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1.
本试验以鸡为研究对象,探明134Cs在鸡体内的累积与代谢情况,为减少放射性同位素污染及安全提供参考依据。结果表明：134Cs引入后能很快被鸡体吸收,并迅速转移到各内脏器官和组织中,6h放射性比活度在肝、肠、胰、心中积累较高,达到3210780±1560Bq～4568580±1860Bq ,血、肉、骨、毛中累积较少,在198480±360～198480±360Bq之间, 之后随着时间的延长,而逐渐降低。在24h时,组织中放射性比活度下降到6h时的30%左右。到第69d时除毛和肉中以外,其余器官和组织中均未能检测到放射性134Cs的存在。喂饲NaCl能减轻134Cs在鸡体内的积累。清水浸洗对鸡肉中134Cs清除效果明显。 相似文献
2.
农耕地土壤137Cs与210Pbex深度分布过程对比研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
探讨了137Cs与210Pbex在农耕地土壤深度分布过程的差异。基于137Cs与210Pbex的不同沉降过程,考虑到核素由犁耕层向犁底层的扩散,对农耕地土壤137Cs、210Pbex的深度分布过程进行了理论推导,并以杨凌符家庄麦田剖面的实测数据予以验证,同时讨论了实测符家庄麦田剖面137Cs、210Pbex深度分布的规律特征及其原因,以此阐明了137Cs与210Pbex在农耕地土壤深度分布过程的差异。137Cs源于大气核试爆,没有持续沉降补充,犁耕层和犁底层土壤137Cs深度分布一直处于随时间变化的非稳定态;而210Pbex是天然核素,存在大气沉降的持续补充,犁耕层和犁底层土壤210Pbex深度分布最终呈稳定态。农耕地土壤137Cs、210Pbex深度分布的实测值曲线与理论值曲线的差异,尤其210Pbex,可能与耕作深度的变化历史或土地利用(覆被)变化有关。 相似文献
3.
确定137Cs背景值所需的采样点数与采样面积 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
137Cs背景值的确定是利用核示踪技术研究土壤侵蚀的前提和根本,直接关系到侵蚀速率计算的准确与否。而大部分研究对137Cs背景值的确定均采取随机采样,没有统一的采样点数与确定的采样面积。本研究利用网格加密采样法,对未扰动地和长期耕种且未平整的农耕地各两块样地的137Cs背景值空间变异进行了分析,结果表明：在未扰动地与农耕地采样地块,137Cs采样点数与背景值空间变异系数都存在指数回归关系;在未扰动地块137Cs背景值存在较大空间变异性,且随着网格面积的扩大137Cs空间变异系数表现为增加趋势,在0.25m2范围内选取最少11个样点才能满足试验精度;在农耕地采样地块,因长期的耕种作用使得137Cs在耕层中混合相对均匀,137Cs背景值空间变异性显著变小,最少选取7个样点就能满足试验精度,且不受采样面积的影响。 相似文献
4.
运用 137Cs核素示踪技术，研究密云水库周边地区及白河上游地区土壤侵蚀与氮、磷流失状况及其相互之间的量变关系。研究结果表明：从土壤表层(0～20 cm) 137Cs分布规律基本符合地形地貌的变化规律，山坡上部的 137Cs含量低于山坡中部与坡下部，但是如果山顶具有缓坡或山角下具有陡坡，则 137Cs含量变化规律相反。根据土壤 137Cs监测数据结果判定该地区基本属于轻度侵蚀和中度侵蚀，部分地区侵蚀情况达到剧烈程度。不同景观与土地利用方式对土壤氮、磷分布有巨大影响：有机质、全氮、水解氮含量均是以灌丛土壤最高，林地次之，与流域内 137Cs分布规律相符合；而农田中全磷、速效磷含量最高。不同区域土壤养分含量不同：水库上游地区土壤氮素、磷素含量均低于水库周边地区。证明不合理的人为活动严重的增强了土壤侵蚀程度与养分流失量。回归模拟了土壤中 137Cs、( 210Pb)与全氮、全磷、水解氮、速效磷含量之间的数学模型。这些模型在区域较小、景观单一的范围内可以定量分析、预报预测各采样区的全磷和有效态氮、磷含量的变化趋势。简化了监测与分析测试程序。扩大了核素示踪技术的应用范围。 相似文献
5.
