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1.
为了探讨不同品种和不同花期栀子花挥发性物质之间的差异,本试验以山栀子、水栀子、狭叶栀子和重瓣栀子4个栀子花品种的花蕾期Ⅰ、盛开期Ⅱ和衰败期Ⅲ 3个花期的栀子花作为研究对象,采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用法(HS-SPME-GC-MS)对12个栀子花样品的挥发性物质进行分析,并通过主成分分析(PCA)和聚类分析(CA)对栀子花的香型进行判定和分类。结果表明,栀子花含有52种挥发性物质,利用PCA法可将52种物质简化至7个主成分,累计方差贡献率高达90.453%,可以反映大部分香气信息;通过PCA和CA将12个栀子花样品划分为2个集群:花蕾期Ⅰ的山栀子、花蕾期Ⅰ的重瓣栀子以及3个花期的水栀子归于1个集群;盛开期Ⅱ和衰败期Ⅲ的山栀子、盛开期Ⅱ和衰败期Ⅲ的重瓣栀子以及3个花期的狭叶栀子归于1个集群,归于1个集群则代表其栀子花香型相似。本研究结果为栀子花混合采摘以及后期开发利用提供了有力参考。 相似文献
2.
Kjeldahl analysis is commonly used to measure zein proteins in corn maize (N × 5.7) with no attempt to eliminate contribution from other nitrogen sources. In this study, dry milled corn was extracted with 70% ethanol or 0.1N NaOH and the zein content of the extract measured using capillary electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The amount of zein protein in alcohol extracts, using this method, was in good agreement with that determined by Kjeldahl nitrogen analysis. However, less than half of the Kjeldahl nitrogen in the alkaline extracts could be attributed to corn zein. Reproducibility expressed as relative standard deviation for migration time and peak area was 0.10 and 1.05, respectively. The technique permits rapid analysis of a large number of samples without interference from other compounds present in the extracts. 相似文献
3.
基于主成分与聚类分析的苹果加工品质评价 总被引：29，自引：13，他引：29
为了探讨苹果品种间理化品质的差异,给选育新品种和苹果合理加工利用提供理论支持,采集了30个苹果品种为试材进行模式识别分析。该试验所用苹果在2011年8-10月份按照苹果可采成熟度(九成熟)在辽宁省兴城市国家种质资源圃进行采集。试验测定了单果质量、体积、密度、果皮颜色、硬度、糖酸比、维生素C等20项理化品质指标,采用描述性统计、主成分和聚类分析方法对苹果品种和品质关系进行了分析。结果显示,30个品种苹果的密度、果型指数和含水率3项指标未表现出差异。对剩余17项品质指标进行了主成分分析,依据主成分解释总变量和碎石图提取了6个主成分反映原变量的82.3%的信息。第一主成分主要综合了可滴定酸、糖酸比及固酸比的信息即口尝品质因子;第二主成分主要综合了L值,a值和b值的信息,命名为颜色因子;其余主成分依次为甜度因子、质构因子、内在品质因子和果个大小因子。结合主成分得分图直观地显示了苹果品种和理化指标间关系:辽伏、理想、早金冠和瑞光分布在PC1和PC2的正向区间,糖酸比和固酸比值较大、口感好,但是果皮颜色较绿,是品质较好的早熟苹果;寒富、赤阳和红富士依次落在PC1和PC2第四区间,食用品质好、果皮颜色较红,是较为常见的晚熟苹果。分布在第二区间的普利阿姆,白星,Pvma果皮颜色绿且口感酸涩,不适宜鲜食,这些品种可能较为适宜进行加工。第三区间品种固酸比、甜酸比取值较小但是果皮颜色红,为选育果皮颜色受消费者喜爱且内在品质好的早熟品种提供了理论支持。聚类分析将30个品种苹果分为5类,聚类结果与主成分得分图结果基本一致,该试验初步判定30个品种苹果是否适宜鲜食,为苹果品种选育和加工应用利用提供理论依据。 相似文献
4.
为了解有机肥施用对于红壤中反硝化细菌群落结构的影响,设置了4个处理:CK(不施肥)、LM(低量有机肥)、ML(高量有机肥+石灰)和HM(高量有机肥)进行研究,并通过末端限制性片段长度多态性(T-RFLP)和克隆文库的DNA测序估计了nirK基因的多样性。结果表明:各处理分别挑选的288个阳性克隆子可分为78个类型,各处理nirK文库中的优势类群属于同一种类型,在CK处理中的占比为51%,在其他3个处理中的占比依次为33%、32%和27%。4个文库之间两两的相似性在37.50%~45.34%,系统进化树分析表明,51个OTUs测序结果中6个OTUs与苍白杆菌属的相似性最高,占测序总数的11.8%;其余45个OTUs属于未培养类型,占测序总数的88.2%。有机肥添加有助于提高nirK基因的多样性,并且出现了红壤原始环境中未出现的反硝化细菌类型。 相似文献
5.
