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1.
A 2‐year field experiment was carried out in loessal soil in a semi‐humid climate to explore the integrative influences of subsoiling on soil properties and winter wheat grain yield. Results showed that it was essential to deepen the plough pan in loessal soil. The sharply increased soil penetration resistance (>7 MPa) in plough pan under dry soil condition was especially harmful for plant growth. In rotary tillage treatment, the waterlogging conditions caused by shallow plough pan slightly produced macropores and preferential water flow. Significantly, higher grain yield was obtained in the subsoiling tillage treatment, increased by 21.9% in 2016 and 11.3% in 2017, respectively. Subsoiling tillage improved the resilience of winter wheat under adverse climate conditions. Subsoiling tillage should be popularized in loessal soil with shallow plough pan in semi‐humid climate. This study may provide valuable information on soil sustainable use and management in loessal soil. 相似文献
2.
深松深度对砂姜黑土耕层特性、作物产量和水分利用效率的影响 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
研究深松深度对砂姜黑土耕层特性、作物产量和水分利用效率的影响,可为构建砂姜黑土合理耕层的耕作深度指标提供依据。本研究基于多年定位大田试验,采用大区对比设计,设置4个深松深度(30 cm、40 cm、50 cm、60 cm)处理,以旋耕(RT,平均耕作深度为15 cm)作为对照,研究不同深松深度对土壤紧实度、土壤三相比(R)值、作物根系形态、作物产量和水分利用效率的影响。研究结果表明,深松深度增加能显著降低土壤紧实度,使土壤的三相比(R)更加合理,进而促进作物根系生长。不同深松深度中,深松60 cm处理的土壤紧实度和三相比(R)值与对照相比降幅最大,深松40 cm处理的冬小麦根系生物量最大,深松50 cm处理的夏玉米根系生物量最大。深松不仅增加作物产量,还提高作物水分利用效率。深松30 cm处理的周年作物产量最高,比对照增产12.2%,但与深松40 cm处理差异不显著。深松50 cm处理的周年水分利用效率最高,但与深松30 cm和深松40 cm处理差异不显著。深松30 cm、40 cm和50 cm的周年水分利用效率比对照分别增加9.1%、8.8%和12.7%。因此,砂姜黑土适宜的深松深度为30~40 cm。 相似文献
3.
半干旱区中耕深松对土壤水分和作物产量的影响 总被引：18，自引：2，他引：16
为了提高半干旱区旱作农田对天然降雨的利用率,打破犁底层,增加雨水入渗,达到蓄水保墒、提高作物产量的目的,2008~2009年在朝阳半干旱区对旱地玉米和大豆进行中耕深松试验。研究表明,深松能打破犁底层,降低表层土壤容重和根系穿透阻力,提高土壤孔隙度。与对照相比,深松可以增加土壤含水量并可以提高水分入渗深度,深松区土壤水分入渗深度可达80 cm左右,未深松区土壤水分入渗深度只有40 cm左右。深松使玉米根干重增加幅度为3.6%~6.1%,使大豆根干重增加15.1%,并使大豆主根系入土深度增加3 cm,玉米增产幅度1.9%~11.3%,在干旱年份增产效果明显,大豆增产19.47%。 相似文献
4.
耕作措施对土壤特性及作物产量的影响 总被引：59，自引：9，他引：59
通过夏玉米田间试验研究了不同耕作措施及秸秆覆盖对土壤特性、水分状况、作物产量及水分利用效率的影响。试验处理包括常规耕作、深松、秸秆覆盖、垄作、浅坑及免耕。结果表明,秸秆覆盖可显著提高土壤蓄水量、作物产量及水分利用效率。其保水增产效果在干旱年份更加明显。深松可有效打破犁底层降低其密度,可增加作物根深、根长及根重,提高作物产量和水分利用效率。免耕可提高夏玉米早期田间土壤含水率,保持相同产量。 相似文献
5.
为了探究深旋松耕提升马铃薯产量与质量的可行性。在山东省胶河地区以常规旋耕为对照,研究深旋松耕对土壤物理性质、马铃薯根系及产量形成的影响。结果表明:与常规旋耕相比,深旋松耕能打破犁底层,显著降低20~40 cm土层的容重和穿透阻力,提高0~50 cm土层的贮水量25.67%,促进作物生长,其中马铃薯根系生物量显著提高26.61%,中、下层叶片净光合速率分别增加20.82%、37.13%,进而提高花后光合产物积累量,促进花后干物质向块茎的转运,使得单块薯重量提高29.82%,马铃薯增产38.68%。 相似文献
6.
