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1.
A study was carried out to investigate whether adding a starter culture or a formic acid containing-product to fermented liquid feed of suboptimal microbial quality could improve the characteristics of the mixture and the gastrointestinal ecology and growth performance of piglets. Four experimental diets were prepared: Feed and water were mixed in the ratio 1:2.5 (w/w) in four closed tanks. Diet 1) Three times daily, 50% of the mixture stored in the tank was removed and then replaced with an equal amount of fresh feed and water, (FLF), positive control; Diet 2) Three times daily, 95% of the mixture stored in the tank was removed and then replaced with an equal amount of fresh feed and water. Escherichia coli K12 (1 × 106/g) was added every morning (COLI); Diet 3) as the COLI treatment and added Lactobacillus plantarum VTT E-78076 (1 × 106/g) every morning (+PLANTARUM); and Diet 4) as the COLI treatment and added 0.26 g AIV/KemiSile 2 plus/100 g mixture three times daily (+ACID). One hundred and sixty weaners were used. On day 14, one littermate from each pen was killed and the gastrointestinal tract removed. The remaining piglets were used to measure the effect of the experimental diets on growth performance during the first six weeks post-weaning. The +ACID diet had lower numbers of lactic acid bacteria and Enterobacteriaceae, higher numbers of yeasts, and lower concentration of lactic acid and acetic acid than the COLI and +PLANTARUM diets. Feeding the +PLANTARUM and the +ACID diets increased daily weight gain during the six weeks post-weaning (P ≤ 0.02) compared to feeding the COLI diet. The +ACID group showed the highest numerical daily feed intake in all periods. The gain/feed during the six weeks post-weaning tended to be lowest in the COLI group (P < 0.10). The counts of lactic acid bacteria able to grow at 20 °C were lowest in the stomach (P ≤ 0.003) and distal small intestine (P ≤ 0.06) of the +ACID group. The counts of yeasts able to grow at 37 °C in the stomach were highest in the +ACID (P ≤ 0.01) and FLF groups (P ≤ 0.09). The number of yeasts able to grow at 20 °C in the stomach and distal small intestine was highest in the FLF fed piglets, followed by the +ACID group. This study showed that addition of L. plantarum VTT E-78076 or AIV/KemiSile 2 plus to fermented liquid feed of suboptimal microbial quality improved growth performance without affecting the gastrointestinal ecology of piglets substantially. 相似文献
2.
The effect of fibre degrading enzymes in combination with Lactobacillus plantarum on feed viscosity and pH and on solubilisation of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) was studied in vitro using diets composed of cereals and soybean meal. The diet was incubated over time up to 24 h as liquid feed or liquid feed added L. plantarum and in addition both feeds were treated without or with fibre degrading enzymes.
Spontaneous fermentation developed in the liquid feed without L. plantarum and became noticeable after a period of 6 to 8 h, when pH began to drop. From 8 to 24 h there was a slow but steady reduction in pH down to a level of about pH 4.3. This development was irrespective of enzyme supplementation level. The L. plantarum treatment had already reached a pH of 4.2 after 8 h and a pH of 3.6 after 24 h.
The viscosity was reduced with supplementation with a high enzyme dose (6000 FXU and 600 FBG per kg diet), compared to the control diet (without enzymes). Treatment with L. plantarum (1.8 × 1011 CFU/kg feed) increased the viscosity over time, even with enzyme supplementation, compared to the control treatment.
Diets without and with enzyme supplementation and pre-treated as dry feed (control), liquid feed (incubated for 8 h) or liquid feed fermented with L. plantarum (incubated for 24 h), were subjected to an in vitro digestion procedure. Both pre-treatment as liquid feed and enzyme supplementation lead to a reduction in dry matter and in the insoluble NSP fraction during digestion in comparison with the control based on the original dry feed.
It may be concluded that enzyme supplementation to liquid or fermented feed may cause a reduction in the insoluble dietary fibre content as well as a reduction in feed viscosity, while the pH is not influenced. 相似文献
3.