Feriotto G Gardenghi S Bianchi N Gambari R 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2003,51(16):4640-4646
Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) based biosensors have been described for the identification of genetically modified organisms (GMO) by biospecific interaction analysis (BIA). This paper describes the design and testing of an SPR-based BIA protocol for quantitative determinations of GMOs. Biotinylated multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) products from nontransgenic maize as well as maize powders containing 0.5 and 2% genetically modified Bt-176 sequences were immobilized on different flow cells of a sensor chip. After immobilization, different oligonucleotide probes recognizing maize zein and Bt-176 sequences were injected. The results obtained were compared with Southern blot analysis and with quantitative real-time PCR assays. It was demonstrated that sequential injections of Bt-176 and zein probes to sensor chip flow cells containing multiplex PCR products allow discrimination between PCR performed using maize genomic DNA containing 0.5% Bt-176 sequences and that performed using maize genomic DNA containing 2% Bt-176 sequences. The efficiency of SPR-based BIA in discriminating material containing different amounts of Bt-176 maize is comparable to real-time quantitative PCR and much more reliable than Southern blotting, which in the past has been used for semiquantitative purposes. Furthermore, the approach allows the BIA assay to be repeated several times on the same multiplex PCR product immobilized on the sensor chip, after washing and regeneration of the flow cell. Finally, it is emphasized that the presented strategy to quantify GMOs could be proposed for all of the SPR-based, commercially available biosensors. Some of these optical SPR-based biosensors use, instead of flow-based sensor chips, stirred microcuvettes, reducing the costs of the experimentation. 相似文献
6.
A high-throughput method has been developed to allow rapid analysis of maize seed storage proteins by matrix-assisted laser desorption time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The extraction solution containing an organic solvent, a reducing agent, and a volatile base has been optimized to enable extraction of all classes of zein proteins (alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-). A near-saturating concentration of matrix, 2-(4-hydroxyphenylazo)benzoic acid, was necessary to obtain strong peaks for the most lipophilic zeins, the alpha-zeins. Zein proteins with small mass differences, difficult to separate by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, were resolved through this analysis. Mass signals corresponding to the 10-kDa delta-, 15-kDa beta-, 16-kDa gamma-, 27-kDa gamma-, and several 19 and 22-kDa alpha-zeins were detected. The zein identities were further confirmed by the association of the number of cysteine residues in each zein MS peak, as determined by iodoacetamide derivatization, with the number predicted from its coding sequence. The relative zein abundance in the zein MS peaks was also correlated with the relative zein EST abundance among endosperm EST libraries. This method was utilized to examine the zein composition of a number of corn inbred lines and opaque mutants. 相似文献
7.
用SSR对60个玉米自交系的DNA进行分子标记和杂种优势群划分研究。利用14对SSR引物在供试材料中检测出57个等位基因变异,每对引物检测等位基因2～7个,平均为4．07个,多态信息量变化范围为0．389～0．832,平均为0．692。自交系间遗传相似系数变幅为0．058～0．756,UPGMA聚类分析表明,供试自交系可分为五个类群。利用这14对具有较高多态性信息量的引物,可以对供试材料进行初步鉴定。 相似文献
8.
Genetic Relationships of some PCNA Persimmons (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) from China and Japan revealed by SRAP analysis 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) marker was employed to analyze genetic relationships of 10 Chinese, 11 Japanese
varieties of persimmon and its 6 relatives. Twenty out of 72 primer combinations could amplify clearly and consistently. Just
only one primer set could discriminate all the genotypes used in this study. The genetic relationships were analyzed using
unweighted pair-group method of arithmetic average cluster analysis (UPGMA) and principal coordinated analysis (PCOA). The
results showed: Chinese varieties were grouped into two clusters, while the Japanese varieties were grouped into one cluster
with two subgroups. The persimmon relatives were clustered together. Probably, Chinese and Japanese Pollination-constant and
Non-astringent (PCNA) persimmons had different genetic background. ‘Eshi No.1’ from Hubei province was close to Male type
6. ‘Xiangxitianshi’ from Xiangxi municipality, Hunan province, had a high similarity coefficient with ‘Maekawa-Jirou’ and
was clustered in the Japanese varieties group, indicating that ‘Xiangxitianshi’ maybe close to the Japanese variety in terms
of genetic background. The Chinese Pollination-constant and Astringent (PCA) and PCNA persimmons were not distinctly distinguished
implying that the non-astringent trait of Chinese PCNA type might result from the PCA type. 相似文献
9.