During 1980, an extremely dry growing season, soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) root morphologies were characterized at the R2 growth stage in Steele, Sharkey, Rilla, Calloway, and Stuttgart soils with a tillage pan and with a disrupted tillage pan. Results showed that the presence or absence of tillage pans resulted in dramatic changes in the soybean root morphology. Without pans, classical taproot systems tended to develop. With pans, soybean root systems tended to follow old root channels and fractures through the pan. Below the pan, soil structure manifested strong influences on root morphology. On all soils except the Steele (loamy sand), roots penetrated the tillage pan in numbers comparable to those penetrating the soil horizons with the pan disrupted. Although soil impedance to root penetration increases with drying and the 1980 growing season was exceptionally dry, mechanical impedance to soybean root penetration of tillage pans on silt loam and clay soils did not appear to be a problem. However, on the loamy sand soil mechanical impedance inhibited soybean root penetration and appeared to be a major problem. 相似文献
7.
Information regarding the evaluation of long-term tillage effects on soil properties and summer maize growth after winter vetch in western Turkey is not available. Therefore, this study was conducted for 5 years with three types of tillage including conventional (mouldboard plough) and conservation (rototiller and chisel). Results indicated that tillage had no significant effect on penetration resistance, except at the bottom of 20 cm soil depth where it was higher in mouldboard plough than in rototiller and chisel. Bulk density in the topsoil of 10 cm decreased with the degree of soil manipulation during tillage practices. Rototiller caused significantly higher root, leaf and stems biomass and plant height than the other systems. The root dry weight was higher in the topsoil of 10 cm than at the bottom of this soil depth for all systems. The highest root dry weight was found in fourth year of chisel, but the lowest was recorded in the same year of plough, especially at the bottom of 20 cm due to higher penetration. Rototiller improved soil properties and maize growth compared to other systems in 2 of 5 years. We concluded that using rototiller for maize after winter vetch will be more effective compared with other systems. 相似文献
8.
G.F. Botta D. Jorajuria R. Balbuena M. Ressia C. Ferrero H. Rosatto M. Tourn 《Soil & Tillage Research》2006,91(1-2):164-172
The main function of deep tillage is to alleviate subsoil compaction, but how long do the benefits of this technique remain? Traffic on loose soil causes a significant increase in soil compaction. Subsoiling and chisel plowing were carried out at 450 and 280 mm depth, respectively on a compacted soil in the west Rolling Pampas region of Argentina. The draft required, physical soil properties, root growth, sunflower (Helianthus annus L. Merr.) yield and traffic compaction over the subsequent two growing seasons were measured. Cone penetrometer resistance was reduced and sunflower yields increased following deep tillage operations. Subsoil compaction caused changes to the root system of sunflower that affected shoot growth and crop yields. Although subsoiling and chiseling had an immediate loosening effect, it was evident that after just 2 years, when traffic intensity was >95 mg km ha−1, re-compaction and settling had occurred in the 300–600 mm depth range. 相似文献
9.
深松对春玉米根系形态特征和生理特性的影响 总被引：14，自引：11，他引：14
为研究深松对春玉米根系形态特征和生理特性的影响。以郑单958和先玉335为供试品种,设旋耕(R)、深松加旋耕(S+R)2个处理,于2012和2013年进行田间试验。结果表明,深松可以显著提高2个品种春玉米实测产量(P0.05)、春玉米乳熟期和完熟期根干质量(P0.05)且40 cm以下土层尤为明显。2个品种春玉米30 cm土层处的株、行间根幅均表现为S+R小于R处理,其中行间根幅的差异达到了显著水平(P0.05),单株根条数和比根长均表现为S+R显著高于R处理(P0.05)。乳熟期60 cm以下土层根系活力S+R高于R处理且随着土层的加深差异逐渐增大,超氧化物歧化酶和过氧物酶活性在吐丝期和乳熟期各土层S+R均高于R处理,而丙二醛含量低于旋耕处理。深松促进根系特别是下层根系干质量的增加,增加根系纵深分布,春玉米根系重心下移,并保持较高的生理活性,是其能够增产的重要原因。该文可为春玉米高产栽培提供依据。 相似文献
10.
施磷深度和深松对春玉米磷素吸收与利用的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
11.
