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1.
Although preference for NH4+, NO3? or a combination of the two often differs among species, we know little about the responses of invasive plants to different inorganic N forms. Furthermore, many studies have suggested that an increase in N availability may facilitate further invasions. However, most of these studies predicted the positive feedback without considering the preference for N forms of invasive plants. Therefore, we cultivated four common invasive species (Mikania micrantha, Ipomoea cairica, Wedelia trilobata and Bidens pilosa) in South China with hydroponic media containing different forms of N (i.e. NO3?, NH4NO3 and NH4+) at equimolar concentrations. Our results showed that the N forms significantly affected the growth, biomass allocation and physiological traits of the plants. All four invasive plants supplied with NO3? alone had better performance and greater allocation to root biomass than did plants that were supplied with NH4+ alone. Moreover, the photosynthetic rate, pigment content and photosystem II activity of plants supplied with NO3? or NH4NO3 were significantly higher than those of plants supplied with NH4+alone. The results suggested that all four invasive plants preferred NO3? rather than NH4+, and changes in NO3? played an important role in furthering the invasions of these plants than did changes in NH4+. Our results implied that decreasing NO3? may be a useful tool for controlling and managing invasive plants preferring NO3?. In addition, this study highlighted the importance of considering plant N form preference to better understand plant invasions.  相似文献   

2.
The effects of growth conditions, trace metals, carbon and nitrogen source on ochratoxin A (OTA) production by Aspergillus ochraceus NRRL 3174 were investigated in submerged liquid culture medium. No correlation between biomass production and OTA synthesis was observed. OTA production depended on the initial pH and was influenced by changing the pH of the culture medium. This effect was not due to differences in the availability of metal ions. At pH 6.5, 0.2 mg l?1 Zn increased biomass and OTA production by 50%. Fe at 0.12 mg l?1 resulted in a 40% decrease in the amount of OTA/biomass although the quantity of biomass was not affected. Amounts of OTA produced per biomass increased with decreasing glucose concentrations. Lactose triggered the highest amounts of OTA/biomass despite low yields of biomass. NO3 ? stimulated the amount of OTA/biomass by 25% and NH4 + reduced the amount of OTA/biomass by 25% compared with NH4NO3 as nitrogen source.  相似文献   

3.
BACKGROUND: Many plant essential oils show a broad spectrum of activity against pests. This study investigated the effects of two essential oils on Tetranychus urticae, one of the most serious pests in the world. RESULTS: The chemical composition of the two oils was characterised by GC‐MS. The most abundant component in the Santolina africana (Jord. & Fourr) oil was terpinen‐4‐ol (54.96%), while thymol (61%) was prevalent in the Hertia cheirifolia (L.) oil. Mortality and fecundity were measured upon treatment with oil concentrations ranging from 0.07 to 6.75 mg L?1 with a Potter spray tower. Mite mortality increased with oil concentration, with LC50 values of 2.35 mg L?1 for S. africana and 3.43 mg L?1 for H. cheirifolia respectively. For both oils, a reduction in fecundity was observed at concentrations of 0.07, 0.09 and 0.29 mg L?1. Artificial blends of constituents of oils were also prepared and tested with individual constituents missing from the mixture. The results showed that the presence of all constituents was necessary to equal the toxicity of the two natural oils. CONCLUSION: S. africana and H. cheirifolia oils can provide valuable acaricide activity with significantly lower LC50 values. Thus, these oils cause important mortality and reduce the number of eggs laid by females. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

4.
BACKGROUND: Isolates of Didymella bryoniae (Auersw.) Rehm, causal agent of gummy stem blight on cucurbits, developed insensitivity to azoxystrobin in the eastern United States 2 years after first commercial use in 1998. Baseline sensitivity of this fungus to azoxystrobin has never been reported. The objectives were to compare baseline sensitivities of D. bryoniae from South Carolina and other locations to sensitivities of isolates exposed to azoxystrobin for one or more seasons, and to compare sensitivity in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS: Sixty‐one isolates of D. bryoniae collected before 1998 were sensitive. Median EC50 was 0.055 mg L?1 azoxystrobin (range 0.005 to 0.81). Forty isolates collected after exposure during 1998 also were sensitive. Fifty‐three of 64 isolates collected in South and North Carolina between 2000 and 2006 were insensitive to 10 mg L?1 azoxystrobin. Sensitive and insensitive isolates were distinguished by disease severity on Cucumis melo L. seedlings treated with azoxystrobin (20 or 200 mg L?1). CONCLUSIONS: An azoxystrobin baseline sensitivity distribution was established in vitro for isolates of D. bryoniae never exposed to strobilurins. Baseline values were comparable with those of other ascomycetes. Insensitive isolates were found in fields with a history of strobilurin applications. An in vivo method distinguished sensitive and insensitive isolates. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