Pathogenic microorganisms in manure represents a potential hazard to human and animal. Few data describing the microbiological content of liquid hog manure intended for spreading are available in the scientific literature. The objective of this project was to verify the presence and estimate the persistence of Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Yersinia enterocolitica and Cryptosporidium spp. in liquid hog manure from storages under conditions typical of commercial swine production in Québec. E. coli content of liquid hog manure taken during the spreading period in the 32 hog operations varied between 0 and 5.52 log10 CFU/g with a 95% confidence interval of 3.16–4.23 log10 CFU/g. Salmonella spp., Y. enterocolitica and Cryptosporidium spp. were detected in 37%, 9% and 3% samples, respectively. Under the conditions of this experiment, the predicted number of days required to obtain a 90% reduction of E. coli populations varied between 15 and 26 days, while the predicted storage period necessary to reach undetectable levels was 54–114 days. The maximal persistence of Salmonella observed in this study was 88 days. A 73-day storage time was insufficient for the elimination of Y. enterocolitica. 相似文献
4.
为了研究含水量和添加剂对黄梁木叶青贮发酵品质的影响,将两种不同含水量60%、75%的黄梁木叶片切碎后进行不加添加剂、添加6.00 log10 cfu·g-1植物乳杆菌（LP）、120 U·g-1纤维素酶（C）、6.00 log10 cfu·g-1植物乳杆菌和120 U·g-1纤维素酶（LP+C）处理,每个处理6组重复,装入塑料袋中,室温（约30 ℃）贮藏60 d后开袋。结果表明,黄梁木干物质中粗蛋白（CP）含量为12.48%,水溶性碳水化合物（WSC）含量为4.49%。75%含水量导致黄梁木叶青贮的pH值,乳酸菌（LAB）和酵母菌数量,中性洗涤纤维（NDF）含量,单宁含量,氨态氮（NH3-N）含量均显著降低（P<0.05）,乳酸（LA）和乙酸（AA）含量显著升高（P<0.05）。LP和LP+C显著降低pH值、乳酸菌数和缩合单宁（CT）含量（P<0.05）,显著提高乳酸含量（P<0.05）。同时,C和LP+C显著降低了中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）含量（P<0.05）,显著提高了粗蛋白含量（P<0.05）。75%含水量且添加LP和LP+C的缩合单宁含量显著降低（P<0.05）。综上所述,75%含水量处理对黄梁木叶青贮发酵品质有积极的影响,使用添加剂可以改善青贮品质,以LP和C配合使用效果较好。 相似文献
5.
W.J. Fulkerson J.S. Neal C.F. Clark A. Horadagoda K.S. Nandra I. Barchia 《Livestock Science》2007,107(2-3):253-264
The objective of this study was to quantify the differences in the nutritive value over 4 seasons, of 7 C3 temperate grasses, 2 C4 tropical grasses and 11 clover species used as forages for dairy cows. The nutritive value was assessed in terms of nutrient content and the availability of effective rumen degradable protein, rumen by pass protein, metabolisable protein (MP) and fermentable metabolisable energy.
All species were grown in plots as monocultures under conditions of non limiting nutrients and moisture and harvested by mechanical means. All species had a high crude protein content and this resulted in a high effective rumen degradable protein: fermentable metabolisable energy ratio varying from 15, for cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata) to 29 for birdsfoot clover (Lotus corniculatus), and all were above the ratio of 11 required for optimal microbial protein synthesis in the rumen of dairy cows. The calculated availability of MP varied from 105 g/kg dry matter (DM) for cowpeas to 173 g/kg DM for berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum) indicating that all forages would be able to meet the requirements of dairy cows producing up to 30 L/milk/day, provided they were able to consume over 19 kg DM of forage/cow/day.
