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1.
Background: Deafness in dogs is frequently associated with the pigment genes piebald and merle. Little is known about the prevalence of deafness in dogs carrying the merle allele.
Objective: To determine the prevalence of deafness in dogs heterozygous and homozygous for the merle allele of the mouse Silver pigment locus homolog (SILV) gene.
Animals: One hundred and fifty-three privately owned merle dogs of different breeds and both sexes.
Methods: Hearing was tested by brainstem auditory-evoked response and classified as bilaterally hearing, unilaterally deaf, or bilaterally deaf. DNA from buccal cells was genotyped as either heterozygous or homozygous for the merle allele. Deafness association tests among merle genotype, eye color, and sex were performed by the χ2 test.
Results: Deafness prevalence in merles overall was 4.6% unilaterally deaf and 4.6% bilaterally deaf. There was a significant association between hearing status and heterozygous versus homozygous merle genotype. For single merles ( Mm ), 2.7% were unilaterally deaf and 0.9% were bilaterally deaf. For double merles ( MM ), 10% were unilaterally deaf and 15% were bilaterally deaf. There was no significant association with eye color or sex.
Conclusions: Deafness prevalence in merle dogs was greater than that in some dog breeds homozygous for the piebald gene, such as the English Cocker Spaniel, but comparable to, or lower than, that in the Dalmatian and white Bull Terrier. Dogs homozygous for the merle allele were significantly more likely to be deaf than heterozygotes.  相似文献   

2.
Sensorineural deafness is a common congenital disorder in Dalmatians and is genetically transmitted. Different modes of inheritance have been proposed and the objective of this study was to study these by segregation analyses using maximum likelihood procedures. Data from 33 complete Dalmatian families were collected and data from 56 single Dalmatians added. This resulted in a total of 575 dogs with 357 known phenotypes. All dogs were clinically evaluated and electrophysiologically tested with brainstem auditory evoked responses.The prevalence of deafness was 16.5% (9.4% unilaterally deaf, 7.1% bilaterally deaf). Females were 4.4% more affected than males but this difference was not significant. Within the same litter, different phenotypic expressions of deafness occurred, which suggested different expressions of the disease. In addition, two data sets were analysed: the first included normal, uni- and bilaterally deaf dogs, the second had normal and deaf Dalmatians. We found that a recessive allele at a single biallelic major locus fitted our data best, although an incomplete penetrance of the recessive homozygotes was observed.  相似文献   

3.
OBJECTIVE: To use pedigree analysis to evaluate the feasibility of a major locus model for deafness in Dalmatians. ANIMALS: 605 purebred Dalmatians from 42 families. PROCEDURE: Hearing loss was evaluated through the brainstem auditory-evoked response. Dogs were classified into mutually exclusive categories: normal hearing, unilaterally deaf, or bilaterally deaf. Information was collected on sex, coat color, presence or absence of a color patch at birth, and eye color. Statistical analyses were performed by use of regressive logistic models designed for complex segregation analysis. Genetic correlations among eye color, deafness, and color patch were estimated. RESULTS: Prevalence of hearing loss was 11% for dogs classified as unilaterally deaf and 5% for dogs that were bilaterally deaf. Complex segregation analysis detected statistical evidence of a single allele with an expected frequency of 0.21 that had an effect on the prevalence of deafness. Results of analyses suggested that this locus cannot completely explain the inheritance and incidence of deafness in Dalmatians. Genetic correlation estimates among deafness, eye color, and color patch revealed strong interrelationships among these characteristics. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: To reduce the incidence of hearing loss in Dalmatians, unilaterally deaf, blue-eyed dogs should not be considered as potential parents.  相似文献   

4.
Standardised histological criteria are now available for the diagnosis of canine chronic hepatitis (CH). CH is common in dogs, but no studies have reported breed, age and gender distributions in the United Kingdom (UK). The objective of this study was to determine which breeds had an increased risk for developing CH in the UK and to report the age and gender distribution for those breeds. The databases of six veterinary histopathology laboratories were searched for cases with a histological diagnosis of CH according to standardised criteria. The breed, age and gender of dogs was recorded and compared to a control population to calculate the odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals for developing CH. A total of 551 cases of CH were identified, consisting of 61 breeds. Nineteen breeds were represented by five or more cases. Breeds with an increased risk for developing CH included the American cocker spaniel, Cairn terrier, Dalmatian, Dobermann pinscher, English cocker spaniel, English springer spaniel, Great Dane, Labrador retriever and Samoyed. The median age at diagnosis for all breeds with CH was 8 years (range 7 months to 16 years). Dalmatians, Dobermann pinschers and English springer spaniels with CH were significantly younger than Cairn terriers, English cocker spaniels and Labrador retrievers with CH. Females were over-represented when all cases were examined together. In conclusion, several breeds in the UK have an increased risk of CH, some of which have not been previously reported.  相似文献   

