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1.
We conducted a comprehensive characterization of the ontogeny of glutathione (GSH) and its related enzymes in rat liver. GSH content and activities of glutathione reductase (GR), cytosolic glutathione-S-transferases (GST), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were determined in male rat livers (n = 4) at different developmental stages. Our results indicate total hepatic GSH content and GR, GST, and GPx activity were low in the perinatal period. GSH content remained relatively constant throughout postnatal development, but GR, GST, and GPx activity underwent significant increases to attain adult levels by late post-weaning. Whether the ontogenic pattern of GSH and its related enzymes explain, in part, the altered susceptibility of neonates to some toxicants requires further investigation. Our study provides fundamental biological information on the ontogeny of cytosolic antioxidant/detoxification enzymes in a relevant toxicological risk assessment species. Additional studies are needed to fully characterize the ontogeny of other xenobiotic detoxification enzymes to further promote the rat as a developmental toxicology model that can identify toxicokinetic reasons for differences in susceptibility to toxicity between the neonate and adult.  相似文献   

2.
The aim of this study was to evaluate response of blood glutathione status and activity of glutathione‐metabolizing antioxidant enzymes in erythrocytes of young trotters in basic training. Nine untrained trotters (aged 16–20 months) were exposed to a 4‐month training program based on exercises at low‐to‐moderate intensity. The conditioning consisted of breaking the horses and running them on distances varying from 4 to 40 km a week. The workloads were increased on a 3‐week basis. Exercise intensity was monitored by measuring heart rate and blood lactate. Blood samples were collected at rest, before (RES0) and after (RESt) the conditioning period; moreover, on the latter occasion (on day 112 of training), the blood was also taken immediately after the routine exercise (EXE0) and 60 min thereafter (EXE60). The whole blood samples were analysed for the concentration of reduced, oxidized and total glutathione (GSH, GSSG and TGSH, respectively), while the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and glutathione‐disulfide reductase (GR) were determined in haemolysates. Additionally, the erythrocytic concentrations of oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and its phosphate (NADP+) were measured. All investigated parameters except NAD+ and reduced/oxidized glutathione ratio (GSH/GSSG) changed during the training period. Following the effortm GPX, NADP+ and GSH/GSSG were significantly lower (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, p < 0.001, respectively) while GSSG was markedly higher than at rest (RESt). The drop in NADP+, low GSH/GSSG and high GSSG concentration were sustained at EXE60. Glutathione‐disulfide reductase activity was higher after the workout but only at EXE60 the increase in activity was significant. Despite the activities of the GSH‐GSSG cycle, enzymes were considerably higher after the training period, the elevated concentration of GSSG and significantly lower GSH/GSSG ratio in the post‐exercise measurements suggest that production of reactive oxygen species possibly exceeds the capacity of antioxidative defenses of immature trotters. A more balanced diet with additional antioxidant supplementation and a revision of the basic training protocol used herein are advised.  相似文献   

3.
From a study of approximately 1000 New Zealand Romney ewes from different areas of New Zealand it was found that the mean packed cell volume of sheep of haemoglobin type B Hb B was significantly lower than for haemoglobin type A (Hb A) sheep. The mean Hb A gene frequency was 0.60.

The concentrations of reduced glutathione (GSH) in the erythrocytes of these Romneys followed a normal distribution, the mean being 67.1 ± 12.4 mg GSH per 100 ml erythrocytes. The concentration of GSH in selenium deficient sheep was significantly higher than for selenium adequate sheep. The concentrations of the selenium-containing enzyme, glutathione peroxidase in the erythrocytes and of copper in the plasma of Hb B sheep were significantly higher than for Hb A sheep.

When different breeds of sheep on Mana Island were compared, the Finnish Landrace had significantly less ferroxidase in their plasma than did other breeds.  相似文献   

4.
Glucose utilization and lactate formation in erythrocytes from normal and glutathione (GSH)-deficient sheep were similar. Significant differences were observed, however, between the 2 groups of sheep in the production of 14-CO2 from erythrocytes incubated with ascorbic acid or methylene blue, or both. The greater response of normal erythrocytes compared to erythrocytes deficient in GSH suggests that there are some metabolic differences in the pentose phosphate pathway (ppp) activity of the erythrocytes. The nature and site of these differences are, however, not known. When sheep were kept in a decompression chamber for 2 weeks and subjected to a simulated altitude of 7,000 m for 12 hours/day, the erythrocytes showed a four- to six-fold increase in the activity of the ppp.  相似文献   