Grasses had much higher hemicellulose (neutral detergent fibre minus acid detergent fibre) content than legumes. Kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum), a C4 grass, had a higher proportion of hemicellulose content than the C3 temperate grasses. Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and kikuyu had a similar metabolisable energy (ME) density (9.9 MJ/kg DM) in summer. The mean ME density of perennial ryegrass, prairie grass (Bromus wildinowii) and short rotation ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) winter was similar at 10.6 MJ/kg DM and slightly higher than cocksfoot (Dactylus glomeratus), phalaris (Phalaris tuberosa) and fescue (Fescue arundunicea) which had a mean ME density of 10 MJ/kg DM.
All forages grown were able to satisfy MP and ME requirements of dairy cows producing up to 30 L milk/cow/day, provided they were able to consume sufficient forage to achieve this level of production. 相似文献
6.
Fermented and nonfermented liquid feed to growing pigs: effect on aspects of gastrointestinal ecology and growth performance 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The effect of feeding dry feed (DF), nonfermented liquid feed (NFLF), and fermented liquid feed (FLF) to growing pigs on aspects of gastrointestinal ecology and on performance was investigated. Nonfermented liquid feed was prepared by mixing feed and water at a ratio of 1:2.5 immediately before feeding. Fermented liquid feed was prepared by mixing feed and water in the same ratio as NFLF, and stored in a tank at 20 degrees C for 4 d, after which half the volume was removed twice daily at each feeding and replaced with the same volume of feed and water mixture. A total of 60 pigs (initial BW of 30.7 kg) from 20 litters was used. Twenty pigs, housed individually, were allotted to each of the diets and fed restrictively. Five pigs from each diet were sacrificed at an average BW of 112 kg and digesta from the gastrointestinal tract (GI-tract) was obtained to examine variables describing some aspects of the gastrointestinal ecology. Fermented liquid feed contained high levels of lactic acid bacteria (9.4 log cfu/g) and lactic acid (approximately 169 mmol/kg), low levels of enterobacteria (<3.2 log cfu/g), and had a low pH (4.4). Nonfermented liquid feed contained 7.2 log cfu/g of lactic acid bacteria, and 6.2 log cfu/g of enterobacteria, which indicated that fermentation had started in the feed. The pigs fed FLF had the lowest levels of enterobacteria along the GI-tract (<3.2 to 5.0 log cfu/g), and those fed NFLF the highest levels (5.7 to 6.6 log cfu/g; P < or = 0.02). Fermented liquid feed caused a decrease in gastric pH from 4.4 and 4.6 for DF and NLF, to 4.0 (P = 0.003), and increased numerically the gastric concentration of lactic acid (P = 0.17) from 50 to 60 mmol/kg in the DF and NFLF treatments to 113 mmol/kg in the FLF treatment. The animals fed NFLF showed the highest weight gain (995 g/d) and feed intake (2.14 kg/d), and those fed FLF the lowest values (weight gain, 931 g/d; feed intake, 1.96 kg/d; P = 0.003 for weight gain, and P < 0.001 for feed intake). The results from the present study indicate that feeding FLF as prepared here may be a valid feeding strategy to decrease the levels of enterobacteria in the GI-tract of growing pigs, whereas feeding liquid feed that has started to ferment (high levels of enterobacteria and high pH as with NFLF) increases the presence of these undesirable bacteria. Nonetheless, higher daily feed intake and body weight gain are obtained when feeding NFLF compared with feeding FLF or DF. 相似文献
7.
为研究不同浓度的赤霉酸对饲料添加菌生长的影响,用2种不同浓度的赤霉酸溶液单独添加饲料乳酸菌（A4+A7）和纤维素分解菌（Nf+Y6）进行培养52 h,其中每4 h作一个单位测定出OD600 nm值并绘制生长曲线,分析不同浓度的赤霉酸对饲料添加菌生长的影响。结果表明,赤霉酸浓度为10 mg/L时,各组OD600 nm值分别为0.64、0.70、0.84、0.78、0.72,其中试验组2的OD600 nm值与对照组和其他试验组相比有明显增高,总活菌数高达11.6×108 CFU/mL,比对照组（1.63×108 CFU/mL）高7倍以上;当赤霉酸浓度增加到20 mg/L时,各组OD600 nm值分别为0.64、0.60、0.59、0.59、0.63,其中各试验组的OD600 nm值与对照组相比无明显差异（P>0.05）,试验组活菌数（1.60×108 CFU/mL）与对照组相比（1.63×108 CFU/mL）无明显差异（P>0.05）。通过试验数据和生长曲线得知赤霉酸浓度在10 mg/L时能促进乳酸菌和纤维素分解菌的生长繁殖;赤霉酸浓度为20 mg/L时乳酸菌和纤维素分解菌的生长速度明显下降。综上提示,适当添加赤霉酸对饲料添加菌生长有明显的促进作用,赤霉酸浓度过高则饲料添加菌的生长量降低。 相似文献
8.
