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1.
The details of the embryonic and postnatal differentiation of the olfactory epithelium (OE) and vomeronasal organ (VNO) were examined by light and electron microscopy in the Syrian hamster. At 10 days of gestation, the nasal placode is invaginated to form the olfactory pit on either side at the rostral end of the embryo. Abundant mitotic figures are observed near the free surface of the epithelium lining the olfactory pit. At 11 days of gestation, the mass of the epithelium lining a recess is separated from the medial wall of the olfactory pit to form the VNO. At 13 days of gestation, mitotic figures become observable in the basal layer of the vomeronasal sensory epithelium (VSE) in addition to the superficial to middle layers, while in the OE mitotic figures are observed mainly in the middle to basal layer. At 1 day after birth, the OE is almost complete in differentiation. On the other hand, the VSE differentiate slowly to retain some immature properties even at 10 days after birth. These findings suggest that the olfactory function seems to be solely ascribed to the OE for a while after birth. The significance of mitotic figures are discussed in the course of development with special reference to the origin of the nasal placode from the central nervous system.  相似文献   

2.
Differential maturation of three types of olfactory organs, the olfactory epithelium (OE), the vomeronasal organ (VNO) and the septal olfactory organ of Masera (MO), was examined immunohistochemically in embryonic and newborn rats by the use of antiprotein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5) serum. These olfactory organs were derived in common from the olfactory placode as neuroepithelia. In the OE, PGP 9.5-immunopositive olfactory cells first appeared at 13 days of gestation. The OE maturated completely, and showed the same cytological features as in the adult at 20 days of gestation. The MO first appeared as a dense mass of PGP 9.5-immunopositive sensory cells on the most ventrocaudal part of the nasal septum at 15 days of gestation and was evidently isolated from the OE by the decrease of immunopositive cells in the intercalated epithelium between the OE and the MO at 20 days of gestation. However, even at 7 days after birth, the MO did not complete its development and contained sensory cells aggregating in the mass. The VNO was separated from the nasal cavity at 13 days of gestation as a tubular structure of a neuroepithelium including PGP 9.5-immunopositive sensory cells. These cells gradually increased in number in the sensory epithelium of the VNO and extended their dendritic processes to the free surface at 7 days after birth. These findings clarified the differential maturation of these olfactory organs. That is, the OE completes its development before birth, while the MO and VNO after birth.  相似文献   

3.
Differentiation of the histochemical characteristics of the olfactory receptor cells (ORC) was examined by immunohistochemistry for protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5) and calretinin (CR) and lectin histochemistry for Phaseolus vulgaris agglutinin-L (PHA-L) in the developing olfactory epithelium (OE) of the barfin flounder. PGP 9.5 immunoreactivity was diffuse and CR immunoreactivity was restricted at day 7, but these immunoreactivities became intense in the OE toward day 91. Crypt cells were first identified at day 56. PHA-L staining was faint at day 28, but became intense toward day 91. These findings suggest that PGP 9.5-immunopositive cells, CR-immunopositive cells, crypt cells and PHA-L-reactive cells differentiate independently in the developing OE and constitute subsets of the ORC in the OE.  相似文献   

4.
In vitro alterations induced by a 10 micrograms/ml and 50 micrograms/ml dose each of thiophenate and fenbendazole on the absorptive surfaces of Haemonchus contortus (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae) were studied. The most significant changes were induced in the gut epithelium. Alkaline phosphatase and adenosine triphosphatase activities were decreased, succinic dehydrogenase activity was increased, while acid phosphatase and glucose-6-phosphatase were completely lost from the intestinal epithelium after treatment with either of the drugs. A stimulatory effect of these two anthelmintics was observe on lactic dehydrogenase and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide diaphorase distribution. Thiophenate caused an increase in the activities of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) and nonspecific esterases and a decrease in reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-D) activity. Fenbendazole treatment led to the inhibition of GDH, while G-6-PD, NADPH-D, cytochrome oxidase, monoamine oxidase and nonspecific esterase activity remained unaltered in the epithelium.  相似文献   

5.
The phylogenic significance of the subdivision of dual olfactory system is reviewed mainly on the basis of our findings by electron microscopy and lectin histochemistry in the three amphibian species. The dual olfactory system is present in common in these species and consists of the projection from the olfactory epithelium (OE) to the main olfactory bulb (MOB) and that from the vomeronasal epithelium (VNE) to the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB). The phylogenic significance of subdivisions in the dual olfactory system in the amphibian must differently be interpreted. The subdivision of the MOB into its dorsal region (D-MOB) and ventral region (V-MOB) in Xenopus laevis must be attributed to the primitive features in their olfactory receptors. The middle cavity epithelium lining the middle cavity of this frog possesses both ciliated sensory cells and microvillous sensory cells, reminding the OE in fish. The subdivision of the AOB into the rostral (R-AOB) and caudal part (C-AOB) in Bufo japonicus formosus must be regarded as an advanced characteristic. The lack of subdivisions in both MOB and AOB in Cynops pyrrhogaster may reflect their phylogenic primitiveness. Since our lectin histochemistry to detect glycoconjugates expressed in the olfactory pathway reveals the subdivisions in the dual olfactory system in the amphibian, the glycoconjugates may deeply participate in the organization and function of olfactory pathways in phylogeny.  相似文献   

