共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 234 毫秒
1.
Alexandru Tutunaru Julien Dupont Vincent Huberty Mostafa Ibrahim Didier Serteyn Charlotte Sandersen 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(4):910-914
Objective
To determine the dose of cis-atracurium needed to produce a moderate neuromuscular blockade (NMB) in pigs.Study design
Prospective experimental study.Animals
Seven pigs [five females and two males; median (range) body weight: 47 (36–64) kg].Methods
Pigs were premedicated with intramuscular midazolam (0.3 mg kg?1) and ketamine (7 mg kg?1). Anaesthesia was induced with intravenous (IV) propofol 3 (1–4) mg kg?1 and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. Based on a preliminary study, the subjects were administered 0.3 mg kg?1 cis-atracurium followed by 0.48 mg kg?1 hour?1 constant rate infusion (CRI) IV. A moderate NMB was defined as a train-of-four (TOF) count of ≤2 by acceleromyography. When the TOF count was >2, 0.1 mg kg?1 cis-atracurium was administered and the CRI was increased. The cis-atracurium CRI was decreased when the TOF count was under 2 for more than 15 minutes. The total dose of cis-atracurium required to maintain a moderate NMB was calculated as the total amount of cis-atracurium used (both CRI and supplementary boluses) divided by the administration time.Results
The cis-atracurium CRI lasted for 87 (76–151) minutes. To induce and maintain a moderate neuromuscular blockade, the initial dose of cis-atracurium was 0.3 (0.3– 0.5) mg kg?1 and the CRI was 0.71 (0.37–0.98) mg kg?1 hour?1.Conclusions and clinical relevance
The doses described in our study may help researchers obtain a moderate NMB using cis-atracurium in pigs. 相似文献2.
Claudio C. Natalini Carolina L. Krahn Priscila B.S. Serpa Joanna E. Griffith Ricardo Miyasaka de Almeida 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(2):219-227
Objective
To investigate the efficacy of a new intravenous (IV) nanoemulsified isoflurane formulation for maintenance of general anesthesia in dogs.Study design
Prospective, crossover, experimental study.Animals
Seven healthy, mature, mixed-breed dogs, three male and four female, weighing 11.5 ± 1.5 kg.Methods
Anesthesia was induced with propofol for instrumentation. Measurements were obtained before administration of either inhaled isoflurane (Iso-I) or IV 15% isoflurane-loaded lipid nanoemulsion (Iso-nano). The minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane was determined using the ‘up-and-down’ technique. A tail clamp was applied every 15 minutes for a total time of 90 minutes and isoflurane administration was adjusted according to the response. Data were recorded at 30, 60 and 90 minutes for end-tidal isoflurane concentration (Fe´Iso), end-tidal carbon dioxide partial pressure (Pe′CO2), inspired isoflurane concentration (FIIso), arterial hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SaO2), peripheral hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SpO2), respiratory rate (fR), heart rate (HR), arterial blood pH, PaCO2, PaO2, base excess (BE), bicarbonate (HCO3?), systemic arterial pressure (sAP), and biochemical variables of blood urea nitrogen, alanine aminotransferase, creatine kinase and creatinine.Results
No significant differences between treatments were detected for HR, fR, SaO2 or any biochemical variables (p > 0.05). In the Iso-nano treatment, sAP was significantly decreased throughout the study. Significant decreases in pH, Pe′CO2, BE and HCO3? were measured in the Iso-nano treatment. Isoflurane MAC was significantly lower in the Iso-nano than the Iso-I treatment. The dose of isoflurane (g hour?1) required to maintain general anesthesia did not differ significantly between treatments.Conclusions and clinical relevance
Administration of 15% isoflurane-loaded lipid nanoemulsion IV was effective in maintaining general anesthesia in dogs but did not reduce the amount of isoflurane necessary to maintain general anesthesia. Significant hypotension and nonrespiratory acidosis occurred with the injectable form. 相似文献3.
