized to E(m). The effect of pH and the action of inhibitors have also been studied. Catalase activity is favored by increased pH, with an optimum at pH = 6.4. Inhibitors that are analogues of o-diphenol, binding to the active site coppers diaxially, do not inhibit catalase activity but do reduce diphenolase activity. However, chloride, which binds in the equatorial orientation to the protonated enzyme (E(m)H), inhibits both catalase and diphenolase activities. Suicide inactivation of the enzyme by H(2)O(2) has been demonstrated. A kinetic mechanism that is supported by the experimental results is presented and discussed.  相似文献   

10.
A procedure has been developed for the determination of iron(III) dimethyldithiocarbamate by converting it into the iron(II)-bathophenanthroline complex, which is then dissolved in acetone-water (1:1), and the absorbance is measured at 534 nm against a reagent blank. Beer's law is obeyed over the concentration range 0.5-20 microg x mL(-1) in the final solution. The method is sensitive and highly selective and is used for the direct determination of ferbam in a commercial sample and in mixtures with various dithiocarbamates (ziram, zineb, maneb, etc.) and from wheat grains.  相似文献   

11.
Three key Quaternary loess/paleosol sections were examined in the Missouri Valley (Iowa), Eustis Ash Pit (Nebraska), and in the Wittsburg Quarry (Arkansas) to gain insights into the sedimentation, environment and climate change of the U.S. Midwest. Four loess units are present separated by three well-developed paleosols. Crowley's Ridge Loess (Oxygen Isotope Stage (OIS) 8) is pre-Illinoian in age, and is the oldest loess unit investigated. A well-developed paleosol, interpreted as Yarmouth Soil (OIS 7), is found in this loess in all three sections. Overlying the Yarmouth Soil is Loveland Loess (OIS 6) which has been pedogenically altered by the Sangamon Soil (OIS 5). It has luvisolic properties but a more clayey pedogenic texture than modern luvisols and has no clear eluvial horizon. The overlying Roxana Silt (OIS 4) is pedogenically altered. At Wittsburg and Missouri Valley, the Farmdale Soil (OIS 3) is developed in the Roxana Silt. Based on pedogenic features, we correlate this paleosol to that developed in the Gilman Canyon Formation at Eustis. In Missouri Valley and Eustis sections, the paleosol has chernozemic properties and therefore, the gleyic features observed at Missouri Valley are interpreted as later alterations. Overlying the Farmdale Soil is the widespread Peoria Loess (OIS 2).  相似文献   

12.
A liquid chromatographic (LC) method for determining tenuazonic acid (TA) and alternariol methyl ether (AME) in tomatoes and tomato products is described. The Alternaria metabolites are extracted from a water slurry of the sample with CHCl3, the mixture is centrifuged, and the extract is fractionated on a silica gel column. Reverse phase LC with an ultraviolet detector (for TA) and a fluorescence detector (for AME) connected in series is used for final separation and determination. The limit of determination for TA and AME is 25 and 3 ng/g, respectively, with average recoveries from catsup of 83 and 68%, respectively. The LC method also detects alternariol, but interfering peaks in some samples prevent accurate quantitation. Chemical ionization mass spectrometry (CIMS) is used to confirm TA. Samples (142) of tomatoes collected from commercial processing lines were analyzed; TA was found in 73 samples (0.4-70 micrograms/g).  相似文献   

13.
A new method is reported for determination of cyanoglucosides in cassava. The method is simple, rapid, and sensitive. Ten g cassava tuber is homogenized with warm (65-70 degrees C) 80% ethanol (1 + 6, w/v) to extract cyanoglucosides (CNG). The ethanol is evaporated, and an aliquot of the extract (0.1-0.2 mL) is incubated with added linamarase in pH 6.0 phosphate buffer for 15 min at 30 degrees C. The reaction is stopped by adding 0.2 N sodium hydroxide, the solution is neutralized, and cyanide is estimated by adding chloramine T and barbituric acid-pyridine reagent and measuring the absorbance at 570 nm. Complete CNG extraction and rapid inactivation of endogenous linamarase is possible with 80% ethanol. There is no interference from extractives in the linamarase reaction or in the estimation of cyanide. Recovery of added linamarin (as cyanide) is 98% by this assay. The minimum detection limit of cyanide in the assay is 0.1 micrograms/mL.  相似文献   