6.
The vomeronasal organ (VNO) is a tubular structure in the roof of nasal cavity. The important role of this organ is olfaction of sexual odour. In this study, position, anatomical structure and histology of VNO in Iranian camels (camelus domesticus var. dromedaris persica) were determined. Fourteen healthy male camel heads were collected from an industrial slaughterhouse in Tehran, Iran, for anatomical and histological studies (seven each). The length of VNO and width of dental pad and the number and width of palatine crests were measured. For anatomical studies, the mandible was removed, and maxilla and nasal cavity was cut longitudinally and transversely. For histological studies, the mandible was removed, and first 0.5 cm of initial part of VNO was cut. Then, nasal cavity was cut in some segments with 2 cm thickness. The width of VNO was 3.85 ± 0.31 cm and 1.57 ± 0.18 cm in front and distal parts, respectively. The length of VNO was 15.61 ± 0.59 cm. In histological examinations, VNO was surrounded by J‐shape hyaline cartilage. The lining epithelium of lateral wall of VNO was originated from respiratory epithelium, while it had an olfactory epithelium origin in the medial wall. Lamina propria and tunica submucosa were a cavernous connective tissue with seromucous gland with abundant of serous secretory units. The lumen of VNO opens into nasal cavity. The presence of olfactory epithelium found in our study indicates an important role for VNO in pheromone perception and beginning of sexual behaviour.  相似文献   

7.
A series of histochemical techniques have been employed to localize alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, non-specific esterase, catalase and peroxidase; and to visualize and characterize glycoprotein (GPs) moieties in the epithelium of gill arch, gill filaments and secondary lamellae of an angler catfish Chaca chaca. The epithelium of gill arch and gill filament shows strong alkaline phosphatase activity in the deeper layer epithelial cells; strong non-specific esterase activities in the outer layer epithelial cells; and weak acid phosphatase activity throughout the epithelium. The activity of these enzymes in the secondary lamellae is weak. The catalase and peroxidase show strong activities in the blood cells of the secondary lamellae. Various classes of GPs have been identified and characterized in the mucous secretions of the gill epithelium of C. chaca. These include—GPs with oxidizable vicinal diols, GPs with sialic acid residues without O-acyl substitution and GPs with O-sulphate esters. The functional significance of different enzymes in gill epithelium and the GPs in the mucus secreted on the surface has been discussed with the physiology of the gills in relation to the characteristic habit and habitat of the fish.  相似文献   

8.
Expression of neurofilament 200 (NF200)-like immunoreactivity was examined in the main olfactory system and the vomeronasal system of the Japanese newt, Cynops pyrrhogaster, using anti-porcine NF200 monoclonal antibody (clone N52) to investigate the differences in phenotypical characteristics between these systems. The entire nasal cavity was a flattened single chamber consisting of the main nasal chamber (MNC) and the lateral nasal sinus (LNS) communicating with each other. The olfactory epithelium (OE) was present in the MNC, and the vomeronasal epithelium (VNE) was in the LNS. The OE possessed only a small number of NF200-like immunoreactive receptor neurons. The olfactory nerve and the olfactory nerve layer of the main olfactory bulb also contained a small number of NF200-like immunoreactive axons. In contrast, the VNE possessed many NF200-like immunoreactive receptor neurons. The vomeronasal nerve and the vomeronasal nerve layer of the accessory olfactory bulb contained many NF200-like immunoreactive axons. These findings in the Japanese newt indicate that NF200-like immunoreactive receptor neurons constitute a major subpopulation in the VNE and a minor subpopulation in the OE. In addition, NF200-like immunoreactivity seems to be a useful marker to distinguish the vomeronasal system from the other nervous systems including the main olfactory system in the Japanese newt. The localization of a few NF200-like immunoreactive receptor neurons in the OE might indicate that pheromone-sensitive receptor neurons are intermingled in the OE of the Japanese newt.  相似文献   