5.
In the present study, we report the effect of several acaricides on the enzyme activity of a Boophilus microplus recombinant glutathione S-transferase (rGST). GST was expressed in Escherichia coli and was purified with glutathione (GSH) affinity column chromatography. The kinetic constants were determined by reacting GST with the substrates 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) and glutathione. We report the effect of several acaricides on the enzyme activity of rGST. Some acaricides (ethion, amitraz, chlorpyrifos, DDT, cypermethrin, diazinon, ivermectin, deltamethrin and flumethrin) inhibited rGST. Contrarily, coumaphos had an activating effect. Although the accurate mechanisms of the B. microplus resistance to acaricides remain elusive, this work helps in understanding how acaricides can interact with GST.  相似文献   

6.
The blood glutathione peroxidase levels of one day old piglets from 22 litters were examined. Body weight and piglet survival were monitored in order to assess the relationship between these two factors and blood glutathione peroxidase activity. The mean blood glutathione peroxidase level of one day old piglets (65 mu/gHb) was significantly lower (p0.001) than the mean level (85 mu/gHb) at weaning. The mean blood glutathione peroxidase activity of one day old piglets was not related to the size of the litter, but was related (p less than 0.1) to the mean litter blood glutathione peroxidase level at weaning time. Piglet blood glutathione peroxidase was not related to piglet body weight. The blood glutathione peroxidase level of the sows at one-day post-farrowing was not related to the mean blood glutathione peroxidase activity of their litters at one day of age but was correlated (p less than 0.1) with the mean blood glutathione peroxidase levels of their litters at weaning. Piglet viability was shown to be strongly correlated (p less than 0.001) with body weight at one day of age. The blood glutathione peroxidase level of one day old piglets was weakly associated (p less than 0.1) with piglet survival. Further work is required to clarify this latter observation, which suggests that selenium supplementation to newborn piglets may be beneficial regardless of the dams nutritional status.  相似文献   

7.
Reduced glutathione (GSH) and methaemoglobin were measured in sheep blood during an infection cycle of Eperythrozoon ovis and in uninfected control blood. The GSH levels in infected erythrocytes were significantly lower in the latter half of the infection cycle. Incubation with acetylphenylhydrazine (APH) resulted in negligible leves in infected cells whereas control cells were approximately 45% normal. Infection with E. ovis had little effect on methaemoglobin levels. However, incubation with APH caused a marked increased of the methaemoglobin levels in both infected and control blood; the control methaemoglobin levels were significantly higher.It was concluded from these observations that E. ovis interfered with maintenance of GSH within erythrocytes to an extent that when challenged with an oxidizing chemical erythrocyte membrane integrity could be lost. In addition E. ovis may bave provided some protection against oxidative damage for the heme portion of the haemoglobin molecule or the amount of oxidative damage to haemoglobin was further advanced in the infected cells.  相似文献   

8.
Studies were made of certain characters of erythrocytes of normal and glutathione (GSH)-deficient sheep. The results indicate that erythrocytes of GSH-deficient sheep are no more sensitive to oxidative damage than those of normal sheep.  相似文献   

9.
The goal of the present study was to measure the total glutathione level and glutathione reductase activity in bovine erythrocytes and liver biopsy. Five cows were injected intraperitoneally with DL-ethionine (12.5 mg/kg B.W.), and two control cows were injected with normal saline (0.9% NaCl). Ultrasonography guided liver biopsy, and blood samples were collected at 0, 4, 7 and 10 days after injection. The hepatic total glutathione level was significantly increased on Days 7 (p<0.05) and 10 (p<0.01), and hepatic glutathione reductase activity was significantly increased on Days 4 (p<0.05), 7 (p<0.01) and 10 (p<0.01). There were insignificant changes in the erythrocytic total glutathione level. The present study demonstrated that liver biopsy is a valuable tool for detecting oxidative stress and for diagnosing hepatic dysfunction in cattle from the viewpoint of the status of glutathione and glutathione reductase.  相似文献   