Inga-Catalina Cruz Benedetti Knut Nottrott Isabelle Fourel Marjolaine Le Bris Emilie Mongellas Karine Portier 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(1):63-69
Objectives
To compare the effects of a lidocaine constant rate infusion (CRI) combined with 1% isoflurane versus those of 2% isoflurane alone on cardiovascular variables in anaesthetized horses, and to estimate the sample size required to detect a difference in recovery quality.Study design
Prospective, randomized, blinded, crossover study.Animals
Twelve healthy experimental horses.Methods
Horses were anaesthetized twice using an intravenous (IV) administration of acepromazine, romifidine, diazepam and ketamine. Horses were placed in dorsal recumbency and ventilated mechanically. During the first 10 minutes (P1), anaesthesia was maintained with a 2% inspired isoflurane fraction (FIIso). During the following 20 minutes (P2), horses received IV lidocaine (1.5 mg kg?1) (group IL) or saline (group I). During the last 60 minutes (P3), group IL received a lidocaine CRI (50 μg kg?1 minute?1 IV) and FIIso 1%, whereas group I received a saline CRI and FIIso 2%. Three weeks later, the horses received the alternative treatment. Painful stimuli were induced by introducing an 18 gauge needle intramuscularly. Ketamine and dobutamine requirements and physiological variables were recorded. Recoveries were assessed by two anaesthetists unaware of the treatment. Lidocaine plasma concentrations were measured during recovery. Data were analysed with anova.Results
During P3, group IL had a lower heart rate (p = 0.002), higher mean arterial pressure (p < 0.001) and lower dobutamine requirement (p < 0.001) than group I. One horse had lidocaine plasma concentrations above toxic levels. Recoveries did not differ significantly between groups. Sample sizes of 208 horses in each group would be necessary to detect a statistically significant difference (85% statistical power) in recovery quality.Conclusions and clinical relevance
A lidocaine CRI combined with FIIso 1% rather than FIIso 2% alone may improve cardiovascular variables in healthy anaesthetized horses. 相似文献4.
MC Niimura del Barrio Rachel C. Bennett J.M. Lynne Hughes 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(3):473-482
Objective
Influence of detomidine or romifidine constant rate infusion (CRI) on plasma lactate concentration and isoflurane requirements in horses undergoing elective surgery.Study design
Prospective, randomised, blinded, clinical trial.Animals
A total of 24 adult healthy horses.Methods
All horses were administered intramuscular acepromazine (0.02 mg kg?1) and either intravenous detomidine (0.02 mg kg?1) (group D), romifidine (0.08 mg kg?1) (group R) or xylazine (1.0 mg kg?1) (group C) prior to anaesthesia. Group D was administered detomidine CRI (10 μg kg?1 hour?1) in lactated Ringer's solution (LRS), group R romifidine CRI (40 μg kg?1 hour?1) in LRS and group C an equivalent amount of LRS intraoperatively. Anaesthesia was induced with ketamine and diazepam and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. Plasma lactate samples were taken prior to anaesthesia (baseline), intraoperatively (three samples at 30 minute intervals) and in recovery (at 10 minutes, once standing and 3 hours after end of anaesthesia). End-tidal isoflurane percentage (Fe′Iso) was analysed by allocating values into three periods: Prep (15 minutes after the start anaesthesia–start surgery); Surgery 1 (start surgery–30 minutes later); and Surgery 2 (end Surgery 1–end anaesthesia). A linear mixed model was used to analyse the data. A value of p < 0.05 was considered significant.Results
There was a difference in plasma lactate between ‘baseline’ and ‘once standing’ in all three groups (p < 0.01); values did not differ significantly between groups. In groups D and R, Fe′Iso decreased significantly by 18% (to 1.03%) and by 15% (to 1.07%), respectively, during Surgery 2 compared with group C (1.26%); p < 0.006, p < 0.02, respectively.Conclusions and clinical relevance
Intraoperative detomidine or romifidine CRI in horses did not result in a clinically significant increase in plasma lactate compared with control group. Detomidine and romifidine infusions decreased isoflurane requirements during surgery. 相似文献5.