In Belgium, growing silage maize in a monoculture often results in increased soil compaction. The aim of our research was to quantify the effects of this soil compaction on the dry matter (DM) yields and the nitrogen use of silage maize (Zea mays L.). On a sandy loam soil of the experimental site of Ghent University (Belgium), silage maize was grown on plots with traditional soil tillage (T), on artificially compacted plots (C) and on subsoiled plots (S). The artificial compaction, induced by multiple wheel-to-wheel passages with a tractor, increased the soil penetration resistance up to more than 1.5 MPa in the zone of 0–35 cm of soil depth. Subsoiling broke an existing plough pan (at 35–45 cm of soil depth). During the growing season, the release of soil mineral nitrogen by mineralisation was substantially lower on the C plots than on the T and S plots. Silage maize plants on the compacted soil were smaller and flowering was delayed. The induced soil compaction caused a DM yield loss of 2.37 Mg ha−1 (−13.2%) and decreased N uptake by 46.2 kg ha−1 (−23.2%) compared to the T plots. Maize plants on compacted soil had a lower, suboptimal nitrogen content. Compared with the traditional soil tillage that avoided heavy compaction, subsoiling offered no significant benefits for the silage maize crop. It was concluded that avoiding heavy soil compaction in silage maize is a major strategy for maintaining crop yields and for enhancing N use efficiency. 相似文献
12.
Influence of tillage on crop residue cover, soil properties and yield components of cowpea in derived savannah ectones of Nigeria 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
J. O. Olaoye 《Soil & Tillage Research》2002,64(3-4):179-187
The effects of five tillage treatments: no tillage (NT), disc harrowing (DH), mouldboard ploughing followed by disc harrowing (MPH), disc ploughing followed by disc harrowing (DPH), and disc ploughing followed by two passes of disc harrowing (DPHH) on crop residue cover, soil properties and some yield parameters of cowpea were investigated for a derived savannah ectone soil. The residue left on the soil surface for NT, DH, and MPH is not significantly different. The NT left 32.1 and 44.3% more residue on the soil surface than the DPH and DPHH treatments, respectively. The NT treatment had least average value of soil bulk density of 1.01 g/cm3. The mean soil bulk densities for the DH, MPH, DPH and DPHH vary between 1.20 and 1.35 g/cm3. The soil moisture content decreased with increasing soil depth. At the soil depth of 10–30 cm, the cone penetration resistance at NT was 1.18 MPa compared with 0.92 MPa for the DH treatment, although these were not significant (p≤0.05). The tillage treatments had a significant effect on grain yield, mass of leaves and stems, root length density, and number of pods per plant of cowpea except on the germination count. DH and NT treatments gave different grain yield and number of pods per plant but these values were not statistically different and represent the highest grain yield and number of pods per plant among the other treatments were considered. The root zone exploration revealed highest root density at shallow depths with the DH and MPH treatments. 相似文献
13.
Effects of tillage on soil microrelief, surface depression storage and soil water storage 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Conservation of soil water is an important management objective for crop production in the semi-arid tropics where droughts are persistent. Identification of the best tillage methods to achieve this objective is thus imperative. The integrated effects of conservation tillage on soil micro topography and soil moisture on a sandy loam soil were evaluated. The field experiment consisted of five tillage treatments, namely tied ridging (TR), no till (NT), disc plough (DP), strip catchment tillage (SCT) and hand hoe (HH). Data measured in the field included soil moisture content, surface roughness, infiltration and sorghum grain yield. A depth storage model was used to estimate depression storage TR treatment and the higher the surface roughness, the greater the depression storage volume. Regression analysis showed that random roughness decreased exponentially with increase in cumulative rainfall. Higher moisture contents were associated with treatments having higher depressional storage. Infiltration rate was significantly higher in the tilled soils than the untilled soils. The DP treatment had the highest cumulative infiltration while NT had the lowest. The Infiltration model which was fitted to the infiltration data gave good fit. Grain yield was highest in TR and least in NT, whereas DP and HH had similar yields. 相似文献
14.
不同机械深耕的改土及促进作物生长和增产效果 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
长期不合理耕作导致土壤结构性能恶化、土壤耕性变差,限制作物根系下扎、影响土壤生产潜力发挥。为了改善土壤耕层构造,该试验采用自主研发的改土机械ES-210型深松犁和前置式心土(亚表层)耕作犁进行深耕,以灭茬旋耕(常规耕作)为对照,进行大区耕作对比试验。结果表明:1)深松、亚表层耕作处理与对照相比,耕层土壤固相率分别降低1.6%~3.3%、2.8%~4.5%,液相、汽相相对增加,三相比更趋于合理化;打破犁底层,降低耕层土壤硬度,其中20~35 cm土层效果更为明显;耕层土壤有效水含量上升1.1%~1.2%、0.9%,束缚水(无效水)含量下降0.4%~1.1%、0.5%~0.9%。2)深松、亚表层耕作处理比对照根长增长,其中甜菜增长5.1%、2.9%,大豆增长11.5%、13.2%;干物质积累量增加,其中甜菜增加2.3%~4.1%、3.1%~4.8%,大豆增加7.8%~10.0%、10.4%~13.6%;3)深松、亚表层耕作处理与对照相比,其中甜菜增产8.5%、12.6%;大豆增产5.0%、6.1%;深松及亚表层耕作改土处理分别比对照增收1003.3、1454.4元/hm2,其中收益大小为亚表层耕作处理深松处理对照。可见,采用ES-210深松犁及心土耕作犁深耕改土,改变了土壤耕层构造,起到扩库增容的效果;改善了作物根系生长环境,提高了作物产量,为今后农业耕作机械的发展提供了技术支撑。 相似文献
15.