10.
The concentrations of sodium, potassium, reduced glutathione (GSH) and free amino acids and Na-K-ATPase activity in erythrocytes were examined in 35 purebred Jindo dogs in Korea. The incidence of Jindo dogs with a high potassium concentration and high activity of Na-K-ATPase in erythrocytes (HK phenotype) was 25.7%. The erythrocyte GSH concentration in HK Jindo dogs varied widely, from 2.45 to 12.38 mmol/l of RBCs, and was positively correlated with the erythrocyte glutamate concentration. These results indicate that HK Jindo dogs have normal to very high levels of erythrocyte GSH, which might result from the varying quantity of Na-dependent glutamate influx in the erythrocytes.  相似文献   

11.
The aim of the study was the evaluation of cadmium effects on the activity of antioxidant enzymes in rat hepatocytes. The studies were conducted with isolated rat hepatocytes incubated for 1 or 2 hours in a modified (deprived of carbonates with phosphates) Williams' E medium (MWE) in the presence of cadmium chloride (25, 50 and 200 microM). Hepatocytes incubated in the MWE medium without cadmium chloride were used as a control. The application of the modified Williams' E medium allowed for the appearance of cadmium compounds in a soluble form that is indispensable for suitable estimation of its toxic action. There were evaluated markers of the oxidative stress such as: concentration of thiobarbiturate reactive substances (TBARS)--proportional to the level of lipid peroxidation, concentration of reduced glutathione (GSH), and the activity of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD1 and SOD2), catalase (CAT), total glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx), selenium--dependent glutathione peroxidase (SeGSHPx), glutathione transferase (GST) and glutathione reductase (GSHR). Alterations of antioxidant enzymes activity, the level of TBARS and GSH in isolated rat hepatocytes caused by cadmium in vitro, were shown to depend on the concentration and time of exposure of cells to this metal. The increased level of TBARS and GSH was observed as well as changes in the activity of antioxidant enzymes. The activity of SOD isoenzymes and CAT was increased, whereas GSHPx and GST were decreased. These results indicate that cadmium induces oxidative stress followed by alterations in the cellular antioxidant enzyme system in isolated rat hepatocytes.  相似文献   

12.
为了调查滞育和非滞育性家蚕卵的谷胱甘肽氧化还原循环在滞育发动前是否存在差异,利用分光光度法检测滞育发动前(25℃中蚕卵产下后0～24 h)滞育与非滞育蚕卵的谷胱甘肽含量和相关代谢酶活性。滞育发动前,滞育性家蚕卵中的还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量、氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)含量、总谷胱甘肽(GSH+2GSSG)含量和GSH/GSSG比值变化不显著,谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GST)活性变化不显著,但硫氧还蛋白过氧化物酶(TPX)活性下降23%,谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性升高57%;非滞育性家蚕卵中的GSH含量及TPX和GST活性变化不显著,但GSSG含量升高61%,GSH+2GSSG含量升高41%,GSH/GSSG比值下降33%,GR活性下降16%。与非滞育性家蚕卵相比,滞育发动前滞育性家蚕卵中的GSH含量、GSSG含量和GSH+2GSSG含量较低,GSH/GSSG比值较高,TPX活性较低,GST活性无显著差异,GR活性较高。两种蚕卵中都未能检测到谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)和硫氧还蛋白还原酶(TrxR)活性。结果表明,滞育发动前滞育性家蚕卵中较低的TPX活性和较高的GR活性共同导致较高的GSH/GSSG比值,使其谷胱甘肽氧化还原循环处于相对还原态。  相似文献   

13.
Glutathione reductase (GR) was studied in erythrocytes of horses, cats, dogs, and man. Glutathione reductase activity was measured in hemolysates with and without preincubation of hemolysates with flavinadenine dinucleotide. The percentage saturation of GR apoenzyme with cofactor (flavin-adenine dinucleotide) was lower in cats and dogs than in horses or man. The greatest amount of inactive apoenzyme was in feline erythrocytes. Total GR activity listed in order by species is cat greater than man greater than dog greater than horse. Kinetic constants for oxidized glutathione and reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate were determined in each species. Although kinetic constant (reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate) values for GR were similar, considerable species variation was observed in the kinetic constant (oxidized glutathione) for GR. The kinetic constant (oxidized glutathione) for equine GR was approximately 3 times that for human GR, with intermediate values determined for feline and canine GR.  相似文献   