2.00mm通常被作为实验室测定土壤中环境放射性核素137Cs和210Pb比活度时土壤样品过筛粒径,但有关不同过筛粒径对测量准确性的影响评价鲜有报道。本研究选择了褐土、栗钙土和紫色土等3种代表性土壤,经4种过筛粒径2.00、1.00、0.50和0.25mm处理后,利用HPGeγ谱仪测定了处理土样中的137Cs和210Pb比活度。137Cs测量结果显示,相比2.00mm的粒径,0.25mm粒径能减少样品中137Cs分析精度达到可接受值的时间,同时对比活度测量值具有积极影响;对210Pb而言,过筛粒径的减小会造成分析精度达到可接受值时间的延长,但对比活度的测量值影响并不显著。研究结果在提高利用HPGeγ谱仪准确测定环境样品中的137Cs和210Pb比活度方面具有重要意义。 相似文献
6.
以青木关岩溶槽谷区内代表性耕地型与林地型洼地小流域为研究对象,从洼地沉积物入手,探明各洼地沉积物剖面~(137)Cs比活度、六六六(HCHs)、有机质、黏粒含量及容重的深度分布特征;运用~(137)Cs示踪法,辅以HCHs进行沉积物断代,追溯流域近60年来的土壤侵蚀量演变特征及探讨其驱动因素。结果表明:(1)炮台院子耕地型洼地沉积物剖面~(137)Cs、HCHs仅有个别层位检出,无法利用~(137)Cs、HCHs深度分布进行沉积物断代,反映了发育的落水洞对其沉积物剖面影响大。(2)龙洞槽耕地型和劳动村林地型洼地小流域1963—1983,1984—2019年产沙模数分别为231.78,82.04 t/(km~2·a)和68.79,39.46 t/(km~2·a),表明流域生态环境得到明显改善。与1963—1983年时段相比,该地区1984—2019年时段年平均降水量无明显变化,2个小流域产沙模数均显著减小,表明近60年流域产沙强度主要受土地利用方式、水土保持措施等人类活动控制。(3)龙洞槽洼地剖面~(137)Cs、HCHs峰值,表层泥沙~(137)Cs、HCHs数值和不同时期流域产沙模数均明显大于劳动村洼地,主要是由2个洼地分别控制的耕地型与林地型小流域在人类活动影响下产沙强度的差异所致。另外,~(137)Cs和HCHs相结合的示踪方法可较好地用于评估西南岩溶流域产沙量的时间变化。 相似文献
7.
风力侵蚀是准东干旱与半干旱地区土地沙漠化的关键因素,通过野外考察和土壤~(137)Cs取样分析,对准东地区不同土地利用类型下土壤~(137)Cs分布特征及风力侵蚀进行了初步研究。研究表明,不同土地利用类型土壤~(137)Cs剖面分布特征不同,~(137)Cs基本分布在0~20 cm,甚至更浅,~(137)Cs活度值介于0~65.50 Bq/kg;各样点~(137)Cs总量介于0~1 698.29Bq/m~2,其中背景值为1 698.29 Bq/m~2,不同地类~(137)Cs总量排序为:低平地草甸(背景值样点)灌丛沙堆荒漠草地砾石戈壁盐碱地耕地固定沙地半固定沙地风蚀裸地;估算出耕地和非耕地各样点的风蚀速率,耕地平均风蚀速率为744.50 t/(km~2·a),非耕地风蚀速率介于945.06~4 404.01 t/(km~2·a)之间,平均值为2 589.96 t/(km~2·a)。 相似文献
8.
植物修复技术适用于大面积、低活度的放射性污染治理,在一些大面积放射性污染区具有潜在的应用前景。本研究在某放射性典型污染区域取样,测量了该区域盐生植物及其生长土壤的137Cs含量,以生物富集系数(BC值)为指标,分析了不同核素土壤分布、K元素含量等因素对BC值的影响。研究结果表明,污染区植物对137Cs的吸收BC值在10-5~10-2数量级之间,多数区域由于核素分布不均匀而引起BC值下降,均匀分布则有利于核素的吸收。另外,BC值还与土壤K元素含量呈负相关。 相似文献
9.
[目的] 定量分析青藏高原高寒草甸土壤侵蚀状况及其伴随的碳流失,为全面评估土壤侵蚀影响,实施有效水土保持措施提供参考。[方法] 结合137Cs示踪技术与前人研究,对青藏高原高寒草甸土壤的整体侵蚀水平及其土壤有机碳流失进行了估算。[结果] 未受人为扰动的高寒草甸土壤自上而下表现出3个层次(A,B和C层)的理化性质特征,其137Cs分布遵循显著指数递减模式。目前,高原草甸土壤年均侵蚀模数约为77~230 t/km2,推测其每年直接导致的土壤有机碳损失量平均不低于4.86 t/km2。[结论] 青藏高原高寒草甸土壤侵蚀水平整体较弱,但因土壤侵蚀流失的有机碳不容忽视。在未来气候变化背景下,升温导致的土壤湿度下降对植被生长的限制,以及人类活动的影响,较大可能成为诱使青藏高原草甸土壤退化和有机碳流失的潜在因素。 相似文献
10.