5.
溴虫腈在不同溶剂中的光化学降解   总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0  
研究了高压汞灯光源下溴虫腈在不同溶剂中的光化学降解特性及其影响因素。在室内模拟条件下,初始质量浓度为2 mg/L的溴虫腈在纯水中的光解半衰期为25.86 min,在1~10 mg/L范围内,其光解速率随初始浓度的增大而降低;溴虫腈在pH值为5、7和9的缓冲溶液中的光解半衰期分别为42.52、24.49和32.39 min,即其在中性条件下光解最快;不同形态含氮离子(NO2-、NO3-、NH4+)对溴虫腈的光解均表现为抑制作用,且在离子质量浓度＜20 mg/L时,NO3-、NO2-的抑制作用较强,≥20 mg/L时则NH4+的抑制作用较强;溴虫腈在不同有机溶剂中的光解速率从大到小依次为:正己烷>甲醇>乙酸乙酯>丙酮,其光解速率与有机溶剂的极性大小无关。研究结果可为溴虫腈的环境风险评价提供参考。  相似文献   

6.
Letouz  Gasquez 《Weed Research》2000,40(2):151-162
This study was conducted to determine a suitable medium for in vitro germination of Alopecurus myosuroides pollen and to develop a reliable test for the rapid screening of ACCase target site‐resistant plants within populations. The assay is based upon germination of pollen in a medium supplemented with ACCase inhibitors. A 0.25% agar medium, containing 200 mg L–1 CaNO3, 100 mg L–1 H3BO3, 200 g L–1 sucrose, was selected as a suitable medium for in vitro pollen germination. At 25 °C, this medium supported a mean germination rate of 85% within two hours. Plants highly resistant (Rh) to aryloxyphenoxypropionate (APP), owing to the expression of an insensitive ACCase, were found to express this resistance in their pollen. In contrast, plants moderately resistant (Rm) to APP herbicides, owing to an enhanced capacity to detoxify herbicides, did not exhibit this resistance in their pollen. Concentrations of 120 μM fenoxaprop and 1000 μM clodinafop were selected as the best for reliable discrimination of the target‐site‐resistant biotypes. At these concentrations there was more than 50% germination of the Rh pollen grains whereas less than 10% of the S and Rm pollen grains germinated. This test, using haploid material, may also permit distinction between homozygous‐ and heterozygous‐resistant individuals.  相似文献   

7.
Some possible causes of “take-all decline”, the decrease in the severity of attack by Gaeumannomyces graminis on cereals after several years' consecutive culture, are discussed. The possible relationships between the NO3?–N:NH4+–N ratio in the rhizosphere, populations of rhizosphere bacteria and the incidence of take-all are considered.  相似文献   

8.
BACKGROUND: The antifungal properties of chitosan and acibenzolar‐S‐methyl were evaluated to assess their potential for protecting grapes against Botrytis cinerea Pers.: Fr. isolated from Vitis vinifera L. The objectives were to determine the effects of these compounds on the in vitro development of B. cinerea and to assess their effectiveness at controlling grey mould on grapes stored at different temperatures. RESULTS: Both agents significantly inhibited the radial growth of this fungus species. The EC50 was 1.77 mg mL?1 for chitosan and 3.44 mg mL?1 for acibenzolar‐S‐methyl. In addition, single grapes treated with aqueous solutions of chitosan (1.0 and 2.5 mg mL?1) and acibenzolar‐S‐methyl (1.0 and 3.0 mg mL?1) were inoculated with B. cinerea and incubated at both 4 and 24 °C. After 4 days at 24 °C, all the concentrations of chitosan and acibenzolar‐S‐methyl significantly reduced B. cinerea growth. However, at 4 °C, significant differences were only observed between chitosan at 2.5 mg mL?1 and acibenzolar‐S‐methyl at both 1.0 and 3.0 mg mL?1 and the corresponding controls. After 3 days at 24 °C, the greatest reduction in lesion size was obtained in grapes pretreated with acibenzolar‐S‐methyl at 3.0 mg mL?1. Only the highest doses of these products significantly reduced the lesion diameters when grapes were stored for 3 days at 4 °C. CONCLUSIONS: Chitosan and acibenzolar‐S‐methyl could directly inhibit the growth of Botrytis cinerea in vitro and confer resistance on grapes against grey mould. Pretreatment with these compounds could be an alternative to traditional fungicides in post‐harvest disease control in grapes. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