基于能值分析的农业土地利用强度 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：5
随着城市扩张和人口的剧增,区域土地利用格局变化对农业系统产生影响,需要以一个共同基准对农业土地利用强度进行量化。该研究以北京远郊区县为例,将各种形式的社会经济数据用转换因子（能值转换率）转换到太阳能值,通过主成分分析（PCA）和聚类方法来识别研究区的农业土地利用强度的特征和分类。提取了4个农业投入强度分量和6个产出强度分量,并分别综合成投入强度指数和产出强度指数。通过K-means聚类将农业强度分成6类,其中低投入中产出、低投入低产出类型分别占研究区的34%和27%。研究结果表明,PCA为区域农业土地利用强度的总体评价提供了有效的指标,并且能值方法可以将分析数据统一到一个共同的标准,使得本研究的结果更具有可解释性。 相似文献
10.
采用选择性培养基和rep-PCR聚类分析等手段,通过盆栽试验,研究了入侵植物黄顶菊对土壤中磷细菌多样性的影响。结果表明,黄顶菊入侵后增加了土壤中无机磷和有机磷细菌的数量,入侵后其数量分别为入侵前的1.17倍和1.08倍。rep-PCR基因指纹分析结果显示,黄顶菊入侵前土壤磷细菌包含19个聚类群,其中无机磷细菌10个聚类群,有机磷细菌9个聚类群;入侵后土壤磷细菌包含22个聚类群,其中无机磷细菌11个聚类群,有机磷细菌11个聚类群。多样性分析结果表明,黄顶菊入侵后土壤中无机磷细菌的丰富度指数、香农-威纳多样性指数分别为11和2.369,高于入侵前的10和2.303;有机磷细菌的丰富度指数、香农-威纳多样性指数分别为11和2.398,高于入侵前的9和2.197,而2种细菌的物种均匀度指数基本不变。本文从土壤微生态学的角度初步探讨了黄顶菊入侵对土壤微生物群落中磷细菌的影响,为进一步研究黄顶菊入侵的地下化感机制和竞争机制提供一定的理论依据。 相似文献
11.
《Cereal Chemistry》2017,94(4):693-698
The high cost of kafirin and zein restricts their use for bioplastic and food applications. Effective, simple, and rapid kafirin/zein isolation processes are required. Here a percolation‐type aqueous ethanol solvent extraction process from coarse meals (grits) and coarse sorghum distillers dried grains and solubles (DDGS) for kafirin and zein isolation employing a low ratio of extractant to meal (2.5:1) was investigated, which is potentially applicable in the grain bioethanol industry. Postextraction filtration times were more than twice as fast using coarse meals compared with fine flours. Washing the meals prior to extraction to remove starch improved protein preparation purity to 73–85% compared with 68–72% for unwashed meals. Hence, no subsequent filtration or centrifugation step is required to clean up the kafirin/zein solution prior to solvent evaporation. With a single extraction step, kafirin/zein yields were 48% (protein basis) for DDGS and 53–70% for washed sorghum/maize meals. Cast films were used as a model bioplastic system to evaluate extracted kafirin/zein functional properties. DDGS kafirin films had rough surfaces but had the lowest water uptake and in vitro digestibility, owing to heat‐induced disulfide crosslinking during DDGS processing. Extraction by percolation using coarse meal/DDGS has potential to improve kafirin/zein viability. 相似文献
12.
自然环境下贴叠葡萄串的识别与图像分割算法 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
针对自然环境下贴叠葡萄串难以识别与分割的问题,该文首先提取HSV颜色空间中的H分量,获取贴叠葡萄串区域,分析该区域长宽比从而判定葡萄串的贴叠性质;提取葡萄串图像轮廓信息,获取轮廓拐点与类圆心点信息;利用拐点与中心点之间的斜率判定目标葡萄串所在位置。然后,利用Chan-Vese模型进行葡萄串的迭代识别,并结合拐点信息获得重叠边界的轮廓信息。最后,将重叠边界轮廓与图像轮廓进行融合,实现目标葡萄串识别。试验结果表明,该文方法的平均精准度为89.71%,平均假阳率为4.24%,识别成功率为90.91%,与现有方法相比,该文方法可实现完整目标葡萄串的识别与分割,并提高了识别与分割的精准度,为葡萄采摘机器人成功采收贴叠葡萄串提供切实可行的算法。 相似文献
13.