该文通过紫色丘陵区响水滩小流域不同土地利用类型、不同坡度和坡长、不同地貌部位土壤剖面中 137Cs含量的测定与分析，对其侵蚀空间分布进行了估算。研究结果表明：该流域 137Cs含量的背景值为1870 Bq/m2；流域内坡耕地、林地的年平均侵蚀强度分别为4468、1759 t/(km2·a)；土壤侵蚀量与坡长、坡度均指数相关；丘顶、丘坡和鞍部的年平均侵蚀强度分别为2125、4676、3625 t/(km2·a)。结果表明土地利用类型、坡长和坡度、地貌部位对土壤侵蚀量影响很大，坡耕地是该流域泥沙的主要来源。 相似文献
11.
研究了新疆灌耕灰棕漠土腐殖质组分及其性质,并利用凝胶过滤法室内研究了外源137Cs与土壤腐殖质各组分的结合性能.结果表明:在研究条件下,137Cs与粘土矿物的结合率最高,占总量的78.37%;21.63%的137Cs积累于腐殖质中,其中与胡敏酸、富啡酸、胡敏素结合的分别为5.78%、6.60%和9.25%.腐植酸与13... 相似文献
12.
~(137)Cs在土壤中的污染行为与钾盐的防治效果 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
本研究结果表明 ,在污染水平相同的情况下 ,不同土壤对春小麦吸收137Cs有很大影响 ,植株中137Cs的比活度相差几十倍。在同一种土壤、不同污染水平下 ,春小麦对137Cs的吸收与土壤中137Cs的污染水平呈正相关。在137Cs污染的土壤上施用钾盐可以降低春小麦植株对137Cs的吸收。防治效果与钾盐施用量有关 ,本试验结果为土壤阳离子代换量 1 / 3 0的量施用效果最好 ,使植株中的137Cs比活度降低 84 74%～88 89% ,与不施钾盐的对照组的差异十分显著 相似文献
13.
为评价不同标准物质效率刻度对环境放射性核素测定准确性的影响,应用具有无源效率刻度（LabSOCS）功能的高纯锗（HPGe）γ谱仪,比较用褐土、黄壤、黄土和紫色土4种土类与供测试土壤栗钙土作为标准物质进行效率刻度获得的210Pb和137Cs比活度之间的差异。选用的5种土类为标准物质对测试土壤中210Pb测定的准确性有显著影响,这是由于标准物质中能够显著影响210Pb测定结果的一组元素Si、Fe和Na,尤其是Fe含量相对于测试土壤存在很大差异（相对差异在94％~166％之间）。不同标准物质对土壤中137Cs测定准确性的影响较小,这是由于不同标准物质中与137Cs比活度显著偏相关（P<0.01）的O和Na含量差异较小（小于10％）。结果表明：标准物质对137Cs测定影响不大,选择与测定样品的化学元素相近的标准物质进行效率刻度,可以提高环境样品中210Pb测定的准确性。 相似文献
14.