Melissa D. Smith Michele Barletta Kathryn A. Diehl Erik H. Hofmeister Samuel P. Franklin 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2019,46(1):36-42
Objective
To compare the effect of propofol and ketamine/diazepam for induction following premedication on intraocular pressure (IOP) in healthy dogs.Study design
Prospective, quasi-experimental, unmasked, longitudinal.Animals
A total of 61 client-owned dogs.Methods
Dogs were anesthetized twice with a 4 week washout period. Premedication with dexmedetomidine (5 μg kg–1) and hydromorphone (0.1 mg kg–1) intramuscularly was followed by either propofol (4 mg kg–1) or ketamine (5 mg kg–1) and diazepam (0.25 mg kg–1) intravenously for induction and inhaled isoflurane for maintenance. IOP was measured by applanation tonometry using TonoPen-XL before premedication and after 5, 10, 20 and 30 minutes. IOP was measured again immediately after induction and after 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30 and 40 minutes. Data were analyzed using one- or two-way repeated measures ANOVA.Results
No difference was found between right and left IOP (p = 0.45), and data from both the eyes of each dog were averaged and considered as one set of data. Following premedication, IOP was significantly lower at all time points than at baseline when animals were grouped together, mean difference –1.6 ± 0.2 mmHg (p < 0.05). IOP increased immediately (12.2 ± 2.4 mmHg before versus 17.1 ± 3.8 mmHg after) and at 3, 5 (p < 0.001), 10 and 40 minutes (p = 0.009 and 0.045, respectively) after propofol administration. For ketamine/diazepam, IOP was increased immediately post-induction (13.0 ± 2.7 mmHg before versus 14.7 ± 2.8 mmHg after) and at 3, 5 (p < 0.001), 30 and 40 minutes (p = 0.010 and 0.037, respectively).Conclusions and clinical relevance
Sedation with hydromorphone and dexmedetomidine significantly decreased IOP in normal dogs and may be an appropriate choice for dogs that cannot tolerate acute increases in IOP. However, IOP increased significantly after both induction protocols, abolishing the effect of premedication. 相似文献6.
7.
Rozana W. da Rocha André Escobar Bruno H. Pypendop Darcio Zangirolami Filho Roberto Thiesen Fábio N. Gava 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(3):546-554
Objective
To assess the temporal effects of a single fentanyl intravenous (IV) bolus on the minimum anesthetic concentration (MAC) of isoflurane in chickens and to evaluate the effects of this combination on heart rate (HR) and rhythm, systemic arterial pressures (sAP) and ventilation.Study design
Prospective experimental trial.Animals
Seventeen adult chickens weighing 1.8 ± 0.2 kg.Methods
Individual isoflurane MAC for 17 chickens was previously determined using the bracketing method. Chickens were anesthetized with isoflurane to evaluate the effects of a single IV fentanyl bolus (10 or 30 μg kg?1) on isoflurane MAC over time using the up-and-down method. Ventilation was controlled. The isoflurane MAC reduction was estimated by logistic regression at 5 and 15 minutes after fentanyl administration. In the second phase, seven chickens were anesthetized with isoflurane, and fentanyl was administered (30 μg kg?1) IV over 1 minute during spontaneous ventilation and HR and rhythm, sAP and ventilation variables were measured.Results
At 5 minutes after IV administration of fentanyl (10 or 30 μg kg?1), isoflurane MAC was significantly reduced by 17.6% (6.1–29.1%) [logistic regression estimate (95% Wald confidence interval)] and 42.6% (13.3–71.9%), respectively. Isoflurane MAC reduction at 15 minutes after IV administration of fentanyl (10 or 30 μg kg?1) was 6.2% (?0.6 to 12.9%) and 13.2% (?0.9 to 27.3%), respectively; however, this reduction was not significant. No clinically significant cardiopulmonary changes or arrhythmias were detected after the administration of fentanyl (30 μg kg?1).Conclusions and clinical relevance
Administration of a single fentanyl bolus induced a dose-dependent and short-lasting reduction in isoflurane MAC. The higher dose induced no significant cardiopulmonary depression in isoflurane-anesthetized chickens during spontaneous ventilation. In chickens anesthetized with isoflurane, the clinical usefulness of a single fentanyl bolus is limited by its short duration of effect. 相似文献8.
Liza Wittenberg-Voges Sabine BR. Kästner Marja Raekallio Outi M. Vainio Karl Rohn Klaus Hopster 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2018,45(2):165-174
Objective
To compare the effects of MK-467 during isoflurane anaesthesia combined with xylazine or dexmedetomidine on global and gastrointestinal perfusion parameters.Study design
Prospective, randomized experimental trial.Animals
A total of 15 warmblood horses.Methods
Horses were divided into two groups for administration of either dexmedetomidine (D) or xylazine (X) for premedication (D: 3.5 μg kg?1; X: 0.5 mg kg?1) and as constant rate infusion during isoflurane anaesthesia (D: 7 μg kg?1 hour?1; X: 1 mg kg?1 hour?1). During anaesthesia, heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI) and cardiac index (CI) were measured. Microperfusion of the colon, jejunum and stomach was measured using laser Doppler flowmetry. After 2 hours of stabilization, MK-467 (250 μg kg?1) was administered, and measurements were continued for another 90 minutes. For statistical analysis, the permutation test and Wilcoxon rank-sum test were used (p < 0.05).Results
There were no differences in baseline measurements between groups. The MK-467 bolus resulted in a significant decrease in MAP (D: –58%; X: –48%) and SVRI (D: –68%; X: –65%) lasting longer in group D (90 minutes) compared to group X (60 minutes). While CI increased (D: +31%; X: +35%), microperfusion was reduced in the colon (D: –44%; X: –34%), jejunum (D: –26%; X: –33%) and stomach (D: –37%; X: –35%).Conclusions and clinical relevance
Alpha-2-agonist induced vasoconstriction was reversed by the MK-467 dose used, resulting in hypotension and rise in CI. Gastrointestinal microperfusion decreased, probably as a result of insufficient perfusion pressure. An infusion rate for MK-467 as well as an ideal agonist/antagonist ratio should be determined. 相似文献9.