为探讨一种适用于大尺度、多断面和长时间的水质评价方法,用系统聚类分析将2000—2002年黄河6个监测断面的90个水质样本分为7组,并用判别分析验证了结果的可靠性。其主要程序为：利用多元方差分析对各断面多年水质监测样本进行空间尺度上的显著差异性分析,识别出具有显著差异的样本,然后通过系统聚类分析把上述样本进行聚类分组,最后应用判别分析方法对各组样本进行水质评价,此方法的特点为在不损失信息的前提下能大大减轻水质评价工作量,且客观可信、分辨率高,并能综合反映总体与个别特征。结果表明,黄河流域干流从上游到下游水质总体状况呈逐渐下降趋势,上游水质一般为Ⅰ-Ⅲ类,而中游和下游水质基本为Ⅳ-Ⅴ类和超Ⅴ类。 相似文献
14.
The 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens created a unique opportunity to study microbial communities in a developing soil ecosystem containing little total carbon (C) or total nitrogen (N). We collected surface samples (0-5 cm) from areas near Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument 17 years after the eruption. The samples were from bare soil with no plant development, soil under living prairie lupine (Lupinus lepidus) and dead prairie lupine in the pyroclastic plain near Spirit Lake, Washington. We also collected soil from a nearby forested area. Phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) from pyroclastic materials were analyzed to determine changes in soil microbial composition. Total bacterial DNA was also extracted from the soils and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of 16S rRNA genes and DNA sequence analysis of cloned 16S rRNA gene libraries were used to determine the influence of plants on microbial development. Both principal components analysis (PCA) of PLFA fingerprints and non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMS) of DGGE fingerprints distinguished the four soils. Lupine plants influenced the PLFA and DGGE fingerprints depending on the distance of the samples from the plant. DGGE and PLFA profiles from the forest soil were significantly different (P=0.001, based on Monte Carlo permutation test) from those of the bare soil and soil with live lupine. Bacterial clone libraries were constructed, and 800 clones were analyzed by amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA) and grouped into operational taxonomic units (OTUs). A total of 51, 77, 58, and 42 different OTUs were obtained from forest soil, soil with live and dead lupine, and bare soil, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 62% of the 228 OTUs were classified as Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Acidobacterium, Verrucomicrobia, Bacteroides, Cyanobacteria, Planctomycetes, and candidate divisions TM7 and OP10. Members of Proteobacteria represented 29% of the OTUs. Thirty-eight percent of the OTUs could not be classified into known bacterial divisions. This study emphasized the role of prairie lupine in the establishment of pioneering microbial communities and the subsequent roles the biotic components played in improving the quality of pyroclastic soil. 相似文献
15.
Zein protein is a major coproduct of biofuel from corn. To reduce the brittleness of zein films, a new type of zein-based biomaterial, was synthesized by chemical modification of zein with lauryl chloride through an acylation reaction. The final products were confirmed by (1)H NMR, FT-IR analysis, and SDS-PAGE. Thermal analysis detected no microphase separation in the synthesized polymer matrix. As the content of lauryl moiety increased, the glass transition temperatures of modified zein decreased by as large as 25.8 °C due to the plasticization effect of the lauryl moiety. In addition, mechanical and surface properties of cast films from acylated zein were also investigated. The elongation at break of modified zein sheet was increased by about 7-fold at the high modification level with some loss of mechanical strength. The surfaces of modified zein films were as uniform as unmodified zein film but more hydrophobic, further suggesting that no microphase separation happened during the film formation process. This work indicated the potential of these new biomaterials in the development of biodegradable food packaging materials and delivery systems. 相似文献
16.
Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) Analysis of Diploid Coffee Species and Cultivated Coffea arabica L. from Tanzania 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers were used to evaluate levels of genetic similarity among Coffea arabica L. accessions from Tanzania and to estimate levels of genetic similarities in C. arabica and diploid coffee species. The six ISSR primers used generated a total of 82 fragments and the dissimilarity values ranged
from 0.21 to 1. Mean dissimilarity values between provenances (0.56–0.85) were higher than within provenances (0.37–0.68).
