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1.
植物病原菌对杀菌剂抗性风险评估 总被引：16，自引：3，他引：16
植物病原菌对杀菌剂的抗性风险由基本风险和治理风险组成。杀菌剂使用之前或之初可根据 人工诱变、药剂选择或驯化实验、田间野生敏感菌株敏感性变异、抗药菌株的生物及遗传特 征、杀菌剂作用方式等进行基本抗药风险预测；杀菌剂使用数年之后可根据人工诱变、药剂 选择或驯化、田间药效与抗药性发生、抗药菌株的生物及遗传特征、杀菌剂作用方式与使用 对策等已有资料进行抗药风险评估。目前已有4种方法用于抗药风险评估。由杀菌剂与病害 共同决定的基本抗药风险可分成低、中和高度。基本抗性风险高的药剂合理使用可延缓田间 抗药性发生，中度基本抗性风险药剂不合理使用也可引发田间抗药性发生和药效明显降低。 相似文献
2.
以氟啶胺为代表的解偶联剂具有低毒、广谱和高效的特点，对病原真菌、卵菌和细菌均表现出良好的抑菌活性。然而随着杀菌剂频繁而大量的使用，有害生物发展出越来越严重的抗药性。开展病原菌对杀菌剂的抗性机制研究，能够有效预防或治理病原菌抗药性。病原菌对杀菌剂的抗性机制解析方法通常以杀菌剂的靶标蛋白为线索展开，但由于氟啶胺这类杀菌剂在病原菌体内可能不是通过与靶标蛋白结合而产生的抑菌作用，使得通过寻找抗性突变体中发生变化的氨基酸位点，进而进行抗性机制解析的方法难以奏效。本综述以氟啶胺和我国自主创制的杀菌剂双苯菌胺为研究对象，对其作用机制及病原菌对其抗性机制的研究进展进行归纳总结，旨在为这类杀菌剂的田间科学使用提供参考，同时可为病原菌多药抗性机制的解析提供借鉴，丰富杀菌剂抗性研究体系，并能够在实践中为病原菌的抗性治理提供依据。 相似文献
3.
恶苗病是水稻生产上较为严重的种传真菌病害,咪唑类广谱内吸性杀菌剂咪鲜胺是目前防治该病害的主要药剂。以对咪鲜胺抗性及敏感的田间水稻恶苗病菌为试材,研究了其适合度及对几种常用杀菌剂的交互抗性。结果显示:抗性菌株的抗药性可稳定遗传,其温度敏感性与敏感菌株无明显差异,部分抗性菌株在菌丝生长速率、产孢量、孢子萌发率和致病力方面显著高于田间敏感菌株;咪鲜胺与三唑类及2-氰基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂之间均无交互抗性。研究表明,对咪鲜胺产生抗性的水稻恶苗病菌具有较强的适合度,在田间自然条件下有可能形成优势群体,因此需合理轮换使用不同作用机制的杀菌剂,以延缓其抗药性的发展。 相似文献
4.
植物病原菌抗药性及其抗性治理策略 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
随着现代高活性的选择性杀菌剂的研发和广泛使用,病原菌的抗药性问题日趋严重,这已成为植物病害化学保护领域最受关注的问题之一。本文阐释了抗药性相关术语的定义,概述了病原菌的抗药性现状,并从自然选择和诱导突变两种学说的角度分析了抗药性产生的原因。进一步分析了抗药性群体流行与病原菌自身特点、杀菌剂类型和作用机制等影响因子密切相关,综述了抗药性风险评估、抗药性机制、抗药性进化以及抗药性常规和分子检测方法等内容。最后,提出了抗药性治理的目标和策略,即根据抗药病原群体形成的主要影响因素,针对性地设计抗药性治理短期和长期策略,特别是需进一步加强对新药剂和新防治对象开展抗药性风险评估、制定抗药性管理策略、建立再评价机制等。综上,明确植物病原菌抗药性发生发展特点并制定科学合理的抗性治理策略,对进一步开展植物病害的科学防控具有重要的参考价值。 相似文献
5.
