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白蜡窄吉丁及其寄生性天敌的耐寒性 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
分别测定了天津和长春市的白蜡窄吉丁及其主要寄生性天敌白蜡吉丁柄腹茧蜂和白蜡吉丁啮小蜂越冬时期的耐寒性。结果表明，白蜡窄吉丁的过冷却点在-26．38～-23．04％之间，冰点在-21．72～-11．64％之间；白蜡吉丁柄腹茧蜂的过冷却点为-26．28℃，冰点为-22．50℃；白蜡吉丁啮小蜂的过冷却点为-24．48℃，冰点为-21．87℃。结合当地的气候条件探讨了白蜡窄吉丁及其天敌可能的地理分布范围，并认为越冬对种群数量的影响较小。 相似文献
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为了解影响白蜡窄吉丁自然种群的关键因子,本研究对影响白蜡窄吉丁自然种群的所有生物和非生物因素进行了主成分分析,并进一步拟合了白蜡窄吉丁幼虫数量与寄主植物、树干胸径的关系。结果显示,寄主植物抗性是影响白蜡窄吉丁自然种群最主要的因素,中国本土白蜡树种水曲柳的受害情况远低于美国栽培品种绒毛白蜡,且不同寄主植物间的幼虫数量差异显著;林分结构的影响作用次之,白蜡纯林的受害程度高于混交林。年极端低温、年极端高温、幼虫期和卵期的寄生率对白蜡窄吉丁的影响作用也比较重要。研究结果为生产上采用栽培抗性树种和在合适时期释放天敌控制白蜡窄吉丁的为害提供了理论依据。 相似文献
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白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂过冷却点和其防治栗山天牛幼龄幼虫研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂Sclerodermus pupariae Yang et Yao(膜翅目Hymenoptera:肿腿蜂科Bethylidae)是防治栗山天牛Massicus raddei Blessig幼龄幼虫的优秀天敌。为了明确白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂防治栗山天牛幼虫的最佳虫期和放蜂比例,我们首先在室内研究了不同放蜂比例对栗山天牛幼龄幼虫的防治效果,然后研究了林间白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂对栗山天牛幼虫的寄生效果,并测定了该肿腿蜂的过冷却点。结果表明,释放白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂防治栗山天牛最佳虫期为栗山天牛1~2龄幼虫期,其寄生率和致死率均较高。在栗山天牛为害较重的林区,释放白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂防治栗山天牛的最佳虫蜂比为1:3,其寄生率最高,而且白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂雌蜂在补充营养过程中会直接致死较多幼虫,其产生的子代数量也最多,有利于白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂在林间建立稳定的种群。在栗山天牛为害程度较轻的林区,按虫蜂比1:1释放即可。经测定,白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂林间种群的成虫过冷却点平均为-26.2℃,表明白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂能够在东北林区栗山天牛发生林分安全越冬。 相似文献
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美国农业部(USDA)2012年对白蜡窄吉丁(Agrilus planipennis)的监测调查与2011年类似,但2012年将使用制作加工的诱捕器对已知和未知白蜡窄吉丁发生的地区进行监测。基于计算机模型和风险分析, 相似文献
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利用天敌昆虫控制我国重大林木害虫研究进展 总被引：60，自引：2，他引：60
美国白蛾、红脂大小蠹、光肩星天牛、栗山天牛和传播松材线虫病的松褐天牛以及白蜡窄吉丁是危害我国林木的重大害虫,已在其发生区造成了严重灾害。本文就近年来这些重大林木害虫天敌昆虫的生物学以及利用其进行生物防治的研究进展作一简述。 相似文献
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对我国用于防治林木蛀干害虫的重要天敌昆虫类群--肿腿蜂科硬皮肿腿蜂属Sclerodermus Latreille 1809的种类进行了订正性研究。研究表明,目前我国硬皮肿腿蜂属共有4个种,分别是管氏肿腿蜂Sclerodermus guani Xiao et Wu 1983,川硬皮肿腿蜂S. sichuanensis Xiao 1995,海南硬皮肿腿蜂 S. hainanica Xiao 1995和白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂S. pupariae Yang et Yao 2012,另有1疑似分布种--哈氏肿腿蜂S. harmandi Buysson 1903。编制了区分这5个种的检索表。研究认为,日本和韩国专家将我国的管氏肿腿蜂更名为哈氏肿腿蜂（作为同物异名）是不合适的,管氏肿腿蜂应为一个有效种。对管氏肿腿蜂根据模式标本进行了再描述,提供了形态特征照片图;也引述了日本学者Terayama（2006）对哈氏肿腿蜂的再描述,以便区分这两个种。并以对照表的形式,给出了区分这两种的主要形态特征。同时也对作者2012年发表在美国的Annals of the Entomological Societuy of America 上的新种--白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂做了简要描述,附有该种的形态特征照片图,并记述了该种的生物学、行为学特性,以便国内学者鉴定该种时参考。研究发现白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂也寄生栗山天牛Massicus raddei、光肩星天牛Anoplophora glabripennis、锈色粒肩天牛Apriona swansoni、咖啡脊虎天牛Xylotrechus grayii和白蜡窄吉丁Agrilus planipennis及苹小吉丁A. mali等我国多种重要的林木蛀干害虫,是一种可利用于防治这些害虫的优秀天敌。 相似文献
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山杨楔天牛（Saperda carcharias）近年来在新疆塔城市额敏县暴发成灾,造成大量杨树受害死亡,对当地防护林建设、林业生产造成了严重威胁。为筛选出生物防治山杨楔天牛的有效天敌,选择4种寄生性天敌昆虫对该天牛幼虫在室内进行了防治试验。结果表明,这4种天敌均有一定的寄生效果（寄生率最高为46.33%,最低为19.27%）,其寄生效果按从大到小的排列顺序是：花绒寄甲（光肩星天牛生物型Dastarcus helophoroides）＞白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂（Sclerodermus pupariae）＞苹小吉丁肿腿蜂（Sclerodermus sp.1）＝落叶松吉丁肿腿蜂（Sclerodermus sp.2）。由于花绒寄甲只寄生天牛中老龄幼虫和蛹,而肿腿蜂只寄生天牛1~3龄小幼虫,因此花绒寄甲和白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂可分别作为生物防治山杨楔天牛中老龄幼虫和幼龄幼虫的首选天敌昆虫;由于山杨楔天牛在自然界世代重叠现象明显,不同龄期的幼虫在林间同时发生,因而建议在生产防治中同时释放这两种天敌昆虫,以提高防治效果。 相似文献
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为明确温度对白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂Sclerodermus pupariae Yang et Yao寄生情况、子代生长发育和繁殖的影响，在室内21、24、27、30和33℃共5个恒温条件下，以麻竖毛天牛Thyestilla gebleri幼虫为寄主，测定了不同温度下白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂的寄生率、寄生成功率，产卵前期、卵、幼虫、茧蛹和整个幼期阶段的发育历期、发育速率、子代数量以及性比等生物学参数。结果显示，随着温度的升高，白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂对寄主幼虫的寄生率和寄生成功率有所提高，寄生率在30℃时达到最高，为100%，寄生成功率在27℃和30℃均达到最高，为93.33%；当温度超过30℃时，二者均分别下降至73.3%和60%。随着温度升高，子代数量从58头/窝（21℃）显著增多至91.14头/窝（30℃）；当温度高于30℃时，羽化数量开始大幅度下降至52.5/窝（33℃）。在21~33℃范围内，白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂的产卵前期随温度升高呈递减趋势；幼虫、茧蛹及整个幼期阶段的发育速率均随着温度的升高而加快，而卵的发育速率在27℃时最快。表明人工繁殖白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂的最适温度范围为27~30℃，研究结果为提高该蜂的人工繁育效率以及优化野外释放策略提供了重要依据。 相似文献