Preet M. Singh Katherine Reid Ravindra Gaddam Madhav Bhatia Stefan Smith Antony Jacob Paul Chambers 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(5):1149-1155
Objective
To determine the anti-inflammatory efficacy of choline in vivo and in vitro and to investigate the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of choline.Study design
Randomized, controlled studies.Animals
In vivo trials used 16 Romney sheep. In vitro experiments utilized RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage cells.Methods
Hypoxaemia induced in 16 sheep by intravenous (IV) injection of 50 μg kg–1 xylazine, an α-2 agonist, was measured in sheep at 0, 1 and 4 minutes using arterial blood gas analysis with and without 50 mg kg–1 IV choline chloride premedication. Cell culture studies used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to measure the release of tumour necrosis factor (TNF-α) from lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated macrophages with and without choline chloride premedication. TNF-α release was compared to thalidomide suppressed and untreated cells.Results
Choline premedication in sheep mitigated a reduction in arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) but did not prevent development of clinically significant hypoxaemia. Decrease in mean PaO2 of choline treated sheep was 6.36 kPa (47.7 mmHg) compared to 9.81 kPa (73.6 mmHg) in control sheep. In vitro studies demonstrate that choline administered concurrent with LPS activation did not significantly suppress TNF-α expression but that treatment of cells with choline 10 minutes prior to LPS activation did significantly suppress TNF-α expression. Choline pretreated cells expressed 23.99 ± 4.52 ng mg–1 TNF-α while LPS only control cells expressed 33.83 ± 3.20 ng mg–1.Conclusions
Choline is able to prevent macrophage activation in vitro when administered prior to LPS activation and may reduce hypoxaemia in sheep developing pulmonary oedema after xylazine administration. This effect requires premedication with choline.Clinical relevance
Pharmacological manipulation of autonomic inflammatory responses holds promise for the treatment of inflammation. However, the complex cellular mechanisms involved in this reflex means that an adequate therapy should approach multiple pathways and mechanisms of the inflammatory response. 相似文献10.
Ryan S. Bailey Linda S. Barter Bruno H. Pypendop 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(4):876-882
Objective
To characterize the pharmacokinetics of dexmedetomidine when administered as a short intravenous (IV) infusion to isoflurane-anesthetized rabbits.Study design
Experimental study.Animals
A total of six healthy adult female New Zealand White rabbits.Methods
Rabbits were anesthetized with isoflurane in oxygen. Following determination of isoflurane minimum alveolar concentration (MAC), the anesthetic dose was reduced to 0.7 × MAC, and dexmedetomidine hydrochloride (20 μg kg?1) was infused IV over 5 minutes. Arterial blood samples were obtained immediately before and at 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 10, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 240 and 360 minutes following termination of the infusion. Samples were transferred into tubes containing ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and centrifuged immediately. The plasma was harvested and stored at –80 °C until analyzed. Concentrations of dexmedetomidine in plasma were determined by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Compartment models were fitted to the time and concentration data using nonlinear regression.Results
A three-compartment model best fit the data set. Median volume of distribution at steady state and terminal half-life were 3169 mL kg?1 (range, 2182–3859 mL kg?1) and 80 minutes (range, 72–88 minutes), respectively.Conclusions and clinical relevance
The pharmacokinetics of dexmedetomidine in isoflurane-anesthetized, healthy, New Zealand White rabbits were characterized in this study. Data from this study can be used to determine dosing regimens for dexmedetomidine in isoflurane-anesthetized rabbits. 相似文献11.