F. Chikhou A. P. Moloney F. H. Austin J. F. Roche W. J. Enright 《Domestic animal endocrinology》1991,8(4):471-480
The aim of the experiment was to determine the acute and chronic effects of the β-agonist, cimaterol, on plasma hormone and metabolite concentrations in steers. Twelve Friesian steers (liveweight = 488 ± 3 kg) were randomly assigned to receive either 0 (control; n=6) or .09 mg cimaterol/kg body weight/day (treated; n=6). Steers were fed grass silage ad libitum. Cimaterol, dissolved in 140 ml of acidified distilled water (pH 4.2), was administered orally at 1400 hr each d. After 13 d of treatment with cimaterol or vehicle (days 1 to 13), all animals were treated with vehicle for a further 7 d (days 14 to 20). On days 1, 13 and 20, blood samples were collected at 20 min-intervals for 4 hr before and 8 hr after cimaterol or vehicle dosing. All samples were assayed for growth hormone (GH) and insulin, while samples taken at −4, −2, 0, +2, +4, +6 and +8 hr relative to dosing were assayed for thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), cortisol, urea, glucose and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA). Samples taken at −3 and +3 hr relative to dosing were assayed for IGF-I only. On day 1, cimaterol acutely reduced (P<.05) GH and urea concentrations (7.6 vs 2.9 ± 1.4 ng/ml; and 6.0 vs 4.9 ± 0.45 mmol/l, respectively; mean control vs mean treated ± pooled standard error of difference), and increased (P<.05) NEFA, glucose and insulin concentrations (160 vs 276 ± 22 μmol/l, 4.1 vs 6.2 ± 0.15 mmol/l and 29.9 vs 179.7 ± 13.9 μU/ml, respectively). Plasma IGF-I, T3, T4 and cortisol concentrations were not altered by treatment. On day 13, cimaterol increased (P<.05) GH and NEFA concentrations (7.7 vs 14.5 ± 1.4 ng/ml and 202 vs 310 ± 22 mEq/l, respectively) and reduced (P<.05) plasma IGF-I concentrations (1296 vs 776 ± 227 ng/ml). Seven-d withdrawal of cimaterol (day 20) returned hormone and metabolite concentrations to control values. It is concluded that : 1) cimaterol acutely increased insulin, glucose and NEFA and decreased GH and urea concentrations, 2) cimaterol chronically increased GH and NEFA and decreased IGF-I concentrations, and 3) there was no residual effect of cimaterol following a 7-d withdrawal period. 相似文献
9.
An in vitro study was performed to describe the effect of addition of acid products to liquid feed on the course of fermentation. A standard grower diet with added extra lysine, methionine, and threonine was formulated. Three experimental treatments were prepared: the grower diet, ‘Control’; the grower diet + 4.8 g solid acidifier Boliflor® FA 2300S/kg liquid feed, ‘FA2300S’; and the grower diet + 2.0 g formic acid/kg liquid feed, ‘Formic’. Feed and water (1 to 2.75) were incubated in bioreactors with a volume of 1 l at 20 °C. A sample was taken after 0, 6, 24, and 48 h of incubation. After 48, 55, 72, 79, and 96 h of incubation, 90% of the mixture was removed and replaced with fresh feed and water. A sample was taken at 96, 102, and 108 h of incubation. Enterobacteriaceae counts were highest in the ‘Control’ diet and lowest in the ‘Formic’ diet at all sampling times. From 96 to 108 h of incubation, 5–19% total lysine, threonine, and methionine, and 26–42% free lysine, threonine, and methionine disappeared. Addition of 2.0 g formic acid or 4.8 g Boliflor® FA 2300S per kg pig liquid feed impeded a blooming of Enterobacteriaceae during the first hours of fermentation but had no effect on amino acid degradation. A disappearance of, mainly, free amino acids occurred during fermentation of liquid feed as prepared in the present study. 相似文献
10.