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The emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis , is a beetle native to East Asia where it is considered a minor pest, preferentially attacking weakened or dying ash trees. It was first discovered in North America in 2002 and has since become one of the most serious invasive insect pests, killing millions of healthy ash trees in urban and forested settings. Similar damage is now occurring in the region of Moscow, Russia, which causes serious concern for Europe. In this paper, we review the current knowledge on A. planipennis in Asia and North America, provide new information on its occurrence in the region of Moscow and Eastern Russia and make recommendations for research and management strategies in Europe. 相似文献
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Grimalt S Thompson D Chartrand D McFarlane J Helson B Lyons B Meating J Scarr T 《Pest management science》2011,67(10):1277-1284
BACKGROUND: Azadirachtins are natural insecticides derived from the neem tree. The emerald ash borer (EAB) is an exotic invasive insect pest that infests various ash tree species and has the potential for significant economic, aesthetic and ecological impacts throughout North America. The initial translocation and foliar residue dynamics of azadirachtins were examined following direct injection into white and green ash trees growing in urban scenarios as a potential control for EAB. RESULTS: Substantial concentrations of azadirachtins A and B [mean maxima > 0.98 mg kg?1 fresh weight (f.w.)] were observed within 2 days of injecting a specifically designed formulation of azadirachtins. Foliar residues declined exponentially through time, with half‐life estimates ranging from 5.1 to 12.3 days. At the time of leaf senescence, foliar residue levels approximated 0.01 mg kg?1 f.w., strongly mitigating the potential effects of non‐target biota in soil or aquatic compartments. CONCLUSION: The magnitude and duration of exposures observed in this field study were considered to be above the thresholds required for biological effectiveness against both larval and adult life stages of EAB. Results support the use of azadirachtins as an environmentally acceptable systemic insecticide for control of EAB and protection of high‐value ash trees in urban environments. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
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Biological Control of Alfalfa Weevil in North America 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhall) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is of Eurasian origin. This destructive pest of alfalfa (lucerne) was accidentally established in North America on three separate occasions. These introductions are commonly identified in the literature as biological strains: western alfalfa weevil, Egyptian alfalfa weevil (=Hypera brunneipennis Boheman), and eastern alfalfa weevil. Alfalfa weevil has been the target of classical biological control almost since its discovery in North America more than 90 years ago. These efforts have resulted in establishment of at least nine exotic parasitoids and egg predators: Bathyplectes curculionis (Thomson), B. anurus (Thomson) and B. stenostigma (Thomson) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae); Microctonus aethiopoides Loan and M. colesi Drea (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), the latter of undetermined origin; Oomyzus incertus (Ratzenberg) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae); Dibrachoides dynastes (Forester) and Peridesmia discus (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae); and Anaphes luna (Girault) (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae). A fungal pathogen, Zoophthora phytonomi Arthur (Phycomycetes: Entomophthoraceae), of undetermined origin, is becoming an increasingly important alfalfa weevil mortality factor. Most major USA alfalfa production areas now benefit from a complex of alfalfa weevil biological control agents. Collectively, these agents have effected substantial reduction in the economic importance of alfalfa weevil across the northern USA However, biological agents provide only partial control of alfalfa weevil, and importance of their contribution differs considerably with production area. Still, the benefits achieved, especially from reduced need for insecticides in alfalfa production, mark this as one of the great success stories of classical biological control in North America. 相似文献
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In general, it is difficult to evaluate host resource utilization of parasitoids by examining the biomass of concealed wood borers at parasitism, because the larval tissues of parasitized hosts observed in field surveys are often almost completely consumed. This work explored a precise and convenient method for evaluating the biomass of concealed wood-boring insect pests after they are parasitized. Allometric scaling laws were used to determine mathematical relationships between larval weight and other size variables in two host insects: the emerald ash borer [EAB], Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire, and the oak long-horned beetle [OLB], Massicus raddei (Blessig). These insects are hosts of the parasitoid Sclerodermus pupariae Yang et Yao (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae). Our results showed that body weight among different instars was significantly different for both host species, with greater overlap between neighboring instars. Mean larval weight had a highly significant exponential relationship with instar number. EAB larval weight showed a highly significant power relationship to body length and width, width of the prothoracic plate, peristoma width, urogomphus length, and anteriormost width of the urogomphus. Significant power relationships were also observed between OLB larval weight and body size parameters (including body length, length of the mesothoracic spiracle, width of the prothoracic plate, distance between the main ocelli, and mandible length). These findings indicated that host biomass could be easily calculated if any one size variable could be measured at the time of parasitism. Allometric methods provide a precise means of evaluating time-specific biomass of concealed wood borers. 相似文献
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李增智 《中国生物防治学报》2015,31(5):699-711
我国利用虫生真菌防治害虫起步较晚,始于20世纪50年代,迄今只有约60年历史。经过1969年在广东省新会县召开的南方8省(区)利用白僵菌防治松毛虫现场交流会以及2002年“杀蝗绿僵菌油悬浮剂”获农业部农药检定所登记这两个里程碑式的事件,我国不仅建立了世界生产规模最大而且技术先进的真菌杀虫剂产业以及形成以利用球孢白僵菌防治马尾松毛虫和玉米螟为代表的世界最大规模的成功的生物防治项目,而且在虫生真菌的分类学、病理生物学、遗传育种以及生态学等研究领域全面地赶上了国际先进水平,在分子致病机制、基因工程以及基因组学等方面还取得了举世瞩目的研究成果。本文综述了我国利用真菌防治害虫近60年的发展历史,介绍了近年来在细胞核及线粒体变异和菌种退化、分子致病机制、基因工程、比较基因组学、遗传多样性、利用真菌持续控制害虫的生态机制、真菌杀虫剂应用效果的精确评价以及真菌流行病的溯源等领域的研究进展及现状。 相似文献
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豚草Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.起源于北美洲,一年生草本植物,靠种子繁殖。豚草在入侵地逃离了天敌等生物因子的制约,种群得以快速发展,并暴发成灾,对人类健康、农牧业生产、生态环境等均造成严重的影响。从20世纪60年代开始,许多国家从原产地寻找天敌,开始豚草生物防治。我国从20世纪80年代,先后从国外引进了5种植食性昆虫,对其生物学、生态学特性及其应用等开展了研究,最终确认豚草条纹叶甲和豚草卷蛾是2种具有应用前景的天敌昆虫。这两种天敌昆虫在野外释放后,仅有豚草卷蛾能在野外成功建立种群,一定程度上延缓了豚草种群的蔓延。随后,2001年,在南京市郊的豚草上发现一种来自北美的广聚萤叶甲,经过寄主专一性测定后,发现其具有严格的寄主专一性。同时,这种叶甲气候适应能力、繁殖力和对豚草控制潜力均较强。在中国,广聚萤叶甲和豚草卷蛾生态位互补的生物防治技术已被提出,并在南方各省市大面积推广应用,取了非常理想的控制效果。然而,广聚萤叶甲尚未能在北方建立种群,这给北方豚草的生物防治带来了许多困难。因此,通过野外创造有利于广聚萤叶甲成虫越冬的人工保护生境,或通过人工冷驯化和筛选获取高产耐寒种群,将有助于这些问题的解决。 相似文献
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Two new species of egg parasitoids (hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) of wood-boring beetle pests from China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Yan-Zhou Zhang Da-Wei Huang Tong-Hai Zho Hou-Ping Liu Leah S. Bauer 《Phytoparasitica》2005,33(3):253-260