Sheikh El Din Abdel Gadir El-Awad 《Soil & Tillage Research》2000,55(3-4):167-173
A water crisis that occurs in Sudan during winter due to the competition for water to irrigate cotton (Gossipium barbadense L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and to produce hydroelectric power necessitates a search for efficient means and ways of conserving water. Tillage is one of the methods for soil moisture conservation. Experiments were conducted in Gezira, Sudan on a Vertisol to determine if tillage practices and the lengthening of irrigation interval beyond two weeks during the period October–February would conserve irrigation water and maintain cotton yields. The residual effects of cotton tillage systems on the following wheat were also evaluated. The cotton experiment was conducted in split plot design with three replications. Three irrigation treatments of two-, three- and four-week intervals during the period October–February were used as main plots. Six tillage treatments were used as split plots (combinations of disc ploughing, cultivator and ridging). Treatments were compared by measuring cotton plant height and yields. Significant decreases in cotton yield were found between the four-week, and the two- and three-week irrigation intervals. However, no significant differences in cotton yields between the two- and the three-week irrigation intervals were detected. The lengthening of irrigation interval from two to three weeks during the period of irrigation water crisis (October–February) would result in conservation of about 3000 m3 ha−1 of irrigation water. This corresponds to about 600 000 000 m3 of water for the cotton irrigated area in the Sudan. Therefore, the three-week irrigation interval during the period October–February has the potential for water conservation for cotton production in Gezira Vertisols, with the use of economical shallow tillage. The tested deep and shallow cotton tillage treatments did not have residual effects on the following wheat crop. 相似文献
16.
S. K. Shukla R. L. Yadav Rajendra Gupta Akhilesh Kr Singh S. K. Awasthi Asha Gaur 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2018,49(4):444-462
A field experiment was conducted at ICAR-Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research, Lucknow, with three tillage practices (T1: Control- two times ploughing with harrow and cultivator, each followed by planking before sugarcane planting; T2: Deep tillage with disc plough (depth 25–30 cm) before planting followed by harrowing, cultivator, and planking; and T3: Subsoiling at 45–50 cm and deep tillage with disc plough/moldboard plough (depth 25–30 cm) followed by harrowing, cultivator, and planking before planting, two soil moisture regimes (M1: 0.5 irrigation water (IW)/cumulative pan evaporation (?CPE) ratio and M2: 0.75 IW/CPE ratio) at 7.5 cm depth of IW, and four N levels (N1- 0, N2- 75, N3- 150, and N4-225 kg N ha?1) in sugarcane plant crop. Deep tillage and subsoiling increased porosity and reduced bulk density in surface/subsurface soil. Further, these physical changes also improved soil biological and chemical properties responsible for higher crop growth and yield. Deep tillage and subsoiling reduced the compaction by 6.12% in 0–15 cm depth in sugarcane plant crop at maximum tillering stage. The highest N uptake (158.5 kg ha?1) was analyzed with deep tillage and subsoiling compared to all other tillage practices. Maintaining suboptimal moisture regime with deep tillage and subsoiling showed the highest IW use efficiency (157.16 kg cane kg?1 N applied). Mean soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC) in ratoon crop was higher compared to plant crop. During initial tillering stage, ratoon crop showed higher SMBC with application of deep tillage and subsoiling (1209 mg CO2-C g?1 soil day?1) at 0–15 cm depth and 1082.9 mg CO2-C g?1 soil day?1 at 15–30 cm depth. Thus, it could be concluded that besides improving sugarcane yield, soil health could be sustained by adopting subsoiling (45–50 cm depth) and deep tillage (20–25 cm depth), with soil moisture regime of 0.75 IW/CPE and application of 150 kg N ha?1 in sugarcane (plant crop). 相似文献
17.