9.
Li J  Chen Q  Lin Y  Jiang T  Wu G  Hua H 《Pest management science》2011,67(7):852-859
BACKGROUND: An efficient and convenient RNA interference (RNAi) technique involving double‐stranded RNA (dsRNA) ingestion is useful for gene function studies of non‐model insects. RESULTS: Three dsRNAs targeting different sites within a gene encoding vacuolar ATP synthase subunit E (V‐ATPase‐E, 21E01) were synthesised for RNAi in Nilaparvata lugens. dsRNA was found to be stable in 0.1 g mL?1 sucrose solution, but unstable in artificial fodder. Therefore, dsRNAs were orally delivered into N. lugens in 0.1 g mL?1 sucrose solution. RNAi was induced by all three of the dsRNAs at 0.05 µg µL?1 in N. lugens. Time dynamics analysis of gene silencing indicated that significant suppression of the target gene began as early as 2 days after ingestion of ds2‐21E01 and ds3‐21E01. However, significant repressive effects were recorded up to 10 days after exposure to ds1‐21E01. The maximum reduction in target gene mRNA was observed after 10 days of treatment, with suppression ratios induced by ds1‐21E01, ds2‐21E01 and ds3‐21E01 of 41, 55 and 48% respectively. CONCLUSION: An efficient and convenient RNAi technique involving dsRNA ingestion has been successfully developed for N. lugens. This will be a useful tool for further functional genomic investigation in this organism. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

10.
BACKGROUND: The small number of available nematicides and restrictions on the use of non‐fumigant nematicides owing to high toxicity to human and non‐target organisms hinder effective nematode control. The nematicidal efficacy of MCW‐2, a new nematicide of the fluoroalkenyl group, was evaluated against the root‐knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica (Treub.) Chitwood. RESULTS: MCW‐2 showed irreversible nematicidal activity against second‐stage juveniles of M. javanica in vitro, following exposure for 48 h at concentrations as low as 0.5 mg L?1, in contrast to fenamiphos or cadusafos. When exposed to MCW‐2 for shorter periods, motile juveniles became immobile with time after rinsing in water. MCW‐2 at 8 mg L?1 inhibited nematode hatching, which, however, recovered after rinsing in water. In pot and plot experiments, 0.5 mg MCW‐2 L?1 soil and 2 kg MCW‐2 ha?1, respectively, controlled M. javanica similarly to or better than fenamiphos or cadusafos at the same concentrations or at their recommended doses. In the soil, the nematicidal activity of MCW‐2 was less persistent than that of fenamiphos. CONCLUSION: MCW‐2 has potential to be used as a new non‐fumigant nematicide that probably has a novel mode of action. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

11.
BACKGROUND: Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) Winter with reduced sensitivity to strobilurins has been reported in several countries, including Italy. This study aimed to characterise the sensitivity to strobilurins of three different types of V. inaequalis population: (a) wild types; (b) from commercial orchards satisfactorily managed with strobilurins; (c) from an experimental orchard with control failures by trifloxystrobin and kresoxim‐methyl. In vitro sensitivity tests included antigerminative activity on population conidia and mycelial growth inhibition on monoconidial isolates. Cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) analysis was used for the detection of G143A substitution. RESULTS: Wild‐type populations showed EC50 values lower than 0.031 mg L?1, while those of orchards with good performance by strobilurins presented EC50 values never higher than 0.063 mg L?1. Samples with scab control failures showed a strongly reduced population sensitivity. Similar differences were confirmed in monoconidial isolates. The G143A substitution was always detected in low‐sensitivity populations, only sometimes in well‐controlled populations and generally not in wild types. CONCLUSIONS: In vitro sensitivity assays were able to discriminate the three population types with different scab management, while the qualitative PCR analysis (CAPS) was only partially reliable. High sensitivity differences among V. inaequalis populations with good and poor field control by strobilurins were observed. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