9.
The distribution of enzymes and laminin was examined in ileal tissue from pigs suffering from intestinal adenomatosis to reveal the nature of the lesion. A disruption of the normal and specific pattern of distribution was found. Thus, the normal ileal epithelium was characterised by brush border enzymes: alkaline phosphatase, magnesium-dependent adenosine triphosphatase (Mg-ATPase), fluoride resistant acid phosphatase and 5'-nucleotidase; enzymes of the basolateral border: Mg-ATPase; and cytoplasmic enzymes: beta-glucuronidase, non-specific esterase and acid phosphatase. Subepithelial fibroblasts seemed to be characterised by 5'-nucleotidase. Laminin was present as a continuous band under the surface and crypt epithelium, somewhat thicker in the former. In contrast, the branching proliferating crypts of intestinal adenomatosis largely lacked enzymes characteristic of both villus and crypt cells. Reactions for the subepithelial components, laminin and fibroblasts were also reduced. The deficient differentiation of the epithelial as well as subepithelial components in porcine intestinal adenomatosis distinguish the condition from crypt hyperplasia and indicate an adenoma-like character.  相似文献   

10.
The unaltered epidermis of the hoof of 21 Landrace pigs of different ages was examined histochemically for substances which could be important for normal keratinization, quality of horn or in pathological processes. These were PAS-positive substances, SH- and SS-groups, lipids, calcium and phosphate as well as the enzymes lactate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, ATP-ase, alkaline and acid phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase and non-specific esterase. The histochemical results can be very different in various pans of the hoof. The medullary spaces of the horn tubules in the stratum corneum contain carbohydrates as well as hydrolytic enzymes such as acid phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase and non-specific esterase. These enzymes and the carbohydrates may increase in pathological processes.  相似文献   

11.
Morphogenesis of the olfactory pit (OP), olfactory lamella (OL) and olfactory epithelium (OE) was examined by scanning electron and light microscopy in the barfin flounder (Verasper moseri). At day 0 after hatch, the OP was already formed. At day 14, the cellular differentiation of the OE was prominent. At day 42, the OP became a cavity by the formation of its roof. At day 56, the first OL extended remarkably and was lined with the OE on both sides. The OL increased in number with development. These findings suggest that the OE is functionally active at day 14. The formation of the OL in the OP may be initiated by the stimulus when the barfin flounder touched at the bottom of the sea.  相似文献   

12.
Variety in histochemical characteristics of the olfactory receptor cells (ORC) was examined by immunohistochemistry for protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5) and calretinin, and by lectin histochemistry with Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) in the olfactory epithelium (OE) of the barfin flounder (Verasper moseri). PGP 9.5 immunoreactivity was observed in the ORC situated in the upper three fourths of the OE. Calretinin immunoreactivity was observed in the ORC which seemed to be immunonegative for PGP 9.5. These cells were located in the upper two thirds of the OE. PHA-L staining was observed in small subsets of the ORC. PGP 9.5 and calretinin immunoreactivities and PHA-L staining were also observed in the crypt cells unique to the fish OE. These findings suggest the different properties of olfactory perception among fish ORC.  相似文献   

13.
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14.
The histochemical distribution of selected enzymes were examined in the small intestine of 5 about 3-week-old normal calves fed on whole cow’s milk. Alkaline phosphatase and β-D-galactosidase (= lactase) in the epithelial brush border, and non-specific esterase in the cytoplasm showed a strong reaction in the villi of the anterior small intestine and a marked decrease in the posterior regions. Aminopeptidase in the brush border of the villi showed a reverse distribution, with the strongest reaction in the posterior small intestine. Adenosine-triphosphate-splitting enzyme in the epithelial brush border, acid phosphatase and succinate dehydrogenase in the cytoplasm of the epithelial cells gave a relatively uniform reaction in the villi throughout the small intestine. A fluoride-resistant acid phosphatase was demonstrated in the brush border of the villi in the anterior small intestine. The distribution of enzymes demonstrated in this study was generally compatible with the known absorptive functions of the various parts of the small intestine.  相似文献   

15.
Tissue and plasma enzyme activities in juvenile green iguanas   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
OBJECTIVE: To determine activities of intracellular enzymes in 8 major organs in juvenile green iguanas and to compare tissue and plasma activities. ANIMALS: 6 green iguanas < 1 year old. PROCEDURE: Lysates of liver, kidney, epaxial muscle, heart, lung, spleen, small intestine, and pancreas were analyzed for alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), creatine kinase (CK), glutamate dehydrogenase (GMD), and amylase (AMS) activities. RESULTS: In general, low tissue enzyme activity coincided with low plasma activity. The CK activity was high in epaxial muscle and the heart and low in all other tissues tested. The AMS activity was found exclusively in the pancreas. Moderate LDH and AST activities were found in all tissues. Low ALT and ALP activities were found in a variety of tissues. Plasma and tissue activities of GGT and GMD were low or undetectable. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that plasma CK activity may be muscle specific in iguanas, but high values may not always indicate overt muscle disease. The AMS activity may be specific for the pancreas, but the wide range of plasma activity would likely limit its diagnostic usefulness. Activities of AST and LDH may reflect tissue damage or inflammation, but probably do not reflect damage to specific tissues or organs.  相似文献   