5.
The objective of the study was to evaluate epidemiological data derived from 2735 canine uroliths received by Hill’s Pet Nutrition from Spain and Portugal between January 2004 and December 2006. The results of quantitative analysis from Minnesota Urolith Center (MUC) were compared with that from other countries and interrelations of mineral composition, age, breed, and gender were determined. The most frequent calculus was calcium oxalate (38.1%) followed by struvite (32.9%). Eighty-three breeds plus crossbreeds (25%) were identified. In all of them, but Dalmatians, calcium oxalate and struvite accounted for 71–78%. The mean age of urolith appearance was 7.6 years. There was a significant difference in the frequency of different uroliths composition among the six most common breeds presenting urolithiasis in Spain and Portugal (Yorkshire terrier, Miniature Schnauzer, Cocker Spaniel, Poodle, Shih Tzu and Dalmatian). This is the first report on xanthine urolithiasis found in Spain. Prevalence of cystine calculi was significantly lower (3.2%) than that reported previously in parts of Spain (26%).  相似文献   

6.
AIMS: Canine and feline uroliths were analysed to determine the prevalence of particular types of urolith and the dog breeds at risk. METHODS: Three hundred and sixty-nine uroliths recovered from 316 dogs and 53 cats between November 1993 and December 1996 were analysed by X-ray diffraction, and by infrared spectrometry where X-ray diffraction alone was non-diagnostic. RESULTS: Bitches of small breeds especially Welsh corgi and Bichon frise, were most frequently affected. Struvite was the most common urolith (204 dogs). Oxalate (60 dogs) was the second most prevalent urolith identified, followed by cystine (24 dogs). The breeds producing cystine calculi were: Dalmatian, Bassett hound, Borzoi, Newfoundland, Shetland sheepdog, Labrador, Chihuahua, Fox terrier, English bulldog, Bichon frise, Doberman pinscher, Border collie. Silica uroliths were identified for the first time in New Zealand. All feline uroliths were struvite. CONCLUSION: The results are useful in determining the prevalence of specific types of urolith in New Zealand and the breeds at risk of forming them.  相似文献   

7.
Brainstem auditory-evoked-response data were collected from 3101 Dalmatian dogs from 1984 to 1998 at the Veterinary Medicine Teaching Hospital at the University of California, Davis. Also collected were data on eye color and the presence or absence of a color-patch at birth. Our objective was to evaluate the role of gender in hearing loss, including the possibility that the probability of suffering unilateral or bilateral deafness was greater if the dam was hearing impaired than if the sire was hearing impaired.Results of a multiple-trait threshold-model analysis support the commonly held observation that females were more likely to be deaf than males. In addition, females were also more likely to have two blue eyes (a condition associated with an increased prevalence of deafness). However, gender differences in hearing loss were limited to these direct observations. There was no detectable difference in the prevalence of hearing loss between offspring of deaf mothers and the offspring of deaf fathers. Finally, there was no detectable decrease in the prevalence of hearing loss over the years covered in the data set - suggesting that Dalmatian breeders are not yet selecting against hearing problems.  相似文献   

8.
Genetic predisposition to purine uroliths in Dalmatian dogs   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
Homozygosity for a defective recessive gene results in all Dalmatians having elevated concentrations of urine uric acid and predisposes them to formation of purine uroliths. Why some animals form uroliths and others do not is not known. In a pilot breeding experiment, the incidence of sensorineural deafness among backcrossed, high urine uric acid Dalmatians was significantly higher (probability less than 0.05) than among low urine uric acid siblings. Urine uric acid values for Dalmatians reported in the literature are not likely to be comparable, because uric acid appears to be more likely to precipitate in Dalmatian urine than in the urine of other dogs and man. Heating, alkalinization, and thorough mixing are required whenever specimens are transferred from one container to another or an aliquot is removed for assay.  相似文献   