The aim of this study was investigate the effect of growing associated with different gender on circulating total and free iodothyronine concentrations during the first 13 mo of age in foals. In addition, we investigated the evolution of circulating concentrations of thyroid hormones during the first 3 d of weaning. Blood was collected from 13 clinically healthy Thoroughbred foals every month. All foals were weaned at the 4 mo and blood samples were taken also at 24, 48 and 72 h after weaning. The results obtained showed growing effects for tri-iodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), free tri-iodothyronine (fT3) and free thyroxine (fT4) values (P < .001).
Serum T3 concentrations averaged respectively 2.89 and 0.29 nmol/L at 7 and 9 mo. Serum T4 concentrations averaged respectively 100.17 and 21.77 nmol/L at 1 and at 10 mo. Serum fT3 concentrations averaged respectively 6.96 and 1.50 pmol/L at 1 and 4 mo. Serum fT4 concentrations averaged respectively 31.40 and 4.93 pmol/L at 1 and 9 mo. Significant correlations between T3, T4, fT3 and fT4 with body weight (BW) and between T3, T4 and fT4 with age were observed.
Weaning effects (P < .001) were shown for T3 and fT4 levels. No differences (P > .05) in T4 and fT3 levels were observed over the 3-day period. Gender effects (P < .001) were shown for T3, T4, fT3, and fT4 levels. Significant correlations between T4 and fT4 with BW and age were observed in colts and fillies. T3 concentrations were correlated with age only in colts and fT3 with BW only in colts. The results obtained seem to lend support to the recognized effects of growing and weaning in modulating the thyroid function of Thoroughbred foals. In fact, significant and differentiated effects of growing and weaning on total and free iodothyronine levels have been demonstrated. 相似文献
11.
本试验旨在探讨不同比例‘热研4号’王草（Pennisetum purpureum×P.americana ‘Reyan No.4’）替代紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa L.）对全混合日粮发酵品质及有氧稳定性的影响。试验设‘热研4号’王草替代比例为0%（H0,紫花苜蓿对照组）,18%（H18）,30%（H30）,42%（H42）4个处理,青贮60 d后开袋取样,分析其发酵品质和营养成分,并分别在有氧暴露的第0,3,6,9,12 d取样评定其有氧稳定性。结果表明：随着热研4号王草替代比例的增加,发酵全混合日粮中乳酸含量、pH及氨态氮/总氮逐渐减小,各组氨态氮/总氮小于100 g·kg-1TN且均未检测到丁酸;发酵60d后,H42组水溶性碳水化合物含量显著高于H0,H18组（P<0.05）,与发酵前相比,各组干物质和粗蛋白含量有所下降,H42组干物质和粗蛋白含量下降最小;有氧暴露期间,好氧细菌、酵母菌和霉菌的数量逐渐增加,乳酸菌的数量逐渐降低,H42组pH在12 d内未超过4.2,有氧稳定性最好。由经济效益分析可知,H42组饲料成本最低。综上所述,选用H42组进行全混合日粮发酵最为适宜。 相似文献
12.