16.
Although it has been commonly believed that birds are more dependent on the vision and audition than the olfaction, recent studies indicate that the olfaction of birds is related to the reproductive, homing, and predatory behaviors. In an attempt to reveal the dependence on the olfactory system in crows, we examined the olfactory system of the Japanese jungle crow (Corvus macrorhynchos) by histological, ultrastructural, and lectin histochemical methods. The olfactory epithelium (OE) of the crow occupied remarkably a small area of the nasal cavity (NC) and had the histological and ultrastructural features like other birds. The olfactory bulb (OB) of the crow was remarkably small and did not possess the olfactory ventricle. The left and right halves of the OB were fused in many cases. In the lectin histochemistry, soybean agglutinin (SBA) and Vicia villosa agglutinin (VVA) stained a small number of the receptor cells (RCs) in the OE and the olfactory nerve layer (ONL) and glomerular layer (GL) on the dorsocaudal region of the OB. Phaseolus vulgaris agglutinin-E (PHA-E) stained several RCs in the OE and the ONL and GL on the ventral region of the OB. These results suggest that 1) the crow has less-developed olfactory system than other birds, and 2) the dedicated olfactory receptor cells project their axons to the specific regions of the OB in the crow.  相似文献   

17.
The distribution of phosphatases was examined in the epididymis of swamp buffaloes aged 1.5-2 years, where spermatogenic activity in the testis had reached the early primary spermatocyte stage. A granular distribution of acid phosphatase was present in the luminal region of the epithelium of the efferent ductules. In the ductus epididymidis, four zones were identified and all zones showed varying degrees of acid-phosphatase activity in the epithelium, with the most pronounced activity in the apical region and stereocilia of zone II. Alkaline-phosphatase activity occurred along the basal region of the epithelium in zones I. III and IV of the ductus and in the stereocilia of zones I and II. An intense apical reaction was seen in zone II. The efferent ducts were free of this enzyme. Thus, zone II is considered the most active region, having the function of absorption and possibly steroid metabolism.  相似文献   

18.
Histochemical observations on the enzymes of chicken yolk sac membrane   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
In the endodermal cells of the yolk sac membrane of chicken embryos incubated for 12 to 18 d, the activity of glucose‐6‐phosphatase (G‐6‐Pase) was high, the activity of acid phosphatase (Acid Pase) was moderate, the activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and of glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G‐3‐PDH) were low, and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and alkaline phosphatase (Alk Pase) activities were not detected. On the day before hatching, however, SDH became evident with low activity, and the activities of Acid Pase, LDH and G‐3‐PDH increased and remained higher until the day after. Five days after hatching, there were marked decreases in the activities of all the enzymes except SDH. Alk Pase was not detected at any time. The function of the yolk sac endo‐derm in the absorption of yolk is discussed in the light of these observations.  相似文献   

19.
The development of carboxylic esterases and alkaline phosphatase activity in the bovine forestomachs and esophagus The reticulum, the rumen, the omasum and the esophagus of 8 adult cattle, 6 veal calves, one four-day-old calf and 4 fetuses were examined for esterase and alkaline phosphatase activity. The localization and the intensity of these enzymes in the proventricular compartments are age-related. In the fetuses and the four-day-old calf the esterases are found only in the deeper epithelial cell layers, whereas in the veal calves and in the adults the horny and the transitional cell layer become strongly positive. Alkaline phosphatase is not present in the epithelium of the fetuses. A reaction band of this enzyme occurs at the level of the stratum transitionale in the four-day-old calf. In the adults the upper cells of the stratum spinosum and all the cells of the strata transitionale and corneum are positive. The enzyme activity in the esophagus is very slightly agerelated. The esterases are only found in the deeper epithelial layers, and alkaline phosphatase does not appear in the epithelium. The activity and the localization of these enzymes may be related to the keratinization and especially in the proventricular compartments of the adult, also to the absorption.  相似文献   

20.
Localization and activity levels of the following digestive enzymes in the intestine of free-living large-scaled gurnard were determined: non-specific esterase, alkaline and acid phosphatase as well as aminopeptidase. Enzymatic activity of the four enzymes was confirmed in all intestine parts but with different distribution through the enterocytes and varying in diverse intensity according to intestine part. This research is part of a broader research project on the biology of economically important fish from the Adriatic Sea. Our study reveals that in the large-scaled gurnard, the middle and posterior intestinal segments play the major role in digestion and absorption of proteins, whereas all parts of the intestine participate in lipid absorption and intracellular digestion. The high protein and lipid content in the diet of the large-scaled gurnard is most likely responsible for high activities of esterase, alkaline phosphatase and aminopeptidase, as they are involved in digestion and absorption of proteins and lipids.  相似文献   

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