14.
本文以典型的衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地不同植被恢复阶段为研究对象,采用空间代替时间序列方法,选用立地条件基本相似的草坡阶段（Grassplot, GT）、 灌草阶段（Frutex and grassplot,FG）、 灌丛阶段（Frutex, FX）和乔灌阶段（Arbor and frutex, AF）,通过调查取样和实验分析,对不同植被恢复阶段的土壤酶、 养分与微生物及其相关性进行了研究。结果表明, 1）随着恢复阶段的演替,脲酶、 多酚氧化酶、 蔗糖酶与过氧化氢酶的活性显著增加,在每个恢复阶段,脲酶、 多酚氧化酶、 蔗糖酶与过氧化氢酶活性随着土层的加深而逐渐减弱,脲酶与多酚氧化酶、 蔗糖酶与过氧化氢酶活性呈显著正相关关系,蔗糖酶与脲酶和多酚氧化酶呈极显著正相关。 2）随着恢复阶段的演替,土壤养分的时空变化与土壤酶活性的变化趋势基本一致,土壤有机碳、 全氮与碱解氮含量呈上升趋势,土壤pH随植被恢复和演替而降低,随土壤深度的增加而上升,与土壤酶活性的变化趋势相反;脲酶与有机碳、 全氮、 碱解氮呈极显著正相关,与pH呈显著负相关,多酚氧化酶与有机碳、 碱解氮呈极显著正相关,与全氮、 速效磷、 速效钾呈显著正相关,与pH呈显著负相关,蔗糖酶活性与有机碳、 全氮、 碱解氮、 速效磷、 速效钾呈显著正相关。 3）不同恢复阶段土壤细菌数量最多,真菌数量和放线菌数量与细菌数量的变化趋势各不相同;细菌平均数量为AF＞FX＞FG＞GT,真菌数量为 FG＞GT＞FX＞AF,放线菌数量为 GT＞FX＞FG＞AF。4）主成分分析揭示脲酶与多酚氧化酶可作为衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地土壤质量评价的指标。研究结果将丰富该地区植物生态学与恢复生态学的内容,为衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地生态系统的恢复与重建提供了重要依据。  相似文献   

15.
Arsenic(As) contamination in soil and water poses a serious threat to the ecosystem health and human beings, and is of widespread concern. The main As species found in soil and water are arsenite As(Ⅲ) and arsenate As(Ⅴ). Because As(Ⅲ) is more toxic and often more mobile than As(Ⅴ), many remediation strategies aim to oxidize As(Ⅲ) to As(Ⅴ). In the environment, the reduction of As(Ⅴ) under anaerobic conditions is mainly mediated by microorganisms, but the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) under aerobic conditio...  相似文献   

16.
In the analysis of mixtures of drugs/chemicals it is often of interest to test for the presence of interaction. If the hypothesis of no interaction (additivity) is not rejected, then the analyst may reasonably claim additivity if and only if the study is powered to a desired (e.g., biologically meaningful) level. The objective of this article is to address the sample size and power issues related to testing the hypothesis of additivity at specified mixture points. The study of disinfectant by-products (DBPs) found in drinking water, described in earlier literature, is used to illustrate the procedures for estimating power and sample sizes for detecting interactions at specified mixtures. The four trihalomethanes used in the study are bromodichloromethane (BDCM), chlorodibromomethane (CDBM), chloroform (CHCl3), and bromoform (CHBr3)  相似文献   

17.
陈子蔚  齐孟文 《核农学报》2007,21(6):637-640
铬(Cr)污染的迁移和环境毒性主要取决于其化学形态。在环境中,如果移动性及毒性较大的Cr(Ⅵ)能被还原为移动性及毒性较小的Cr(Ⅲ),并且还原速率大于污染速率,那么对铬污染的自然生态修复治理是可行的。铬在氧化还原过程中,存在着同位素动力学分馏效应,致使同位素比率发生移动,移动的大小和反应进程有关,服从Reyleigh关系方程。因此,利用同位素测定可以确定Cr(Ⅵ)的归宿,用于铬(Cr)污染自然修复的监测。本文就环境铬污染自然生态修复中,应用同位素原位分析法进行监测的基本原理、分析过程及应用的可行性进行了阐述。  相似文献   

18.
山西省不同农业生态类型区能值比较研究   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  
应用能值分析方法,对山西省不同农业生态类型区的发展状况,生产效率和环境负荷进行比较分析与评价.结果表明:优等类型区能值投入总量较大,集约化程度较高(能值功率密度1.67E+12 sej·m-2),但人力能值投入过多(占能值投入总量的70.62%),工业辅助能值投入相对偏低,制约了人力能值的发挥,因而净能值产出率低(0.70),环境压力较大(9.33).提高该类型区生产效率的途径在于转移农业剩余劳动力,同时增加工业辅助能、特别是高科技含量的工业辅助能的投入.中等类型区工业辅助能值(占能值投入总量的23.36%)与人力能值(占能值投入总量的51.67%)配合较好,能值产出总量大,净能值产出率高(1.25),农业生产效率较高,但仍需加强科技能值的投入,以进一步提高系统效率.差等类型区环境条件恶劣,农业生产经营方式粗放,能值产出总量和生产效率都很低.如果该类型区能合理布局种植业,牧业、林业、渔业等生产功能区,注意规模化和集约化生产,则农业生产效率可能会有新的提高.  相似文献   

19.
区域土地生态适宜性可拓评价模型及其应用   总被引：7，自引：1，他引：7       下载免费PDF全文
简析了土地生态适宜性评价的意义及其研究动态,重点探讨了为农业主导产业选择与布局服务的土地生态适宜性评价及其可拓评价模型方法和步骤,并将其应用于山西省隰县试区取得满意效果。  相似文献   

20.
A gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) method with electron capture (EC) detection was developed for determining diethylstilbestrol residues in the urine of fattened bulls. Diethylstilbestrol (DES) is extracted into benzene, and then into 1N sodium hydroxide. The pH of the phenolic fraction (alkaline phase) is adjusted to 10.2 and DES is extracted again into benzene. Sample extracts are cleaned up on silica gel. Trifluoroacetic anhydride (TFAA) is used as acylation reagent, and the derivatized sample is chromatographed on a 3% OV-17 column and measured with a 63Ni EC detector. The method is suitable for determining residues at levels as low as 2 ppb.  相似文献   

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