黑龙江和云南葡萄产区灰霉病菌对多菌灵和异菌脲的抗性检测 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为明确黑龙江省和云南省葡萄灰霉病菌对多菌灵和异菌脲的抗性频率, 从两省分别采集?分离到葡萄灰霉病菌 Botrytis cinerea 39株和38株, 利用菌丝生长速率法测定其对多菌灵和异菌脲的敏感性, 并分别检测上述菌株两种药剂靶标基因 β-tubulin 和 Bos1 的突变情况?结果表明, 黑龙江省葡萄灰霉病菌对多菌灵和异菌脲的抗性频率以及对两种杀菌剂的多药抗性频率分别为100.0%?51.3%和51.3%; 云南省葡萄灰霉病菌对多菌灵和异菌脲的抗性频率以及对两种杀菌剂的多药抗性频率均为97.4%?两地区的多菌灵抗性菌株的 β-tubulin 基因上均发生了E198A或E198V突变?异菌脲抗性菌株的 Bos1 基因存在I365N?I365S?Q369P+N373和Q369P等4种突变类型?研究结果表明, 在上述两个地区不宜单独使用多菌灵和异菌脲防治葡萄灰霉病, 应使用其他作用机制不同且抑菌效果好的杀菌剂? 相似文献
6.
温室潮湿的气候给蔬菜病害提供有利条件。人们采用了杀菌剂防治。但是由于杀菌剂抗性的出现,如灰霉病则难以防除。在日本,灰霉病菌（Ｂｏｔｒｙｔｉｓｃｉｎｅｒｅａ）是温室茄果类蔬菜重要的病害,受害作物如西红柿、黄瓜、草莓。病原体通过花进入果实,直接影响了蔬菜... 相似文献
7.
黄帚橐吾提取物对棉铃虫的生物活性 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为掌握贵州甘蔗真菌病害种类及发生情况,采用随机踏查、定点调查、症状诊断与病原菌形态特征观察等方法对贵州甘蔗产区7个县进行真菌病害调查;采用菌丝生长速率法,对甘蔗褐斑病进行了5种杀菌剂室内毒力测定和田间防效试验。结果表明,贵州甘蔗主要真菌病害有褐斑病、褐锈病、赤腐病、黄斑病、轮斑病、褐条病、煤烟病、黑穗病,其中褐斑病、轮斑病、褐条病发生较重,煤烟病发生严重;5种杀菌剂中,325 g/L苯甲· 嘧菌酯悬浮剂对甘蔗褐斑病毒力最高和防效最好,EC50为0.0025 mg/L,第3次药后10 d防效达86.46%。其他4种杀菌剂对褐斑病均有较好的防治效果,可应用于甘蔗生产防治褐斑病。 相似文献
8.
贵州甘蔗真菌病害初步调查及褐斑病防治药剂筛选 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为掌握贵州甘蔗真菌病害种类及发生情况,采用随机踏查、定点调查、症状诊断与病原菌形态特征观察等方法对贵州甘蔗产区7个县进行真菌病害调查;采用菌丝生长速率法,对甘蔗褐斑病进行了5种杀菌剂室内毒力测定和田间防效试验。结果表明,贵州甘蔗主要真菌病害有褐斑病、褐锈病、赤腐病、黄斑病、轮斑病、褐条病、煤烟病、黑穗病,其中褐斑病、轮斑病、褐条病发生较重,煤烟病发生严重;5种杀菌剂中,325g/L苯甲·嘧菌酯悬浮剂对甘蔗褐斑病毒力最高,防效最好,EC50为0.002 5mg/L,第3次药后10d防效达86.46%。其他4种杀菌剂对褐斑病均有较好的防治效果,可应用于甘蔗生产防治褐斑病。 相似文献
9.