Cluster analysis based on Nei’s genetic distances showed C. arabica provenances grouping based on geographical origin. Two major clusters were formed that constituted of provenances from Kilimanjaro
and Arusha in one sub-cluster; Tanga and Morogoro in the other; the second cluster had Mbeya provenances and diploid species,
respectively. The implication is that Mbeya provenances are different from the rest of Tanzanian C. arabica. A principal coordinate analysis (PCA), whose first three coordinates explained 43% of the variation, showed similar groupings
as in the cluster analysis. A separate cluster analysis of diploid species showed a distinct separation of the three species
used. ISSR data gave results similar to previous findings from random amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD) analysis. The results
also confirm the limited diversity present in cultivated C. arabica in Tanzania 相似文献
17.
The presented study deals with the interpretation of soil quality monitoring data using hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal components analysis (PCA). Both statistical methods contributed to the correct data classification and projection of the surface (0–20 cm) and subsurface (20–40 cm) soil layers of 36 sampling sites in the region of Burgas, Bulgaria. Clustering of the variables led to formation of four significant clusters corresponding to possible sources defining the soil quality like agricultural activity, industrial impact, fertilizing, etc. Two major clusters were found to explain the sampling site locations according to soil composition—one cluster for coastal and mountain sites and another—for typical rural and industrial sites. Analogous results were obtained by the use of PCA. The advantage of the latter was the opportunity to offer more quantitative interpretation of the role of identified soil quality sources by the level of explained total variance. The score plots and the dendrogram of the sampling sites indicated a relative spatial homogeneity according to geographical location and soil layer depth. The high-risk areas and pollution profiles were detected and visualized using surface maps based on Kriging algorithm. 相似文献
18.
An improved means of isolating zein is needed to develop new uses for corn zein. We have measured the yield of zein and evaluated the ability of acetic acid to remove zein from corn gluten meal, distillers dried grains, and ground corn using acetic acid as solvent. Acetic acid removed zein more quickly, at lower temperatures, and in higher yields when compared with alcoholic solvents. After 60 min at 25°C, ≈50% of the zein in corn gluten meal was removed. A step change in yield from 43 to 50% occurs as the extraction temperature is increased from 40 to 55°C after mixing for 30 min at 25% solids. The protein composition of the zein removed from corn gluten meal using acetic acid is very similar to that of commercial zein by SDS‐PAGE. The zein obtained from corn gluten meal using acetic acid had higher amounts of fatty acids and esters according to IR analysis, leading to slightly lower protein content. Films made from zein extracted from corn gluten meal using acetic acid had lower tensile strength (≈60% lower) than films produced from commercial zein. Fibers with very small diameter (0.4–1.6 μm) can be produced by electrospinning using the AcOH solution obtained after corn gluten meal extraction. 相似文献
19.
Addition of sorghum flour to wheat flour produces marked negative effects on rheological properties of dough and loaf volume. Although there are notable differences in the chemical composition of sorghum proteins (kafirins) compared with wheat gluten that might imply poor functionality in breadmaking systems, a larger constraint may be the unavailability of kafirins due to encapsulation in protein bodies. In this study, zein, the analogous maize prolamin to kafirin, was used to determine the potential effects of protein-body-free prolamins on dough rheology and baking quality of wheat-sorghum composite flour. Mixograms run at 35°C (above the glass transition temperature of zein) were significantly (P < 0.01) improved with addition of zein. Mixogram peak heights increased while mixing time decreased uniformly with addition of zein. Dough extensibility studies showed an increase in maximum tensile stress, while baking studies showed an increase in loaf volume with increasing amounts of added zein. These data are supported by a previous study showing that, in a model system, zein mixed with starch can form viscoelastic networks, and suggest that kafirin, if made available, could contribute to dough formation. 相似文献
20.
The occurrence of intermixing, especially that resulting from genetically modified (GM) species, is increasingly becoming a problem in the delicate chain of feed and food quality control. Thus, a strategy is needed for precisely quantifying the presence of intermixing. An analytical assay based on real-time PCR has been developed; it can ascertain the extent of unexpected intermixing of GM soybean with maize meal. Three soybean-maize mix levels, with soybean intermix percentages of, respectively, 0.1, 0.5, and 1%, were prepared to simulate samples containing traces of soybean. As calibrator standards, ad hoc multiple-target pGEM-T plasmids containing soybean and maize reference genes in a 1:1 ratio were constructed. Four different maize endogenous genes, alcohol dehydrogenase 1 (adh1), high-mobility group protein a (hmga), invertase 1 (ivr1), and zein (zein), were assessed, each combined with the soybean endogenous lectin 1 (lect1) gene. Plasmids containing adh1-lect1 and zein-lect1 genes were found to be the most reliable calibration systems for this analysis, providing precise and accurate quantification results. Measuring the percentage of GM soybean intermixing makes it possible to calculate the actual transgenic component of the total sample. 相似文献