Seijirow Goya Tomoki Wada Kazumi Shimada Daiki Hirao Ryou Tanaka 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2018,45(4):432-442
Objective
To investigate the dose-dependent effects of isoflurane and dobutamine on haemodynamics in dogs with experimentally induced mitral valve insufficiency (MI).Study design
Experimental, dose–response study.Animals
Six healthy Beagle dogs.Methods
Dogs with surgically induced MI were anaesthetized once. First, anaesthesia was maintained at an end-tidal isoflurane concentration (Fe′Iso) 1.0% (ISO1.0) for 20 minutes. Then, dobutamine was infused successively at 2, 4, 8 and 12 μg kg?1 minute?1 (DOB2–12) for 10 minutes at each dose rate. Measurements were recorded at each stage. Dobutamine was discontinued and Fe′Iso was increased to 1.5% (ISO1.5) for 20 minutes. Dobutamine was administered similarly to ISO1.0, and cardiovascular variables were recorded. The same sequence was repeated for Fe′Iso 2.0% (ISO2.0). Aortic pressure (AoP) and left atrial pressure (LAP) were recorded by radiotelemetry. The combination method of the pressure–volume loop analysis and transoesophageal echocardiography was used to measure cardiovascular variables: end-systolic elastance (Ees), effective arterial elastance (Ea), Ea/Ees, forward stroke volume (FSV), heart rate (HR), and cardiac output (CO).Results
High isoflurane concentration resulted in reduced Ees and increased Ea/Ees, which indicated low arterial pressure. High-dose dobutamine administration resulted in increased Ees and FSV at all isoflurane concentrations. In ISO1.5 and ISO2.0, HR was lower at DOB4 than baseline (BL) but increased at DOB12 compared with DOB4. CO increased at ≥ DOB8 compared with BL. In ISO1.5 and ISO2.0, systolic and mean AoP increased at ≥ DOB4 and ≥ DOB8, respectively. LAP did not change under all conditions.Conclusions and clinical relevance
The dose-dependent hypotensive effect of isoflurane in MI dogs was mainly derived from the decrease in contractility. Dobutamine increased AoP without increasing LAP by increasing the contractility attenuated by isoflurane. Our findings may improve the cardiovascular management of dogs with MI undergoing general anaesthesia with isoflurane. 相似文献12.
D. Adin C. Atkins M. Papich T. DeFrancesco E. Griffiths M. Penteado K. Kurtz A. Klein 《Journal of Veterinary Cardiology》2017,19(1):44-56
Objective
The goal of this study was to investigate the short-term safety and diuretic efficacy of furosemide constant rate infusion (CRI) diluted with 5% dextrose in water (D5W) compared to dilution with 2.4% hypertonic saline in healthy dogs.Animals
Six healthy dogs.Methods
Dogs were studied in a randomized, blinded, crossover manner. Furosemide 3.3mg/kg was diluted to 2.2mg/mL with either 1.5mL/kg D5W for the DEX method or with 1.0mL/kg D5W and 0.5mL/kg of 7.2% hypertonic saline for the H-SAL method. After a 0.66mg/kg furosemide IV bolus, the infusion rate was 0.3 mL/kg/hr for 5 h such that both methods delivered 0.66 mg/kg/hr (total 3.3mg/kg) furosemide in equal volume for the study duration. Urine output, water intake, central venous pressure (CVP), physical parameters, furosemide concentrations, blood and urine electrolytes, and urine aldosterone to creatinine ratio (UAldo:C) were evaluated.Results
Measured variables were not different between methods but showed changes over time consistent with diuresis. Mean CVP decreased over time similarly for both methods. Plasma furosemide and urine concentrations were stable and not different between methods. Both furosemide CRI methods showed an increase in the UAldo:C, however, the rise was greater for DEX than for H-SAL.Conclusions
Diuresis was similar for both furosemide CRI methods; however, the H-SAL method induced less renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation than the DEX method. The absence of intravascular volume expansion based on CVP suggests that dilution of a furosemide CRI with 2.4% hypertonic saline may be well tolerated in heart failure. 相似文献13.