12.
Tepraloxydim [(EZ)‐(RS)‐2‐{1‐[(2E)‐3‐chloroallyloxyimino]propyl}‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐perhydropyran‐4‐ylcyclohex‐2‐en‐1‐one] showed high activity against annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.), which is relatively tolerant to sethoxydim [(±)‐2‐(1‐ethoxyiminobutyl)‐5‐[2‐(ethylthio)propyl]‐3‐hydroxycyclohex‐2‐en‐1‐one]. Absorption and translocation rates of tepraloxydim and sethoxydim were higher in P. annua than in Setaria faberi, but the absorption and translocation patterns of tepraloxydim in the two plants were similar to those of sethoxydim. Metabolic rates of tepraloxydim and sethoxydim in P. annua and S. faberi were found to be similar. The concentration for 50% inhibition (I50) of acetyl‐coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase) with tepraloxydim was approximately 3 × 10?6 mol L?1 for P. annua and 7 × 10?7 mol L?1 for S. faberi. For sethoxydim, the I50 was found to be 2 × 10?6 mol L?1 with the enzyme of S. faberi, while sethoxydim showed a slight effect on ACCase from P. annua activity, even at 10?4 mol L?1. The strong inhibition of ACCase with tepraloxydim is considered to be the major factor contributing to the high herbicidal activity against P. annua. Measuring the whole plant growth response, the ratio of the tepraloxydim I50 dose of P. annua to that of S. faberi (P/S) was found to be 2.4, while the P/S ratio of sethoxydim and a tepraloxydim analog with a propyl chain at R2 were 56.3 and 73.3, respectively. The herbicidal activity against P. annua was remarkably influenced by the length of the R2 alkyl chain, while the effect on S. faberi was not affected. Acetyl‐coenzyme A carboxylase from P. annua also exhibited a higher resistance to the tepraloxydim analog with a propyl chain than to tepraloxydim. These results suggest that a binding site structure of cyclohexane‐1,3‐diones in the ACCase differs between P. annua and S. faberi.  相似文献   

13.
Increased atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and soil nitrogen (N) may confer competitive advantages to invasive species over native plant species. We conducted a two‐way factorial experiment, growing the model invasive plant Arundo donax in CO2 growth chambers to test how CO2 and N availability interact to affect plant growth and biomass allocation. CO2 was supplied at c. 400 mg L?1 and c. 750 mg L?1. N was supplied as ammonium nitrate at 640, 320 and 80 mg L?1. We hypothesised that the fertilisation effect of CO2 enrichment would offset limitations from N deficiency. The results indicated that A. donax plants grown with enriched CO2 and abundant N accumulated approximately 50–100% more biomass and allocated approximately 50% more biomass to rhizomes than plants grown under ambient CO2 conditions. Neither treatment affected the leaf area per unit mass (specific leaf area; SLA). Greater growth will likely increase A. donax's competitive potential, because increased rhizome biomass has been associated with increased stress tolerance and post‐disturbance resprouting capacity. The consistent SLA under all treatments suggests that A. donax has a morphological strategy that prioritises increasing leaf quantity over increasing individual leaves' photosynthetic potential. These results reveal the ecological strategies that contribute to the successful establishment, dominance and persistence of this invasive plant species.  相似文献   

14.
BACKGROUND: Pyrimorph is a novel fungicide being developed in China that shows high antifungal activity against diseases caused by Phytophthora infestans, Phytophthora capsici, Rhizoctonia solani, Peronophythora litchi and Pseudoperonospora cubensis. Until now, no information on the toxicity of pyrimorph to untargeted organisms has been reported. To assess the potential environmental impacts of pyrimorph in fish, the acute toxicity and bioconcentration of pyrimorph in zebrafish were studied in this paper. RESULTS: When tested by the semi‐static method, the 48, 72 and 96 h median lethal concentration (LC50) values of pyrimorph to zebrafish were 24.33, 22.61 and 19.79 mg L?1 respectively. To study the bioconcentration of pyrimorph in zebrafish, the fish were exposed to sublethal concentrations of pyrimorph (2.00 and 0.25 mg L?1) for 192 h, a modified QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) method was applied to extract pyrimorph from samples and the residues of pyrimorph in the water and fish were determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The highest bioconcentration factor (BCF) of pyrimorph in the fish was 1.07 × 102 (144 h) and 23.1 (96 h) after exposure to 2.00 and 0.25 mg L?1 of pyrimorph respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The novel fungicide pyrimorph has low toxicity to zebrafish; however, it showed medium BCF to zebrafish. Therefore, more attention should be paid to the residue of pyrimorph in fish, as well as to its long‐term ecological effects. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