Impact of controlled fermentation and steeping of high moisture corn on its nutritional value for pigs 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
High moisture corn (HMC) can undergo fermentation during storage that may improve its nutritional value for pigs. Stored HMC used in this study contained (n = 4) 75% dry matter (DM), and, on a DM basis, 63.8% starch, 0.5% mono and disaccharides, 9.9% protein, 19 mM acetic acid, 18 mM lactic acid (LA), 1.25 × 107 cfu g− 1 of LA producing bacteria, 2.88 g kg− 1 total phosphorus (P), and 1.26 g kg− 1 soluble P. The soluble P content was higher than in freshly harvested HMC (0.27 g kg− 1 DM) and indicates P release during storage. Studies were aimed at altering the nutritional value of stored HMC by controlled fermentation or steeping. Changes in LA content were not affected (P > 0.05) by addition of exogenous Lactobacillus and Bacillus bacteria. Steeping of HMC with phytase (Ronozyme) was examined at four inclusion levels (0, 500, 750, 1000 FTU kg− 1) and at either 21 °C or 37 °C. At 37 °C added phytase released virtually all phytate P within 6 h irrespective of the level (levels increased by 1.44 g P kg− 1 DM); at 21 °C, the increase was maximized at 1.2 g P kg− 1 DM after 24 h. The feeding value of HMC for pigs can be altered by steeping with exogenous phytase and does not appear to require microbial inoculants. 相似文献
13.
An in vitro experiment was conducted to assess the microbial activity of faeces from unweaned and weaned piglets. Diets of weaned piglets were supplemented with various fructans. Weaned piglets received a corn–soy based basal diet supplemented with either corn starch (control; CON), oligofructose (OF), chicory root (CHR), a mixture of chicory pulp and oligofructose (MIX; 60:40) or corn starch and antibiotic (CONAB). Faecal inocula collected from unweaned (5 kg body weight (BW)) and weaned piglets (15 kg BW) were introduced in airtight 100-mL bottles containing 0.5 g of substrate (basal or mix) in pre-warmed buffered medium. The organic matter cumulative volume (OMCV) was measured for 48 h, and a mono-phasic model was fitted to the data. The concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and ammonia (NH3) was determined after fermentation. Incubation of substrate mix with the different inocula gave a significant higher OMCV compared to substrate basal, except for the inoculum from piglets of the CONAB group. In addition, substrate mix gave a higher Rmax and a lower Tmax compared to substrate basal. With the exception of inoculum obtained from chicory root supplemented animals (CHR) no substrate effects were observed in fermentation end-products (VFA and NH3). However, the proportions of acetic acid were significantly higher and those of butyric acid lower when inocula were incubated with substrate mix. Inocula from weaned pigs tended to show higher proportions of propionic acid when incubated with substrate mix, whilst inocula from unweaned piglets showed the opposite. The differences in fermentation kinetics between substrates after incubation with inocula from weaned and unweaned piglets in combination with an altered composition in VFA, points to a modified faecal microflora following weaning. 相似文献
14.
盐胁迫对碱地风毛菊苗期脯氨酸代谢的影响 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2
通过对碱地风毛菊(Saussurea runcinata)苗期分别以NaCl和Na2SO4进行胁迫,设6个浓度和1个对照,测定其脯氨酸含量及δ-氨基转移酶、吡咯啉-5-羧酸合成酶和脯氨酸脱氢酶活性,以探讨其苗期耐盐性及脯氨酸代谢途径,并为盐碱地植被恢复与改良提供依据。结果表明:NaCl和Na2SO4胁迫下,碱地风毛菊的脯氨酸含量随NaCl和Na2SO4胁迫浓度增加而增高,在盐胁迫下,碱地风毛菊的脯氨酸合成途径以鸟氨酸途径为主;且在300mmol·L-1的盐浓度胁迫下碱地风毛菊苗期的脯氨酸代谢最为旺盛,其对NaCl胁迫的耐性较高。 相似文献
15.