14.
In this study we investigated the effect of kefir on the levels of glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO) in the liver, stomach, spleen and colon of mice with colonic aberrant crypts formed by azoxymethane (AOM). Thirty 12 weeks old Swiss Albino mice averaging 31.5 g weight were used as experimental animals. The mice were separated into 3 groups. The first group was the control group, second group was the AOM and third group was the AOM+kefir group. We applied AOM to the second and third groups. Mice were fed ad libitum by laboratory rodent chow during the experiment period. Water was given to the first and second groups and third group received only kefir diluted with water (50%). AOM was injected subcutaneously to the second and third groups for 7 weeks (two times a week, 5 mg/kg). Six weeks after the final AOM treatment the animals were sacrificed and liver, stomach, spleen and colon samples were collected from all the groups. MDA level demonstrated an increase only in stomach for the third group (p < 0.001), while an elevation was observed for all of the four organs for the second group (spleen p < 0.001, liver p < 0.001, colon p < 0.01). GSH level showed an increase in the second group at stomach (p < 0.01) and colon (p < 0.001), while in the third group, a small increase was determined only at the colon (p < 0.05). NO level increased at all of the organs in the second group (spleen, liver, colon p < 0.001, stomach p < 0.05), but only at liver and colon in the third group 3 (p < 0.001). In conclusion these results showed that kefir plays an antioxidant role.  相似文献   

15.
Plasma levels of vitamins A, E, beta carotene, both plasma and erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx), lipid peroxidation (LPO) and reduced glutathione (GSH) were investigated in cattle naturally infected with Theileria annulata and treated with buparvaquone. There were two groups each containing 30 cattle. Naturally infected cattle were used in the second group. Buparvaquone (2.5 mg/kg body weight) was administered to animals in the second group. Blood samples were taken from control animals, and immediately before treatment, and from animals 10 days after the injection of buparvaquone. Detection of the infected animals was carried out by blood smears. Plasma vitamins A, E, beta carotene, both plasma and erythrocyte GSHPx, LPO and GSH levels were determined. The levels of LPO in plasma and erythrocyte samples were significantly (P < 0.05, P < 0.01) higher after treatment than in either control animals or before treatment. Plasma levels of antioxidant vitamins, vitamin E and beta carotene were significantly (P < 0.05, P < 0.01) lower after treatment than in either control animals or before treatment, while the vitamin E level was found to be higher before treatment than in either the control group or animals after treatment (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). The levels of vitamin A in plasma and the activity of GSHPx and GSH in both plasma and erythrocytes in control animals after and before treatment did not differ significantly. In conclusion, we observed that there was a decreased plasma level of vitamin E and beta carotene and an increased level of LPO in cattle treated with buparvaquone. Buparvaquone might function in the treatment of Theileria annulata by forming free radicals.  相似文献   

16.
通过分析在SO2胁迫下家蚕5龄幼虫血淋巴中谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量及相关酶活性的变化,探讨SO2对家蚕的毒理作用机制。当对家蚕5龄幼虫每天以40 mg/m3SO2熏气刺激6 h,蚕体血淋巴中的GSH含量显著降低,雄蚕GSH的平均含量为49.8μmol/L,雌蚕为41.0μmol/L,分别为对照的73.80%和55.76%,而谷胱甘肽硫-转移酶(GST)活性显著升高,雄蚕GST的平均活性为31.86 U/L,雌蚕为31.80 U/L,分别高于对照46.15%和27.30%。与此同时,γ-谷氨酰转肽酶(γ-GT)活性在蚕体中也有不同程度的升高,其中在雄蚕体内的变化极为显著;谷胱甘肽过氧化酶(GSH-Px)和谷胱甘肽合成酶系的活性在蚕体内均无显著变化。以上结果表明:SO2刺激可对家蚕血淋巴中的GSH含量及其相关酶的活性产生影响,且雌、雄蚕对SO2的敏感性不同;GSH含量的减少及其相关酶活性的上升,说明SO2对蚕体的毒害作用与其降低蚕体抗氧化物质水平、削弱抗氧化防御系统有关。  相似文献   