Elizabeth A. Hoffman Turi K. Aarnes Carolina H. Ricco Pereira Phillip Lerche Richard M. Bednarski Mary A. McLoughlin 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2018,45(6):754-759
Objective
To determine the effect of oral trazodone on the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane in dogs.Study design
Prospective blinded, single-observer, randomized crossover experimental study.Animals
Six adult (age 6.8 ± 1.6 months) healthy dogs (three males and three females), weighing 24.8 ± 3.4 kg (mean ± standard deviation).Methods
Each dog was anesthetized twice with a minimum of 7 days between anesthetic episodes. Dogs were randomly assigned to be administered two treatments in a crossover design: premedication with trazodone (8 mg kg?1; TRAZ–ISO) orally 2 hours prior to an anesthetic episode or no (ISO). Dogs were anesthetized with intravenous propofol (6 mg kg?1) and isoflurane in >95% oxygen. Isoflurane MAC was determined using an iterative bracketing technique with electrodes placed in the buccal mucosa. Hemodynamic variables were compared at the lowest end-tidal isoflurane concentration at which each dog did not respond. A paired t test was used to assess the effect of treatment on outcome variables with significance set to a value of p < 0.05.Results
The MAC concentration (mean ± standard deviation) in dogs administered TRAZ–ISO was 0.85 ± 0.17% compared with 1.02 ± 0.11% in those administered ISO (p = 0.01, 95% confidence interval ?0.25 to ?0.05), resulting in a mean MAC reduction of 17 ± 12%. There were no differences in hemodynamic variables between treatments.Conclusions and clinical relevance
Premedication of dogs with oral trazodone (8 mg kg?1) 2 hours prior to anesthetic induction has a significant isoflurane MAC sparing effect with no significant observed hemodynamic benefit. 相似文献14.
Objective
To evaluate and compare the analgesic effects of a combination of lidocaine and xylazine to lidocaine or xylazine administered alone for epidural anesthesia in Egyptian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).Study design
Prospective, randomized, ‘blinded’, crossover experimental study.Animals
A total of 12 female Egyptian water buffalo.Methods
Buffalo were randomly assigned to one of three epidural treatments administered through the sacrococcygeal joint: a local anesthetic (2% lidocaine, 0.22 mg kg?1), an alpha-2-adrenergic agonist (xylazine, 0.1 mg kg?1) or a combination of both drugs in a crossover fashion with a 14 day washout period. The total volume of each treatment was fixed at 7.0 mL by adding 0.9% NaCl. Onset, maximal effect, and duration of epidural anesthesia were recorded.Results
Caudal epidural anesthesia was easily performed, and all three treatments produced local anesthesia of the tail and perineal structures of standing buffalo. Onset of epidural anesthesia was faster (p < 0.05) with lidocaine (3.4 ± 0.9 minutes) than with xylazine (9.1 ± 1.1 minutes) or lidocaine-xylazine (6.4 ± 1.1 minutes). The maximal effect of epidural anesthesia was reached faster (p < 0.05) with lidocaine (5.9 ± 0.64 minutes) than xylazine (14.4 ± 1.1 minutes) or lidocaine-xylazine (12.9 ± 0.64 minutes). The duration of epidural anesthesia was longer (p < 0.05) with lidocaine-xylazine (145.8 ± 3.3 minutes) than either lidocaine (118.4 ± 2.7 minutes) or xylazine (102.1 ± 3.7 minutes) administered alone. None of the treatments produced ataxia.Conclusions and clinical relevance
Caudal epidural anesthesia was easily performed in Egyptian water buffalo by administering a local anesthetic, an alpha-2-adrenergic agonist or a combination of both drugs through the sacrococcygeal joint. Administering a combination of lidocaine and xylazine provided a longer duration of anesthesia than either drug used alone. Epidural xylazine provided a useful level of systemic sedation without ataxia. 相似文献15.
Giulia Maria De Benedictis Mario Giorgi Alice Depase Virginia De Vito Giorgia della Rocca Luca Bellini 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(5):1245-1252
Objective
To evaluate the pharmacokinetics of two doses of tramadol during isoflurane anaesthesia in sheep and their ability to prevent the cardiovascular response induced by surgical stimulation.Study design
Prospective randomized controlled study.Animals
A total of 12 healthy sheep (mean weight, 47.5 ± 7.9 kg) undergoing lumbar transpedicular intervertebral disk nucleotomy.Methods
Sheep were sedated with medetomidine, anaesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with isoflurane at 1.5 vol.%. Baseline heart rate and blood pressure were measured and sheep were randomly assigned an intravenous injection of tramadol (4 or 6 mg kg?1). Fentanyl was injected as rescue analgesic if cardiovascular parameters were increased more than 20% compared to baseline. If those variables were below 20% of baseline, the concentration of isoflurane was gradually decreased until parameters returned to the original value. Blood collections were performed at pre-assigned times, and concentrations of tramadol and O-desmethyltramadol (M1) assessed by high-performance liquid chromatography.Results
Time from premedication to anaesthesia induction, anaesthesia time, propofol dose and intraoperative body temperature were similar between doses. Cardiovascular variables remained between ±20% of baseline value, and no statistical difference was observed between treatments. Regardless of the dose of tramadol administered, arterial blood pressure was statistically higher than baseline 10 minutes after tramadol administration, but it gradually returned to previous values. A two-compartment model and a non-compartment model described the pharmacokinetics of tramadol and M1, respectively. Plasma concentrations of tramadol rapidly decreased in the first 2 hours for both doses with an elimination half-life of more than 40 minutes. The M1 maximum concentration was similar for both doses, and it was detected in plasma after 35 minutes.Conclusions and clinical relevance
Both doses of tramadol provided adequate cardiovascular stability during spinal surgery in sheep. The pharmacokinetic variables may be used to plan the dosage regime during general anaesthesia. 相似文献16.