Fermented liquid feed and fermented grain to piglets- effect on gastrointestinal ecology and growth performance 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A study was carried out to determine the microbial and nutritional characteristics of dry feed, liquid feed containing fermented liquid cereal grain, and fermented liquid compound feed, and their effect on gastrointestinal ecology and growth performance of piglets. Three dietary treatments were designed: dry feed (DRY); fermented liquid cereal grain feed (FLG); and fermented liquid feed (FLF). The FLF was prepared by removing three times daily 50% of the mixture (feed and water) stored in a tank at 20 °C and replacing it with an equal amount of fresh feed and water. The FLG was similarly prepared but fermenting only the cereals (barley and wheat) and adding the remaining ingredients immediately before feeding. One hundred and twenty weaners were fed the diets during 6 weeks from weaning. The dietary content of lysine (g/100 g protein) was 6.01 in the DRY diet, 6.21 in the FLG diet, and 5.46 in the FLF diet. Feeding piglets with the FLG diet resulted in a higher density of yeasts, a higher concentration of ethanol in the GIT, and a change of the bacterial population of the stomach compared to feeding FLF. The FLG group had a numerically higher daily feed intake and daily body weight gain compared to the FLF group, but the values were not significant. Feeding liquid feed containing fermented liquid cereal grains as a means of avoiding microbial degradation of free amino acids in the feed and increasing feed intake by improving palatability seems promising. 相似文献
16.
【目的】试验旨在研究外源生物制剂对玉米秸秆与马铃薯渣混贮饲料发酵品质、营养价值及72 h瘤胃降解率的影响,筛选高效饲用生物制剂,探索实用的玉米秸秆饲料转化技术。【方法】以粮饲兼用型玉米品种原单32秸秆和克新1号马铃薯渣为试验材料,以3∶1比例混合青贮。采用完全随机试验设计,共15个处理,分别采用酶制剂(CE1、CE2、CE3和CE4)、菌制剂(LAB)及酶菌复合处理(MCL1、MCL2、MCL3、MCL4、MCL5、MCL6、MCL7、MCL8和MCL9),并设置不添加任何酶菌制剂的对照组(CK)。青贮发酵60 d之后,对混贮饲料青贮质量指标及瘤胃降解率进行测定。【结果】混贮饲料各处理及对照感官评定均达到了优级;酶处理组和酶菌处理组混贮饲料乳酸、乙酸含量均显著高于菌处理组及对照(P<0.05),其中... 相似文献
17.
本试验用液态发酵法研究不同菌种来源对乳酸菌发酵液体饲料(fermentation liquid feed,FLF) 感官、pH和菌落计数的影响,分别以乳酵素(Lactobacillus enzymes,LE)、乳酵素+基础料(enzymes mixture,EM)、5 mg/kg 乳酸菌种+基础料(spawn mixture,SM) 和空白对照组(control,CON)作为研究对象,所有发酵罐保持发酵底物:水=1:3,(36±1)℃恒温发酵192 h,每隔24 h做1次感官评定和pH测定;取发酵72 h的样品进行培养,分别计数培养48和72 h的菌落。结果表明,EM和SM均具有良好的感官性能,保质期长,其活菌落计数均极显著高于LE与对照组(P<0.01),但EM与SM相比差异不显著(P>0.05);各组的pH均先降低后升高,LE处理组pH显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)低于其他试验组。提示,LE发酵方式不能改善FLF品质,EM和SM发酵方式的饲料品质优于LE,EM与SM发酵效果类似。 相似文献
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The objective of this study was to compare the effects of ad libitum and restricted computer-controlled milk replacer (MR) feeding strategies on performance of group-reared dairy calves during preweaning (from 0.5 to 2.0 months of age), weaning (2.0 to 2.5) and postweaning (2.5 to 6.0) periods. Two feeding trials comprised a total of 34 Finnish Ayrshire and 6 Holstein–Friesian bull calves. The calves were randomly (balanced for breed) allotted to pens (5 calves/pen) which were thereafter randomly allotted to two experimental treatments: 1) ad libitum MR feeding (F) with ad libitum access to MR and 2) restricted MR feeding (R) where the calves were given 6.0 L of MR daily. All the calves had free access to water, commercial starter and grass silage before weaning. The weaned calves had free access to water and silage and were given 3 kg/day (air-dry basis) of a concentrate mixture. Due to increased metabolizable energy intake (16.4 vs. 12.7 MJ/day; P < 0.05), the daily gain of the F calves was higher (690 vs. 543 g/day; P < 0.05) than