植物病害对全球粮食安全造成严重威胁，而病原物对杀菌剂日益严重的抗药性问题和杀菌剂施用导致的环境暴露风险极大限制了传统杀菌剂的开发。植物释放大量挥发性有机化合物 (volatile organic compounds, VOCs) 到大气中作为植物与周围环境交流互动的信号分子。植物VOCs可以保护自身免受食草动物的侵害，或吸引传粉者和种子传播者，它们还能够直接抑制病原菌的生长或者激活植物的防御系统。本文综述了植物VOCs在生物合成、收集分析、诱导释放、对病原微生物的活性和诱导植物免疫反应等方面的研究进展；总结了典型绿叶挥发物反-2-己烯醛的抑菌和抗性诱导机理；归纳和展望了植物VOCs在田间应用的局限性和今后的研究方向，可为该类化合物在可持续病害防控中的应用提供帮助。 相似文献
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11.
de Waard MA Andrade AC Hayashi K Schoonbeek HJ Stergiopoulos I Zwiers LH 《Pest management science》2006,62(3):195-207
Drug transporters are membrane proteins that provide protection for organisms against natural toxic products and fungicides. In plant pathogens, drug transporters function in baseline sensitivity to fungicides, multidrug resistance (MDR) and virulence on host plants. This paper describes drug transporters of the filamentous fungi Aspergillus nidulans (Eidam) Winter, Botrytis cinerea Pers and Mycosphaerella graminicola (Fückel) Schroter that function in fungicide sensitivity and resistance. The fungi possess ATP-binding cassette (ABC) drug transporters that mediate MDR to fungicides in laboratory mutants. Similar mutants are not pronounced in field resistance to most classes of fungicide but may play a role in resistance to azoles. MDR may also explain historical cases of resistance to aromatic hydrocarbon fungicides and dodine. In clinical situations, MDR development in Candida albicans (Robin) Berkhout mediated by ABC transporters in patients suffering from candidiasis is common after prolonged treatment with azoles. Factors that can explain this striking difference between agricultural and clinical situations are discussed. Attention is also paid to the risk of MDR development in plant pathogens in the future. Finally, the paper describes the impact of fungal drug transporters on drug discovery. 相似文献
12.
ABC转运蛋白及其相关的多药抗性研究现状 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
ABC(ATP-binding cassette)转运蛋白是一类家族庞大、功能多样的跨膜转运蛋白,其广泛存在于原核和真核生物的各类细胞器中,负责多种物质的跨膜转运,从而调节生物体的一系列生命活动。近年来,越来越多ABC转运蛋白的种类及功能被报道,但是ABC蛋白家族的潜在成员以及功能仍然值得进一步探究和挖掘。该文对不同物种中ABC转运蛋白数量、结构域、功能、研究方法以及其参与调控病原菌多药抗性的研究现状进行综述,并对植物病原菌多药抗性的治理等进行展望。 相似文献
13.
植物病原菌抗药性遗传研究 总被引：19，自引：0，他引：19
植物病原菌对杀菌剂的抗药性是由遗传基因控制的,抗药基因位于细胞质遗传因子或细胞核染色体基因上,细菌对许多药剂如铜制剂、链霉素等的抗药性和真菌对少数药剂如甲氧丙烯酸酯类药剂的抗性属于前一种情况,而真菌对大多数药剂的抗性则属于后一种情况。核基因控制的抗药性又可分为主效基因(major-gene)抗性和微效多基因(poly-gene)抗性,分别使病菌对药剂的抗性表现质量性状和数量性状。病原菌对苯并咪唑类药剂、春日霉素、羧基酰胺类药剂、苯酰胺类药剂、芳烃类药剂、二甲酰亚胺类药剂等的抗性通常为主效基因控制;使病菌表现微效多基因抗性的杀菌剂主要有多果定、羟基嘧啶类药剂、甾醇合成抑制剂(SBIs)等 相似文献
14.
Ioannis Stergiopoulos Lute-Harm Zwiers Maarten A. De Waard 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2002,108(7):719-734
This review provides an overview of members of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) and major facilitator superfamily (MFS) of transporters identified in filamentous fungi. The most common function of these membrane proteins is to provide protection against natural toxic compounds present in the environment of fungi, such as antibiotics produced by other microorganisms. In plant pathogenic fungi, these transporters can also be an important determinant of virulence on host plants by providing protection against plant defence compounds or mediating the secretion of host-specific toxins. Furthermore, they play a critical role in determining base-line sensitivity to fungicides and other antimycotic agents. Overexpression of some of these transporters can lead to the development of resistance to chemically-unrelated compounds, a phenomenon described as multidrug resistance (MDR). This has been observed in a variety of organisms and can impose a serious threat to the effective control of pathogenic fungi. 相似文献
15.