Muriel Sacks Simone K. Ringer Andrea S. Bischofberger Sabrina M. Berchtold Regula Bettschart-Wolfensberger 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(5):1128-1138
Objective
To compare the effects of two balanced anaesthetic protocols (isoflurane–dexmedetomidine versus medetomidine) on sedation, cardiopulmonary function and recovery in horses.Study design
Prospective, blinded, randomized clinical study.Animals
Sixty healthy adult warm blood horses undergoing elective surgery.Methods
Thirty horses each were sedated with dexmedetomidine 3.5 μg kg?1 (group DEX) or medetomidine 7 μg kg?1 (group MED) intravenously. After assessing and supplementing sedation if necessary, anaesthesia was induced with ketamine/diazepam and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen/air and dexmedetomidine 1.75 μg kg?1 hour?1 or medetomidine 3.5 μg kg?1 hour?1. Ringer's lactate (7–10 mL kg?1 hour?1) and dobutamine were administered to maintain normotension. Controlled mechanical ventilation maintained end-tidal expired carbon dioxide pressures at 40–50 mmHg (5.3–6.7 kPa). Heart rate, invasive arterial blood pressure, inspired and expired gas composition and arterial blood gases were measured. Dexmedetomidine 1 μg kg?1 or medetomidine 2 μg kg?1 was administered for timed and scored recovery phase. Data were analysed using two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance and chi-square test. Significance was considered when p ≤ 0.05.Results
In group DEX, significantly more horses (n = 18) did not fulfil the sedation criteria prior to induction and received one or more supplemental doses, whereas in group MED only two horses needed one additional bolus. Median (range) total sedation doses were dexmedetomidine 4 (4–9) μg kg?1 or medetomidine 7 (7–9) μg kg?1. During general anaesthesia, cardiopulmonary parameters did not differ significantly between groups. Recovery scores in group DEX were significantly better than in group MED.Conclusions and clinical relevance
Horses administered dexmedetomidine required more than 50% of the medetomidine dose to reach equivalent sedation. During isoflurane anaesthesia, cardiopulmonary function was comparable between the two groups. Recovery scores following dexmedetomidine were better compared to medetomidine. 相似文献17.
Aleksandr Semjonov Vladimir Andrianov Jacobus P. Raath Toomas Orro Liesel Laubscher Silke Pfitzer Toomas Tiirats 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2018,45(4):496-501
Objective
The fixed-dose combination of butorphanol, azaperone and medetomidine (BAM; 30, 12 and 12 mg mL?1, respectively) with subsequent antagonism by naltrexone–atipamezole was evaluated for reversible immobilization of captive blesbok (Damaliscus pygargus phillipsi).Study design
Prospective, clinical trial.Animals
Sixteen blesbok (four males and twelve females), weighing 52.5?71.0 kg, were immobilized in South Africa.Methods
The total dose of BAM ranged from 0.5 to 0.7 mL for females and 0.7 to 0.9 mL for males. In seven animals chosen randomly, 8000 units of hyaluronidase was added to the dart. Physiologic variables were recorded every 5 minutes beginning at 10?20 minutes after darting. Arterial blood samples were collected three times at 20, 30 and 40 minutes after darting for analysis of blood acid-base status.Results
The mean administered doses of BAM were as follows: butorphanol (0.34 ± 0.08 mg kg?1), azaperone (0.14 ± 0.03 mg kg?1) and medetomidine (0.14 ± 0.03 mg kg?1). The inductions were calm and smooth. The mean induction time was 9.6 ± 3.2 minutes with just BAM and 5.1 ± 0.8 minutes with BAM and hyaluronidase combination. Heart rate (45 ± 6 beats minute?1) and respiratory frequency (38 ± 4 breaths minute?1) were stable throughout immobilization. The mean arterial blood pressure for all animals was stable but elevated (137 ± 7 mmHg). Rectal temperature slightly increased over time but remained within an acceptable range. The recovery time after administering naltrexone and atipamezole was 4.8 ± 0.7 minutes.Conclusion and clinical relevance
The BAM combination proved to be reliable and effective in blesbok. 相似文献18.