that of the R calves during the preweaning period. Due to the more rapid increase in concentrate intake of the R calves during the weaning period the R calves grew better than the F calves (482 vs. 1038 g/day; P < 0.01) and the differences in live weight evened out during the weaning period. During the postweaning period there were no treatment differences in feed intake or gain. The average gain during the whole study was not affected by either of the treatments. Ad libitum feeding increased the variation in the MR intake and gain compared to restricted feeding. 相似文献
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M. Manninen S. Sankari L. Jauhiainen T. Kivinen P. Anttila T. Soveri 《Livestock Science》2008,115(2-3):179-194
The experiment studied the effects of long-term cold climatic housing conditions at a latitude of 62°N on pregnant Hereford cows and their progeny. Thirty-five cows in their third parity were overwintered in outdoor facilities with either a rain-shelter or a three-wall shelter, or in an uninsulated barn. Whole-crop barley silage was offered to the cows either ad libitum or restricted supplemented with oats. The dry matter intake on the restricted diet was 75% of that on the ad libitum diet. The cow live weight (LW) averaged 670 kg at the onset of the experiment. During winter the cows outdoors on the restricted diet maintained their LW while those on the ad libitum diet gained LW (P < 0.05, − 3 vs. 41 kg). On pasture, the LW gain (LWG) was 61 and 32 kg (P < 0.05) for the cows overwintered outdoors on the restricted and on the ad libitum diets, respectively. The initial body condition score (BCS, Scale: 0–5) of the cows averaged 2.90. During winter the cows outdoors on the restricted diet decreased and those on the ad libitum diet increased the BCS (P < 0.01, − 0.14 vs. 0.21). On pasture, the cows overwintered outdoors on the restricted diet increased the BCS more than those overwintered on the ad libitum diet (P < 0.05, 0.31 vs. 0.08). No signs of extraordinary stress, massive consumption of energy stores, frequent muscle injuries or severe inflammations occurred in any of the groups according to blood analyses of cows, e.g. cortisol, long-chain fatty acids, aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase and white blood cell count. The calving period was from 11 March to 21 April. Only one indoor calving was classified as difficult due to faulty disposition leading to the loss of the calf. All outdoor calvings were easy. The LWG of the indoor calves of cows on the ad libitum diet was poorer (P < 0.05) pre the grazing period than that of the outdoor calves of cows on the ad libitum diet. On pasture and during the entire experiment the LWG was similar for all calves, averaging 1335 and 1251 g/d, respectively. The breeding season was 82 days. Thirty cows out of 33 were observed to be pregnant after the mating period. All the facilities offered adequate shelter for the mature, pregnant suckler cows. The restricted offering of whole-crop barley silage provided, on average, 101 MJ metabolizable energy/d and gave enough energy for the cows. 相似文献
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籽粒苋与青贮玉米混贮品质及微生物特性研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以籽粒苋和全株玉米为原料,按不同比例10∶0(T1)、7∶3(T2)、5∶5(T3)、3∶7(T4)、0∶10(T5)混合青贮, 60 d后,检测青贮材料的发酵品质以及青贮前、后营养成分、微生物种类、数量变化,并分析乳酸菌多样性,以明确添加玉米对改善籽粒苋青贮发酵品质和微生物特性的作用,为籽粒苋青贮饲料的开发利用提供有效途径。结果表明,籽粒苋单独青贮品质不佳,通过添加玉米可显著降低青贮材料pH和氨态氮/总氮的值,提高干物质和总有机酸含量,当玉米添加比例超过50%时,青贮品质良好。在青贮发酵乳酸菌群演替过程中优势菌群的种类和数量决定青贮饲料的乳酸/乙酸,是影响发酵品质的主要因素之一。乳酸球菌中的肠球菌、乳球菌和类肠膜明串珠菌产酸能力强,是青贮发酵的启动菌株,乳杆菌则是青贮稳定期的主要菌群。 相似文献