Elena M. Korobova Vitaly G. Linnik Justin Brown 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2016,16(4):1279-1287
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to compare the distribution of the most significant medium and long-lived radioisotopes, i.e., 60Co, 137Cs, and 152Eu, in granulometric and organic fractions of alluvial soils downstream from the Krasnoyarsk Mining and Chemical Combine (KMCC), Russia, to reveal natural patterns of their behavior and accumulation.Materials and methods
Soil samples collected at different elevations and depths in a floodplain of the Yenisey River downstream from the KMCC (20–250 km) were subjected to granulometric analysis by dry screening and a modified Petelin method. Fractions <0.05 mm were collected by a pipette method. Radionuclide activity in the different soil layers and in their fractions was determined using a spectrometer equipped with an HPGe detector. Concentration of total C (Ctot) and C of carbonates (Ccarb) was determined using a CHN analyzer before and after elimination of carbonates, organic C (Corg) being calculated as the difference between the obtained values. Organic fractions were separated by saturation of the air-dry sample with 0.1 M NaOH and further precipitation of humic acid from filtrate by 1 M HCl at pH 1. The separation resulted in three fractions of the fulvic acids, humic acids, and the residue containing the denuded mineral phase and the refractory organic residue. The selected bulk samples and fractions were analyzed for radionuclide activity.Results and discussion
Based on earlier results, the distribution of the pelite (<0.01 mm) and aleurite (0.01–0.1 mm) fractions in alluvium and soil samples have been analyzed to evaluate the grain-size contribution to radionuclide fixation. A positive correlation between radionuclide activity and the portion of pelite fraction was established for 60Co and 152Eu, while 137Cs accumulation was not related with this fraction. In organic matter (OM) extracts, more than 90 % of 137Cs, at proportions similar to those attributable to 238Th and 40K, were associated with the residue fraction, while 72 % of 152Eu and 46 % of 60Co were found in the mobile fraction of the low molecular fulvic acids. In successive layers of the soil vertical profile, approximately 94 % of the 152Eu variation may be explained by a linear model with Corg and Ccarb values as independent variables.Conclusions
Different associations of 137Cs, 60Co, and 152 Eu with particulate and organic fractions in river sediments and floodplain soils could be explained by the dominating discharge form (water soluble or particulate), affinity to organic substances of different mobility, sorption by minerals and their aggregates, and chemisorption.15.
Shozo Kuwatsuka Kiyoshi Tsutsuki Kyoichi Kumada 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(3):337-347
Abstract Relationships between elementary compositions and types of humic acids or the "degrees of humification were studied statistically using 39 humic acids prepared from various types of soils. Mean values of C%. H%. N%, 0%, H/C, N/C, and O/C of the different types of humic acids (A. B. Rp(l), Rp(2). and Po) were compared. The elementary compositions of various types of humic acids were proven by variance analyses to be significantly distinct. Linear regression analyses of C%, H%, N%. 0%, H/C, N/C, or O/C on RF or AlogK values were also carried out on 35 humic acids excluding the P+~+++ type humic acids. The linear associations were found to be significant between C%-RF (5% level), H%-RF, H%-?logK, H/C-RF and HIC-?logK (0.1% level), N/C-RF(O.1% level). N%-RF(l% level), N%-?logK N/C-?logK(5% level), and ?logK (1% level), while no significant relationship was found with regard to C%;-?logK, 0%-?logK (both 5% level) and O/C-RF and O/C-?logK (l0% level). Carbon and oxygen contents of humic acids may be apt to reflect the different conditions of soils. The deeper the visible light absorption of humic acids and so the higher the degrees of humification, the lower the hydrogen contents of humic acids were. Though nitrogen content showed a trend similar to the trend of hydrogen content against RF values as a whole. the nitrogen content of less humified humic acids (Rp type) varied from very low to very high values. suggesting the enrichment of nitrogen into humic acid molecules in the early stage of humification. In the H/C versus O/C diagram, humic acids occupied an area reserved for the oxydation products of lignins. The area was fairly wide and “J”-shaped, that is, in the early to the middle stage of humification humic acids were arranged in the direction of dehydrogenation or demethanation, and in the later stage they were arranged in the direction of dehydration. 相似文献
16.
~(137)Cs不同污染水平在大亚湾、秦山、北京土壤植物系统的转移 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：3
采用我国大亚湾、秦山和北京土壤 ,模拟核裂变产物137Cs在 0Bq kg土、3 3×1 0 4 Bq kg土、3 3× 1 0 5Bq kg土、3 3× 1 0 6 Bq kg土污染水平时 ,研究土壤 -小麦系统的污染影响与137Cs核素的转移规律。结果表明 :在本试验条件下小麦生长发育处于正常状态 ,未发现对小麦有不良影响 ;小麦分别在 3个污染水平下从试验用的 3种土壤中吸收137Cs的趋势是一致的 ;小麦植株中137Cs的比活度随137Cs施入量相应以数量级增加 ,两者间呈十分显著的正相关 ;137Cs在土壤 -小麦系统中的转移系数随土壤的性质不同而变化 ,在同一污染水平下转移系数在n× 1 0 - 2 ～n× 1 0 0 范围变化 ;在同一种土壤中 ,随土壤污染水平的提高 ,转移系数亦有所提高 ,但变化范围不大 ,对北京土转移系数为 2 2× 1 0 - 2 ～ 5 4× 1 0 - 2 ,大亚湾土转移系数为 1 0 4～ 2 0 9,均在同一数量级内变化 ;对秦山土转移系数为 0 51～ 1 2 1。 相似文献
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18.