17.
The astigmatid mite Psoroptes ovis is the causative agent of sheep scab, a highly contagious parasitic disease of sheep. Infection causes severe allergic dermatitis, resulting in damage to the fleece and hide, loss of condition and occasional mortality. Interest in the P. ovis allergens led us to characterise a glutathione S-transferase (GST) which displays homology to GST allergens isolated from the house dust mite, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and the cockroach, Blatella germanica. A cDNA encoding a mu-class GST from P. ovis was expressed in Escherichia coli and the recombinant protein purified for biochemical analysis. SDS-PAGE analysis indicated that the purified product was homogeneous and had an apparent molecular weight of 30 kDa. The recombinant GST (rGST) is active towards the substrate 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB), whereas 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene (DCNB) is a poor substrate. The recombinant protein was also tested for recognition by IgE and IgG antibodies in serum from P. ovis na?ve and P. ovis infested sheep. Neither IgE nor IgG antibodies were detected to the rGST. Prausnitz--Küstner testing with rGST did not provoke a characteristic weal and flare response. Biopsies collected at the PK test sites were stained for eosinophils, neutrophils, mast cells and basophils. Neutrophil, mast cell and basophil counts were not significantly different to the controls. Eosinophil numbers were significantly higher than controls, but were not due to an IgE response.  相似文献   

18.
This study was aimed to assess the effect of pre-freeze addition of cysteine hydrochloride and glutathione (GSH) on post-thaw sperm functional parameters and field fertility. The experimental bulls (n = 6) aged 4-6 years were used for this study. A total of 36 ejaculates (six ejaculates per bull) were collected and divided into three groups, group I (control), group II (5 mm cysteine hydrochloride) and group III (5 mm GSH). The extended semen samples with and without additives were filled in mini straw using automatic filling and sealing machine and cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen. Post-freeze seminal traits were recorded after thawing at 37°C for 30 s. The curvilinear velocity (VCL) and amplitude of lateral head displacement values were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in GSH than the cysteine and control groups. Post-thaw plasmalemma integrity was significantly (p < 0.01) higher in GSH group when compared to cysteine and control groups. The loss of acrosomal integrity was significantly (p < 0.01) lower in GSH than in cysteine and control groups. Addition of GSH non-significantly (p = 0.1) improved mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) (per cent) than control group. This study indicates that the addition of cysteine and GSH suggestive (p = 0.08) of reducing lipid peroxide levels. The conception rate (%) in glutathione group was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than that in cysteine (68 vs 58) and control (49) groups. The post-thaw sperm progressive forward motility (r = 0.4) had moderate, but no significant correlation with conception rate. However, post-thaw straight-line velocity (r = 0.7), loss of acrosomal integrity (r = -0.8) and MMP (r = 0.9) had significant (p < 0.05) correlation with field fertility. This study indicates that the use of glutathione as semen additive may be used for improving post-thaw semen quality and overall augmentation of pregnancy in cows.  相似文献   

19.
The glutathione oxidant defence system in leucocytes and erythrocytes of six Anaplasma marginale-infected calves was examined by assaying glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px), glutathione reductase (GSSG-R), reduced glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). In addition, GSH-S-transferase and arginase levels were measured in leucocytes. There was a significant decline in the activities of leucocyte GSH-px, GSSG-R and SOD in the post-patent period; whereas arginase activity rose significantly following the patent period of anaplasmosis. The activity of erythrocyte SOD declined in the post-patent stage. The infection also caused a decline in red cell GSH (P less than 0.05). The results suggest that the glutathione oxidant defence system of peripheral blood cells is significantly influenced by the Anaplasma infection.  相似文献   

20.
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo effect of the addition of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced glutathione (GSH) to ram semen freezing extender. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were detected between groups regarding total motility (TM), straightness (STR) and wobble (WOB), for which the GSH 7 mM group had lesser TM and better STR than the other groups and the GSH 5 and 7 mM groups had higher wobble values than the control, SOD 25 and 100 U/ml groups. The ultrastructural analysis revealed that the acrosome was better preserved after freezing in the SOD 100 U/ml and GSH 2 and 5 mM (p < 0.05) groups than the other groups, whereas mitochondria in both the control group and the 7 mM GSH group suffered the greatest damage. The plasma membrane remained preserved after freezing, regardless of the group. For in vivo fertilization, the SOD group achieved better results than the GSH group (p > 0.05). It can therefore be concluded that the addition of SOD 100 U/ml and GSH 2 and 5 mM preserves the acrosome integrity of frozen ram spermatozoa, while the addition of SOD 100 U/ml to Tris egg-yolk extender offers protection to the membranes of sperm cells after thawing.  相似文献   

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