Latifa Khenissi Gwen Covey-Crump Toby G. Knowles Joanna Murrell 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(3):452-460
Objective
To investigate whether the use of a heat and moisture exchanger (HME) preserves body temperature in dogs weighing <10 kg anaesthetised for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).Study design
Prospective, randomised, clinical trial.Animals
Thirty-one client-owned dogs.Methods
Dogs were assigned randomly to a treatment group [HME (n = 16) or no HME (n = 15)]. Dogs were pseudorandomised according to the premedication they were administered, either dexmedetomidine or no dexmedetomidine. Induction agents were not standardised. General anaesthesia was maintained with isoflurane vaporised in 100% oxygen delivered using a T-piece and a fresh gas flow of 600 mL kg?1 minute?1. Rectal temperature was measured before premedication (T1), after induction (T2), before moving to the MRI unit (T3) and at the end of the MRI scan (T4). Ambient temperatures were measured in the induction room, outside and inside the MRI unit. Data were analysed using a general linear model with T4 as the outcome variable. Linear correlations were performed between T1, T2, T3 and T4, and variables that predicted T4 were investigated.Results
Sex, age and body mass were not significantly different between groups. There were no significant differences in rectal temperature between groups at any time point (group with HME at the end of MRI = 36.3 ± 1.1 °C; group with no HME at the end of MRI = 36.2 ± 1.4 °C) but at the end of the MRI, dogs administered dexmedetomidine (36.6 ± 0.7 °C) had a higher rectal temperature compared with dogs not administered dexmedetomidine (35.9 ± 1.6 °C) for premedication. Rectal temperature varied directly with ambient temperature in MRI scanning room and inversely with anaesthetic duration.Conclusions and clinical relevance
Using an HME did not alter body temperature in dogs weighing <10 kg undergoing an MRI, but including dexmedetomidine in the premedication regimen seemed to preserve the body temperature during anaesthesia. 相似文献19.
E.T. Hostnik B.A. Scansen A.M. Habing G.A. Chiappone R.R. Layman R.D. White 《Journal of Veterinary Cardiology》2017,19(6):480-491
Introduction
Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) is the primary tool for the assessment of cardiac structure and function in dogs but is challenging in English bulldogs due to dorsoventral compression of the thorax, obesity, and narrow intercostal spaces. Multi-detector computed tomography angiography (CTA) may overcome the conformational obstacles of cardiac imaging in this breed.Animals
Eleven client-owned English bulldogs.Materials and Methods
Prospective clinical trial with paired analysis of TTE and CTA studies.Results
Eight of the 25 linear cardiac dimensional measurements were significantly different between TTE and CTA (p<0.033). Intraobserver agreement was strong with average coefficients of variation (CV) of 5.34% for TTE and 2.50% for CTA. Interobserver agreement CV averaged 6.5% for TTE and 8.75% CTA. Ejection fraction, stroke volume, and end-systolic volume were significantly different between modalities (all p<0.002). No significant difference was present between end-diastolic volume for TTE compared with CTA.Discussion
High-quality cardiac angiographic studies were accomplished using CTA without the use of general anesthesia in English bulldogs. Multi-detector computed tomography angiography and TTE are not interchangeable modalities in the clinical setting.Conclusion
Multi-detector-CT ECG-gated cardiac angiography is possible in sedated, non-intubated English bulldogs. Differences were found between some cardiac dimensions as measured by TTE in the awake dog and compared with sedated CTA, indicating the two methodologies are not equivalent. Sedated, non-intubated CTA yielded high-quality imaging with strong intraobserver and interobserver measurement repeatability in English bulldogs. 相似文献20.
Aleksandr Semjonov Jacobus P. Raath Liesel Laubscher Toomas Orro Silke Pfitzer Toomas Tiirats Peter Stewart Rogers Vladimir Andrianov 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2019,46(1):90-95