Oobius agrili sp.n. andAvetianella xystrocerae sp.n. (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) are described from China. Morphological characters of the new species are illustrated.O. agrili is an egg parasitoid of the emerald ash borerAgrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) andA. xystrocerae is an egg parasitoid of the wood borerXystrocera globosa (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). The two new species are potential biocontrol agents of economically important pest
insects. The type specimens are deposited in the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing (IZCAS).
http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting May 17, 2005. 相似文献
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Antonios E. Tsagkarakis Dionyssios Ch. Perdikis Dionyssios P. Lykouressis 《Phytoparasitica》2013,41(4):417-428
The Citrus Leafminer (CLM) Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) is considered an important pest of citrus, damaging mainly nursery plants. In Greece it was first recorded on the island of Rhodes in 1995 and rapidly spread to all citrus growing areas of the country. Due to its wide expansion and damage, efforts were initiated to control this pest with biological control agents. For this purpose, a number of exotic parasitoids, such as Citrostichus phyllocnistoides (Narayanan), Quadrastichus sp. Girault and Semielacher petiolata (Girault) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), were introduced, reared in insectaries and released in several regions of Greece. The species composition and the seasonal abundance of the native parasitoids, as well as the recovery of the released parasitoids, were investigated in weekly samplings during 1998 and 1999 in a citrus orchard in Argolis district. Results showed that among the released parasitoids, only C. phyllocnistoides was recovered. Among the native parasitoids, Neochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), Pnigalio pectinicornis (L.) and Cirrospilus sp. Westwood (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) were identified. The most abundant parasitoid species was the exotic C. phyllocnistoides. The highest percent of parasitism in 1999 increased approximately by 46% compared with that of the previous year. The percent of parasitism increased to its maximum level during November, at the end of the sampling period in both years, when the population density of C. phyllocnistoides was high. 相似文献
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G. Schrader R. Baker Y. Baranchikov L. Dumouchel K. S. Knight D. G. McCullough M. J. Orlova‐Bienkowskaja S. Pasquali G. Gilioli 《EPPO Bulletin》2021,51(1):216-228
Environmental risk assessment (ERA) is an important component of risk analysis for plant pests and invasive alien species (IAS), and a standardized and consistent methodology has recently been developed for evaluating their impact on ecosystem services and biodiversity. This paper presents the application of this innovative methodology for ERA to Agrilus planipennis, the emerald ash borer, which causes significant mortality to Fraxinus (ash) species in forests and urban areas of North America (here: USA and Canada, excluding Mexico) and Russia. The methodology follows a retrospective analysis and summarizes information and observations in invaded areas in North America and Russia. Uncertainty distributions were elicited to define quantitatively a general pattern of the environmental impact in terms of reduction in ecosystem provisioning, supporting and regulating services, and biodiversity components. The environmental impacts of A. planipennis are time‐ and context‐dependent, therefore two time horizons of 5 and 20 years after introduction and two ecosystems (urban and forest) were considered. This case study shows that the quantitative assessment of environmental impacts for IAS is both possible and helpful for decision‐makers and risk managers who have to balance control costs against potential impacts of IAS. 相似文献