9.
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10.
We have analysed the systematic influences, phenotypic colour markers and the additive genetic variation for congenital sensorineural deafness (CSD) in German Dalmatian dogs in order to help elucidate the importance of phenotypic breed characteristics for genetic differences of CSD. Linear animal models using restricted maximum likelihood methods were employed to estimate variance components. Data were obtained from all three German Dalmatian kennel clubs associated with the German Association for Dog Breeding and Husbandry (VDH). CSD was recorded by standardized protocols for brainstem auditory-evoked response (BAER). The material included 1899 German Dalmatian dogs from 354 litters in 169 different kennels. BAER testing results were from the years 1986 to 1999. Pedigree information was available for up to seven generations. The animal model regarded the fixed effects of sex, coat colour, eye colour, presence of patches, litter size, percentage of examined puppies per litter, kennel club, and inbreeding coefficient. The common environment of the litter and kennel as well as the additive genetic effect of the animal were taken into account as randomly distributed effects. The fixed effects of eye colour, percentage of puppies examined per litter and kennel club were significant in the mixed model analysis. A significant proportion of additive genetic variation could be shown despite corrections for phenotypic colour variants. The heritability estimate for CSD in German Dalmatian dogs was h(2)=0.27+/-0.07. The additive genetic correlation of CSD with presence of blue eyes was r(g)=0.53+/-0.41 and with presence of patches r(g)=-0.36+/-0.24. We concluded that additional genes other than those associated with phenotypic colour markers in German Dalmatian dogs significantly contribute to the occurrence of CSD.  相似文献   

11.
Studies into the epidemiology of canine atopic dermatitis (CAD) are in great demand. Estimates of the prevalence and incidence of CAD are commonly based on hospital studies where no reference population is defined. Such studies tend to overestimate the disease frequency due to referral bias and a higher proportion of complicated cases at secondary care centres than in the general population. The aim of this paper was to present better estimates of the incidence of CAD. The Swedish dog population offers unique opportunities to study the epidemiology of CAD due to several characteristics: a large proportion of dogs are purebred, fleas and flea allergies are rare, and a secondary database of disease records is available through an insurance company that covers approximately 30% of all Swedish dogs. By accessing insurance-claims records for the years 1995–2000, the true incidence rate of CAD was estimated as 10 cases per 10,000 dog years at risk. Univariate analysis showed that the incidence was the same across genders. Additionally, large differences in the risk of being diagnosed with CAD existed among breeds. In this study, breeds with the highest risk were the bull terrier (88 cases/10,000 dog years at risk), Staffordshire bull terrier (58/10,000), West Highland white terrier (51/10,000), Welsh terrier (50/10,000) and boxer (50/10,000). Decreased risk was observed among sighthounds; no cases were recorded among the Borzoi, Saluki and Whippet breeds. A proportional hazards (survival) model was developed in order to take sex, breed, age and geographical region into account in a multivariate analysis.
Funding: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, The Foundation for Research.  相似文献   

12.
Studies into the epidemiology of canine atopic dermatitis (CAD) are in great demand. Estimates of the prevalence and incidence of CAD are commonly based on hospital studies where no reference population is defined. Such studies tend to overestimate the disease frequency due to referral bias and a higher proportion of complicated cases at secondary care centres than in the general population. The aim of this paper was to present better estimates of the incidence of CAD. The Swedish dog population offers unique opportunities to study the epidemiology of CAD due to several characteristics: a large proportion of dogs are purebred, fleas and flea allergies are rare, and a secondary database of disease records is available through an insurance company that covers approximately 30% of all Swedish dogs. By accessing insurance‐claims records for the years 1995–2000, the true incidence rate of CAD was estimated as 10 cases per 10,000 dog years at risk. Univariate analysis showed that the incidence was the same across genders. Additionally, large differences in the risk of being diagnosed with CAD existed among breeds. In this study, breeds with the highest risk were the bull terrier (88 cases/10,000 dog years at risk), Staffordshire bull terrier (58/10,000), West Highland white terrier (51/10,000), Welsh terrier (50/10,000) and boxer (50/10,000). Decreased risk was observed among sighthounds; no cases were recorded among the Borzoi, Saluki and Whippet breeds. A proportional hazards (survival) model was developed in order to take sex, breed, age and geographical region into account in a multivariate analysis. Funding: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, The Foundation for Research.  相似文献   