A. D. Fokin S. P. Torshin Yu. M. Bebneva R. A. Gadzhiagaeva L. G. Taldykina 《Eurasian Soil Science》2016,49(4):412-421
The increased concentration of an element in plant biomass compared to the soil mass is an essential condition for the differentiated spatial distribution and status of the element on the aggregate level. Two forms of this differentiation have been revealed for 137Cs and 90Sr. Transfer of 137Cs from plant roots and concentration on the surface of soil aggregates have been established experimentally. Indirect data also point to the potential localization of 137Cs on the surface of intraaggregate pores. The effect of radionuclide concentrating on the outer and inner surfaces of aggregates is due to the rapid and strong fixation of cesium microamounts by mineral soil components. 137Cs from the surface of aggregates is more available for the repeated uptake by plant roots than from the intraped mass. The distortion of this spatial differentiation mainly occurs during the reaggregation of soil mass, which in turn decreases the availability of the radionuclide to plants. For 90Sr, its elevated concentration in the form of organic residues has been revealed in the inter- and intraaggregate pore space. However, due to the high diffusion rate, 90Sr is relatively rapidly (during several months under pot experimental conditions) redistributed throughout the entire volume of soil aggregates and its major part gradually passes into the phase of humic compounds, to which the radionuclide is bound by exchange sorption. The high level of the next root uptake (higher than for 137Cs by one to two orders of magnitude) favors the permanent renewal of loci with increased 90Sr concentrations in the inter- and intraaggregate pore space in the form of plant residues. 相似文献
19.
The vertical distribution and bioavailability of 137Cs in Histosols and mineral soils with different physicochemical properties from the southeast of Bavaria (Germany) more than ten years after the Chernobyl accident were the focus of this study. The vertical distribution of 137Cs was low in the investigated soils. About 85–98 % of the total 137Cs was located in the upper 10 cm of the mineral soils. Slightly higher 137Cs percentages were observed in deeper soil layers of the peat soils. Although the organic matter is assumed to enhance 137Cs mobility in soils, 137Cs was also located in the upper 10 cm of the peat soils (73–85 %). The highest 137Cs‐activities were found in the humus layers of forest soils, where 45–93 % of the total 137Cs soil inventories were observed. To determine the bioavailability of radiocesium, the soil‐to‐plant transfer of 137Cs and additionally added 134Cs was investigated under controlled conditions. The results revealed that the 134+137Cs soil‐to‐plant transfer factors as well as the percentages of NH4‐exchangeable 134+137Cs were much higher for the peat soils and humus layers than for the mineral soils. Nevertheless, the migration of 137Cs from the humus layers to the underlying soils was low. Considering the high bioavailability and low migration of radiocesium in the humus layers, it is suggested that radiocesium is involved in a shortcut element cycle in the system humus layer‐plant uptake‐litter. Furthermore, the organic matter has to be taken into account for radiocesium immobilization. 相似文献
20.
Specific activity of tritium (3H) in precipitation and specific activity of 137Cs in ground-level air were monitored at three locations in Belgrade (Meteorological Station of Belgrade at Zeleno Brdo (ZB), Meteorological Station Usek (USEK), and Vin?a Institute of Nuclear Sciences (VINS)). Data presented cover the period 1985?C1997 for 137Cs for all locations and 1985?C2009 (ZB), 1988?C1997 (USEK), and 1988?C2009 (VINS) for 3H. Concentrations of 3H in precipitation have been determined using electrolytic enrichment and liquid scintillation spectrometer LKB-Wallac 1219 RackBeta. The activity of 137Cs in air was determined on an HPGe detector (Canberra, relative efficiency 23?%). 3H concentrations in precipitation ranged from 0.40?±?0.08 to 74.6?±?5.2?Bq?l?1 decreasing with distance from the nuclear facilities. Significantly higher tritium levels were measured in samples in VINS compared with those from an off-site location. The observed seasonal variations of tritium concentration indicate the stratospheric source of tritium. Increases in activity concentration of 137Cs in the atmosphere were observed after the nuclear plant accident at Chernobyl in April 1986. The concentrations obtained for 137Cs in 1986 were compared with the integrated air concentrations of 137Cs in the region. The increases of 137Cs air concentrations in 1987 and 1988 were attributed to local resuspensions from the ground. Since 1989, the activity level before the accident has been obtained. The average monthly concentrations of 137Cs in ground-level air were shown spread maximum in spring?Csummer period and pronounced maximum during winter. The obtained results were statistically analyzed, i.e., the following parameters were determined: tritium deposition, monthly activities of 3H and 137Cs, seasonal indices, radionuclide loading indices, and linear correlation coefficients. 相似文献