15.
The effects of the photosystem II inhibitors metamitron and terbuthylazine on the shape of the Kautsky (chlorophyll fluorescence induction) curve were investigated in sugar beet grown in hydroponic culture. The objective of the study was to trace recovery processes following herbicide injury using Kautsky curve parameters. Metamitron is used for selective weed control in sugar beet because it is metabolized in this crop. In contrast, terbuthylazine is toxic to sugar beet. Two hours after treatment, various fluorescence induction curve parameters, such as maximum quantum efficiency (FV/Fm), the relative changes at the J step (Fvj) and area (the area between the Kautsky curve and maximum fluorescence, Fm), were affected by metamitron at concentration ranges of 70–280 mg active ingredient (a.i.) L?1 in plants treated at the four‐true‐leaf stage. Shortly after herbicide application, Fv/Fm was more affected by the hydrophilic metamitron [log(Kow) = 0.83] than by the lipophilic terbuthylazine [log(Kow) = 3.21], but these differences between compounds were alleviated as metamitron was metabolized and terbuthylazine was not. Terbuthylazine at 1 mg a.i. L?1 affected sugar beet at the four‐ and six‐true‐leaf stages to the same extent, whereas metamitron at a dose of 140 mg a.i. L?1 affected much more at four‐ than at the six‐true‐leaf stage. Sugar beet recovered from metamitron injury even at high doses (140 and 280 mg a.i. L?1). Fluorescence induction curve parameters were similarly affected by terbuthylazine and, although sugar beet recovered from terbuthylazine injury at low doses (<0.2 mg a.i. L?1), the Kautsky curve was irreversibly affected at higher doses (1–10 mg a.i. L?1), leading finally to plant death. Older plants were affected later, and recovered sooner, from both herbicides.  相似文献   

16.
为研究节水灌溉条件下穴施尿素、滴灌施肥对土壤铵态氮、硝态氮和碱解氮运移的影响,2019年在甘肃农业大学遮雨棚内开展施肥与灌溉试验,采用穴施尿素和滴灌施肥两种施肥方式,施纯氮量240 kg·hm-2和180 kg·hm-2,充分灌溉量和局部根区滴灌量分别是14 L和7 L。测定在距离滴头水平30 cm、垂直40 cm范围内土壤铵态氮、硝态氮和碱解氮含量,分析施肥与灌溉后土壤氮素转化及迁移特征。结果表明,土壤硝态氮更容易随灌水发生水平迁移,而土壤铵态氮更容易向土壤纵深迁移。土壤氮素含量的空间变异大小依次为：硝态氮>铵态氮>碱解氮;土壤硝态氮、铵态氮和碱解氮含量的平均变幅分别为32%~40%、26%~37%和6%~12%。局部根区滴灌土壤硝态氮含量的空间变幅比充分灌溉减小16%~20%。穴施尿素土壤铵态氮含量的空间变幅比滴灌施肥减小12%~28%。穴施尿素和局部根区滴灌调控土壤氮素转化速率,赋予肥料养分缓释性能,从而提高土壤氮素供应能力。因此,穴施尿素结合局部根区滴灌是较优的施肥与灌溉方式。  相似文献   

17.
Boron is a microelement required for normal growth and development of plants but its positive effect is restricted to a narrow range of concentrations. The gradual increase in use of recycled water, which contains high concentrations of boron for irrigation, has already raised the level of boron in soils and plants in southern Israel. This research was conducted to examine the direct effects of sub‐phytotoxic boron concentrations on potato late blight epidemics and to explore the mode of action of boron against Phytophthora infestans. When boron was applied alone to field grown potato plants it did not affect the epidemic. However, together with a reduced rate of the fungicide Melody Duo (propineb + iprovalicarb), boron improved late blight suppression compared to plants treated with the fungicide alone. The ED50 of boron against P. infestans (256·4 mg L?1) was about 6400 times higher than the ED50 value of the fungicide chlorothalonil (0·04 mg L?1), indicating that boron does not have a direct fungicidal activity that would explain the level of protection seen in the field. In greenhouse experiments conducted with potted tomato plants, boron decreased late blight severity in both treated leaves and distant leaves not treated with boron. The results suggest that boron is active locally but also may induce systemic acquired resistance against P. infestans.  相似文献   