13.
BACKGROUND: Based upon alloantibodies produced after sensitizing dogs with transfused blood, more than a dozen blood group systems have been recognized thus far, and some have been classified as dog erythrocyte antigens (DEA). HYPOTHESIS: A new canine red cell antigen was suspected, based on the development of specific alloantibodies in a Dalmatian previously sensitized by blood transfusions. ANIMALS: Twenty-six Dalmatians (including 1 Dalmatian in need of blood compatibility studies); 55 canine blood donors. METHODS: Serologic tests, including blood typing, crossmatching, and direct Coombs' test were performed by standard tube techniques and a novel gel column technology adapted from human blood banking. RESULTS: By day 40 after transfusion of an anemic Dalmatian, all major crossmatch tests to 55 non-Dalmatian dogs were incompatible. The 2 initial donors, who were compatible before transfusion, were also now incompatible, suggesting the development of an alloantibody to a common red cell antigen. No siblings were available, but 4 of 25 unrelated Dalmatians were crossmatch compatible, suggesting that they were missing the same red cell antigen. The patient was blood typed DEA 1.1, 3, 4, and 5 positive, but DEA 7 negative. Further blood typing and crossmatching results did not support an association to any of these known blood types. The alloantibodies produced were determined to be of the immunoglobulin G class. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Based upon the identification of an acquired alloantibody in a Dalmatian, a presumably new common blood type named Dal was identified. Dalmatians lacking the Dal antigen are likely at risk of delayed and acute hemolytic transfusion reactions.  相似文献   

14.
Aggression in 108 dog breeds and six crosses was ranked by 185 members of the Companion Animal Society of the New Zealand Veterinary Association. The Rottweiler and German Shepherd were categorised as extremely aggressive and the Akita, Basengi, Chihuahua (long-coated and short-coated), Chow Chow, Cocker Spaniel, Shar pei and Welsh Corgi (Cardigan and Pembroke) were classified as very aggressive. A chi-squared test of data from the twenty most popular breeds showed that significant differences were perceived between the breeds. Cocker Spaniels, Pembroke Welsh Corgis, German Shepherds and Rottweilers were more aggressive than Staffordshire Bull Terriers, Border Collies and Doberman Pinchers, which were more aggressive than Cavalier King Charles Spaniels, Bichon Frise, English Springer Spaniels, German Shorthaired Pointers, Weimaraners, Labrador Retrievers, Golden Retrievers, Newfoundlands, Dalmatians, Boxers, Bulldogs, Bull Mastiffs and Rough Collies.  相似文献   

15.
We describe a previously un-reported vertex-negative potential evoked by high intensity click auditory stimuli in some dogs and cats with suspected cochleo-saccular deafness. Brainstem auditory evoked potential tracings from 24 unilaterally or bilaterally deaf animals, 22 dogs and 2 cats, among which 21 belonged to breeds with high prevalence of suspected or histologically confirmed cochleo-saccular deafness, were studied retrospectively. Values for latency, amplitude and threshold of this potential in dogs were 2.15+/-0.23 ms, 0.49+/-0.25 microV, and 91.9+/-4.7 dB NHL, respectively (mean+/-SD). Latency and threshold values in cats were in the mean+/-2 SD range of the dog values. Sensitivity to click stimulus polarity and to click stimulus delivery rate pointed towards a neural potential instead of a receptor potential. The vertex-negative wave observed in these animals shares all characteristics with the N3 potential described in some deaf humans with cochlear deafness, where it is presumed to arise from saccular stimulation. The combined degeneration of cochlea and sacculus usually reported in deaf white dogs and cats suggest that N3 may have a different origin in these species.  相似文献   