Activity of fungicides and modulators of membrane drug transporters in field strains of Botrytis cinerea displaying multidrug resistance 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Pierre Leroux Anne-Sophie Walker 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2013,135(4):683-693
In Botrytis cinerea, multidrug resistant (MDR) strains collected in French and German vineyards were tested in vitro, at the germ-tube elongation stage, towards a wide range of fungicides. Whatever the MDR phenotype, resistance was recorded to anilinopyrimidines, diethofencarb, iprodione, fludioxonil, tolnaftate and several respiratory inhibitors (e.g., penthiopyrad, pyraclostrobin). In MDR1 strains, overproducing the ABC transporter BcatrB, resistance extended to carbendazim and the uncouplers fluazinam and malonoben. In MDR2 strains, overproducing the MFS transporter BcmfsM2, resistance extended to cycloheximide, fenhexamid and sterol 14α-demethylation inhibitors (DMIs). MDR3 strains combined the overexpression of both transporters and exhibited the widest spectrum of cross resistance and the highest resistance levels. The four transport modulators, amitriptyline, chlorpromazine, diethylstilbestrol, and verapamil, known to affect some ABC transporters, were tested in B. cinerea. In our experimental conditions, the activity of several fungicides was only enhanced by verapamil. Interestingly, synergism was only recorded in MDR2 and/or MDR3 isolates treated with tolnaftate, fenhexamid, fludioxonil or pyrimethanil, suggesting that verapamil may inhibit the MFS transporter BcmfsM2. This is the first report indicating that a known modulator of ABC transporters could also block MFS transporters. 相似文献
16.
为明确猕猴桃灰霉病菌对常见杀菌剂的抗药性状况, 本试验于2016年-2018年调查统计了四川猕猴桃生产中防控灰霉病所用的药剂种类和施药频次, 并从四川8个猕猴桃主产区采集病叶?病花和病果, 经单孢分离获得122个灰葡萄孢 Botrytis cinerea 菌株, 采用最低抑制浓度法(MIC)测定其对4种化学药剂嘧霉胺?咯菌腈?腐霉利和异菌脲的抗药性?结果表明:用于四川猕猴桃灰霉病防控的药剂主要有8种, 其中嘧霉胺?异菌脲和腐霉利3种药剂施用频次最高; 猕猴桃灰霉病菌对嘧霉胺?咯菌腈?腐霉利和异菌脲的抗性频率分别达95.08%?86.07%?80.33%和5.74%, 且不同产区的灰霉病菌对药剂的抗药性频率不同; 所测菌株对4种杀菌剂的敏感性类型共有8种, 其中以Pyr RFlu RPcm RIpr S(对嘧霉胺?咯菌腈?腐霉利表现抗性, 对异菌脲表现敏感)类型为主, 该类型的菌株占65.57%, 对4种杀菌剂均表现抗性的菌株为7株?表明四川省猕猴桃灰霉病菌对嘧霉胺?咯菌腈?腐霉利和异菌脲已经产生了抗药性, 对异菌脲抗药性较低, 迫切需要筛选新的杀菌剂防治猕猴桃灰霉病? 相似文献
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18.