深松促进春玉米干物质和磷素的积累与转运 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
为研究深松对春玉米干物质和磷素积累与转运的影响。以郑单958和先玉335为供试品种,设旋耕（R）、深松+旋耕（S+R）2个处理,通过连续2年的田间定位试验。结果表明,S+R处理显著（P<0.05）提高2个品种春玉米的产量、吐丝期干物质和磷积累量、干物质和磷转运量,尤以郑单958表现明显;磷收获指数、磷吸收效率、磷肥偏生产力均表现为S+R处理高于R处理,其中郑单958磷收获指数、磷吸收效率处理间差异均达到显著水平（P<0.05）,而先玉335处理间差异不显著。深松能促进春玉米干物质和磷的积累、转运,提高磷的收获指数、吸收效率和偏生产力,但不同玉米品种间存在显著的差异,郑单958产量和磷效率对深松更为敏感。该文可为春玉米高产高效栽培提供依据。 相似文献
18.
Penetration resistance, bulk density, soil water content and root growth of oats were intensively studied in a tilled and an untilled grey brown podzolic loess soil. Bulk density and penetration resistance were higher in the top layer of the untilled soil compared with the tilled soil. In the latter, however, a traffic pan existed in the 25–30 cm soil layer which had higher bulk density and penetration resistance than any layer of the untilled soil. Above the traffic pan, rooting density (cm root length per cm3 of soil) was higher but below the pan it was lower than at the same depth in the untilled soil. Root growth was linearly related to penetration resistance. The limiting penetration resistance for root growth was 3.6 MPa in the tilled Ap-horizon but 4.6-5.1 MPa in the untilled Ap-horizon and in the subsoil of both tillage treatments. This difference in the soil strength-root growth relationship is explained by the build up of a continuous pore system in untilled soil, created by earthworms and the roots from preceding crops. These biopores, which occupy < 1% of the soil volume, can be utilized by roots of subsequent crops as passages of comparatively low soil strength. The channeling of bulk soil may counteract the possible root restricting effect of an increased soil strength which is frequently observed in the zero tillage system. 相似文献
19.
Specific draught for mouldboard plough, chisel plough and disc harrow at different water contents 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The objective of the present study was to measure the specific draught (force per cross-sectional area of worked soil) and energy use for soil fragmentation for different tillage implements and soil conditions. Draught was calculated from measurements of fuel consumption and speed during tillage with a mouldboard plough and a chisel plough set to working depths of 13, 17 and 21 cm, and a disc harrow. Tillage was carried out at three different water contents (“Wet”, “Moist” and “Dry”) on two sites. The average working depth was calculated from weighing the loose soil within a 0.25-m2 frame. Specific area of the soil was determined by sieving. Soil strength was measured in situ using a shear vane and a penetrometer. Average working depth was much less than the set working depth for the chisel plough. Specific draught was generally the lowest for the mouldboard plough and the highest for the chisel plough, and increased with decreasing soil water content. The specific draught was strongly correlated to soil cohesion, but not to penetration resistance. The proportion of coarse aggregates after tillage was the highest for the mouldboard plough and the lowest for the moist soil. The energy use for soil fragmentation was in most cases the lowest for the disc harrow, while there were small differences between the chisel and the mouldboard ploughs. The results show that the mouldboard plough is energy efficient for loosening soil, while the disc harrow is energy efficient for soil fragmentation during primary tillage. Tillage at an intermediate water content, close to the plastic limit, gave the largest proportion of small aggregates and consequently the lowest energy use for soil fragmentation. 相似文献
20.
The distance over which soil is displaced and mixed during tillage has important implications for the understanding the dynamics of soil variability within complex soil-landscapes. In two preceding studies of tillage translocation, tillage was observed to displace soil over a length of approximately 1 m following single passes of four tillage implements (chisel plough, mouldboard plough, tandem disc and field cultivator), and over a length of approximately 2 m per sequence of conventional tillage (one pass of mouldboard plough, two passes of tandem disc and one pass of field cultivator). Using data from these studies step, linear-plateau and exponential functions were assessed for their ability to estimate the magnitude of translocation and the redistribution pattern of soil within the till-layer, and to predict the redistribution pattern of soil within the till-layer. On average, step, linear-plateau and exponential models estimated 100.0%, 100.2% and 102.5% of the magnitude of translocation and 76%, 88% and 93% of the soil redistribution pattern, respectively. Based on these results, it was concluded that linear-plateau and exponential functions are suitable models of tillage translocation. The exponential model was superior to the step and linear-plateau models, and an improvement over the existing diffusion model. 相似文献