16.
Background: Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is common in dogs. The cause is unknown. In humans, different causes of pancreatitis have histologically distinct appearances. The histopathologic lesions in English Cocker Spaniels (ECS) with CP were noted to be histologically different than those of other breeds with CP. Hypothesis: CP in ECS is distinct from CP in other breeds and is characterized by a duct destruction similar to what is observed in autoimmune CP of humans. Animals: Eight ECS and 9 other breeds with histologically confirmed CP recruited over an 8‐year period and 50 postmortem control dogs with CP. Methods: Clinical, clinicopathological, and ultrasonographic findings were recorded. Histological sections were compared with a normal dog and 59 dogs of other breeds with CP. Immunohistochemistry using anti‐CD3, anti‐CD79a, and anti‐cytokeratin antibodies was used to evaluate distribution and type of lymphocytic inflammation and appearance of pancreatic ducts. Results: Four male and 4 female ECS presented at a mean age of 7.2 years. Clinical signs were similar in ECS and other breeds. The pancreas was enlarged and hypoechoic in 4 ECS and 2 controls. Histopathology was characterized by interlobular and periductular fibrosis and inflammation in ECS compared with intralobular disease in most other breeds. Immunohistochemistry identified prominent anti‐CD3+ lymphocytic infiltrates around venules and ducts and a marked absence of interlobular ducts in ECS compared with mixed T‐cell infiltration and ductular hyperplasia in most other breeds with CP. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: CP in ECS is distinct from CP in other breeds and is notably duct destructive.  相似文献   

17.
Deafness is often diagnosed in different dog breeds and has been identified as a significant problem for breeders, owners and clinicians. The aetiology can be inherited or acquired, and a distinction must be made between sensorineural and conductive forms of deafness. This paper provides a brief overview of the varieties of findings in different dog breeds and in one breed in particular including prevalence, phenotypic and gender associations, histology, modes of inheritance and the number of contributing genes in congenital sensorineural deafness. We have also described molecular genetic approaches to canine hearing loss and discuss how comparative genomics could help reduce the prevalence of deafness in affected breeds leading to new insights into the molecular mechanisms of auditory function in both dogs and humans.  相似文献   

18.
The questionnaire survey of Hart and Hart (1985, Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 186, 1811-1815) ranked the 56 most popular breeds of dog in the USA on 13 behavioural traits and is compared here with results of a similar survey conducted on the 49 most popular breeds in the UK. Of the 36 breeds in common between the studies, 24 were similar for the traits aggressivity, reactivity and ease of housetraining between the two countries. However, the characteristics of nine breeds (Airedale Terrier, Old English Sheepdog, Welsh Corgi, Irish Setter, Standard Poodle, Beagle, Samoyed, Boxer, Dalmatian) differed markedly between the two countries, and a further three (Chihuahua, Scottish Terrier, Standard Dachshund) showed smaller, but probably meaningful, shifts. These differences should be recognised when giving advice to prospective owners, and when treating unwanted behaviour in these breeds.  相似文献   

19.
Background: Congenital sensorineural deafness has been reported frequently in experimental mixed-breed white cats but there is a paucity of data on occurrence of deafness in client-owned pure-breed white cats.
Objective: To describe hearing status in client-owned pure-breed white cats.
Animals: Eighty-four pure-breed client-owned cats with white coat color of 10 registered breeds presented for routine hearing evaluation before breeding (1995–2008).
Methods: Hearing was assessed by click-evoked brainstem auditory evoked response.
Results: Overall deafness prevalence was 20.2%; 9 cats (10.7%) were bilaterally deaf and 8 cats (9.5%) were unilaterally deaf. There was no association between sex and deafness status ( P = .85). Deafness status was associated with iris color ( P = .04).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Congenital sensorineural deafness frequently occurs in pure-breed cats with white coat color. Unilateral sensorineural deafness was as common as bilateral deafness.  相似文献   

20.
A male 25-month-old Dalmatian dog attended our veterinary hospital because of anorexia and high circulating liver enzyme activities. Abdominal computed tomography showed a slightly small liver with rounded edges, and laparoscopic examination showed that the liver was yellowish. Histopathological examination revealed multifocal necrosis of hepatocytes and severe chronic hepatitis. Rhodanine staining showed severe copper accumulation in hepatocytes and a quantitative analysis of the copper content of the liver showed substantial accumulation (10.3 mg/g dry mass), suggesting a diagnosis of copper-associated hepatitis. Previously reported canine mutation in the COMMD1, the gene responsible for the copper-associated hepatitis in the Bedlington terrier, was not identified. To our knowledge, this is the first report of copper-associated hepatitis in a Dalmatian in Japan.  相似文献   

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