Induced Disease Resistance in Plants by Chemicals 总被引：23，自引：0，他引：23
Michael Oostendorp Walter Kunz Bob Dietrich Theodor Staub 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2001,107(1):19-28
Plants can be induced locally and systemically to become more resistant to diseases through various biotic or abiotic stresses. The biological inducers include necrotizing pathogens, non- pathogens or root colonizing bacteria. Through at network of signal pathways they induce resistance spectra and marker proteins that are characteristic for the different plant species and activation systems. The best characterized signal pathway for systemically induced resistance is SAR (systemic acquired resistance) that is activated by localized infections with necrotizing pathogens. It is characterized by protection against a broad range of pathogens, by a set of induced proteins and by its dependence on salicylic acid (SA) Various chemicals have been discovered that seem to act at various points in these defense activating networks and mimic all or parts of the biological activation of resistance. Of these, only few have reached commercialization. The best- studied resistance activator is acibenzolar-5-methyl (BION). At low rates it activates resistance in many crops against a broad spectrum of diseases, including fungi, bacteria and viruses. In monocots, activated resistance by BION typically is very long lasting, while the lasting effect is less pronounced in dicots. BION is translocated systemically in plants and can take the place of SA in the natural SAR signal pathway, inducing the same spectrum of resistance and the same set of molecular markers. Probenazole (ORYZEMATE) is used mainly on rice against rice blast and bacterial leaf blight. Its mode of action is not well understood partly because biological systems of systemically induced resistance are not well defined in rice. Treated plants clearly respond faster and in a resistant manner to infections by the two pathogens. Other compounds like beta-aminobutyric acid as wdl as extracts from plants and microorganisms have also been described as resistance inducers. For most of these, neither the mode of action nor reliable pre-challenge markers are known and still other pathways for resistance activation are suspected. Resistance inducing chemicals that are able to induce broad disease resistance offer an additional option for the farmer to complement genetic disease resistance and the use of fungicides. If integrated properly in plant health management programs, they can prolong the useful life of both the resistance genes and the fungicides presently used. 相似文献
19.
Pierre Leroux Michel Gredt Florent Remuson Annie Micoud Anne‐Sophie Walker 《Pest management science》2013,69(1):15-26
Eyespot, caused by Oculimacula acuformis and Oculimacula yallundae, is the major foot disease of winter wheat in several European countries, including France. It can be controlled by chemical treatment between tillering and the second node stage. The fungicides used include antimicrotubule toxicants (benzimidazoles), inhibitors of sterol 14α‐demethylation (DMIs) or of succinate dehydrogenase (SDHIs), the anilinopyrimidines cyprodinil and the benzophenone metrafenone. Since the early 1980s, a long‐term survey has been set up in France to monitor changes in the sensitivity of eyespot populations to fungicides. Resistance to benzimidazoles has become generalised since the early 1990s, in spite of the withdrawal of this class of fungicides. In the DMI group, resistance to triazoles is generalised, whereas no resistance to the triazolinethione prothioconazole has yet developed. Resistance to the imidazole prochloraz evolved successively in O. acuformis and O. yallundae and is now well established. Specific resistance to cyprodinil has also been detected, but its frequency has generally remained low. Finally, since the early 2000s, a few strains of O. yallundae displaying multidrug resistance (MDR) have been detected. These strains display low levels of resistance to prothioconazole and SDHIs, such as boscalid. Knowledge of the spatiotemporal distribution in France of O. acuformis and O. yallundae field strains resistant to fungicides allows resistance management strategies for eyespot fungi in winter wheat to be proposed.© 2012 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
20.
我国人参产区灰霉病菌抗药性研究初报 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
人参灰霉病给人参生产造成巨大损失。本研究选取人参生产上常用的4种杀菌剂,对东北人参产区分离的102株灰霉菌进行抗性检测。结果表明,灰霉菌对多菌灵carbendazim(C)、嘧霉胺pyrimethanil(P)、异菌脲iprodione(I)、咯菌腈fludioxonil(F)的抗性频率分别为100%、86.27%、73.53%和30.39%,辽宁和吉林分离菌株对嘧霉胺、异菌脲的抗性高于3省平均水平。分离菌株对4种杀菌剂共有7种抗性类型,即C_RP_RI_RF_S、C_RP_RI_RF_R、C_RP_RI_SF_S、C_RP_SI_SF_S、C_RP_SI_RF_S、C_RP_RI_SF_R和C_RP_SI_SF_R,其所占比例分别为39.22%、26.47%、14.71%、7.84%、5.88%、4.90%和0.98%,未发现对4种杀菌剂均敏感的灰霉菌菌株。研究结果对于指导人参产区防治灰霉病杀菌剂的合理选用,有效降低人参农药残留,延缓灰霉菌抗性产生具有重要意义。 相似文献