18.
BACKGROUND: Spiromesifen is a novel insecticidal/acaricidal compound derived from spirocyclic tetronic acids that acts effectively against whiteflies and mites via inhibition of acetyl‐CoA‐carboxylase, a lipid metabolism enzyme. The effects of spiromesifen on the developmental stages of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) were studied under laboratory conditions to generate baseline action thresholds for field evaluations of the compound. RESULTS: Adult B. tabaci mortality rate after spiromesifen treatment (5 mg L?1) was 40%. Treatment with 0.5 mg L?1 reduced fecundity per female by more than 80%, and fertility was almost nil. LC50 for eggs was 2.6 mg L?1, and for first instar 0.5 mg L?1. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that eggs laid by treated adult females had an abnormally perforated chorion, and females were unable to complete oviposition. Light and fluorescent microscopy showed significantly smaller eggs following treatment, and smaller, abnormally formed and improperly localized bacteriomes in eggs and nymphs. The number of ovarioles counted in females treated with 5 mg L?1 was significantly reduced. Spiromesifen showed no cross‐resistance with other commonly used insecticides from different chemical groups, and resistance monitoring in Israel showed no development of field resistance to this insecticide after 1 year of use. CONCLUSION: The strong effect on juvenile stages of B. tabaci with a unique mode of action and the absence of cross‐resistance with major commonly used insecticides from different chemical groups suggest the use of spiromesifen in pest and resistance management programmes. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

19.
In vitro assay procedures for measuring the activity of cysteine biosynthesis from serine (CBS), which is a coupled reaction catalyzed by serine acetyltransferase and cysteine synthase, were developed using crude extracts from sorghum shoots. Cysteine biosynthesis from serine activity was dependent on acetyl‐CoA concentrations (up to 1.5 mmol L?1), serine (at least up to 20 mmol L?1) and sulfide (up to 0.25 mmol L?1), respectively, and was proportional to the protein concentration in the reaction mixture below 0.4 mg mL?1. The reaction rate was 6.6 nmol min?1 per mg of protein during the first 5 min, but increased to 45.6 nmol min?1 per mg of protein between 30 and 45 min after reaction initiation. Sorghum had the highest CBS total activity (222.4 nmol min?1 per g of fresh weight), and large crabgrass had the lowest CBS total activity (4.7 nmol min?1 per g of fresh weight) when CBS activity in shoots was extracted from sorghum, corn, johnsongrass, barnyardgrass, goosegrass, green foxtail and large crabgrass. Similar results were obtained for CBS specific activity (nmol min?1 per mg of protein). There was no correlation between total CBS activity and susceptibility to metolachlor; however, when corn was excluded, a correlation of R2 = 0.690 was found. Flurazole seed treatment (1.25 g per kg of seed) conferred metolachlor resistance by sorghum, and enhanced total CBS activity and non‐protein thiol content by 27 and 61%, respectively. The increase in thiol content presumably contributed to metolachlor tolerance in sorghum. From these results, the difference in CBS activity partially contributes to the selectivity to metolachlor among certain grass species, and to the safening action of flurazole by increasing thiol content.  相似文献   

20.
Since 2007, serious damage to tomato from leaf mould caused by Passalora fulva has frequently been observed in commercial greenhouses in Gifu Prefecture, Japan. One of the factors relating to this damage was suspected to be a decrease in azoxystrobin sensitivity of the pathogen. Biological and molecular studies were conducted to characterize fungicide resistance. In in vitro sensitivity tests using mycelial homogenate placed on fungicide‐amended medium, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of azoxystrobin for mycelial growth of the isolates divided into two ranges, 0.031–0.5 mg L?1 and 8–32 mg L?1. Isolates with MICs within the two ranges were considered as sensitive and resistant, respectively, to azoxystrobin because, in in vivo tests, the percentage protection conferred by this fungicide (100 mg a.i. L?1) against these isolates was 89.7–100% and 4.5–31.1%, respectively. Resistant isolates had a replacement of phenylalanine with leucine at codon 129 (F129L) in cytochrome b. Forty‐five percent of the 271 isolates collected from 63 tomato greenhouses from 2007 to 2008 were resistant to azoxystrobin. In many greenhouses where the isolation frequency of resistant isolates was 80% or more, azoxystrobin had been used twice per crop for approximately 6 years. In 2012, 27% of the 405 isolates collected were resistant to azoxystrobin, and there was a marked difference in the frequency of occurrence of resistant isolates in the field populations between the three locations sampled. The occurrence of azoxystrobin‐resistant P. fulva isolates (F129L mutants) inflicted considerable damage on greenhouse tomatoes.  相似文献   

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