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1.
滴灌施肥条件下不同种类氮肥在土壤中迁移转化特性的研究 总被引：30，自引：2，他引：30
采用室内土柱模拟方法研究了滴灌条件下不同种类氮肥(硝态氮、铵态氮和尿素态氮)在土壤中的迁移、淋溶和转化特征。结果表明,3种氮肥在2种质地土壤中的淋失量均是硝态氮肥>尿素>铵态氮肥,淋失的氮素主要为肥料氮。砂壤土上氮素的淋失量明显高于粘壤土。滴灌施用铵态氮肥,显著增加了土壤中NH4+-N含量,随着硝化作用的进行,NH4+-N的量在培养的第5d左右达高峰,尔后含量逐渐降低。与滴灌施用硝态氮肥相比,施用铵态氮肥和尿素后在培养期间土壤矿质态氮(NO3--N+NH4+-N)的含量有降低的趋势，降低的原因可能与N+NH4+-N在土壤中的固定、挥发等有关。 相似文献
2.
氮肥用量对石灰性土壤二氧化碳释放的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《土壤通报》2015,(4):948-954
采用室内培养方法研究了灭菌及未灭菌条件下施用氮肥对石灰性土壤p H值、矿质态氮含量和CO2释放量的影响。结果表明:土壤CO2释放量随施氮量增加而显著增加,培养结束时未灭菌土壤CO2累积释放量比对照增加了21.8%~103.5%,平均增加62.7%,这与施氮促进有机质矿化及降低土壤p H值促进无机碳分解有关。采用哌嗪-1,4-二乙磺酸(PIPES)缓冲的Hg Cl2溶液灭菌后,培养期间不同施氮量下土壤铵态氮与硝态氮含量稳定,说明灭菌处理抑制了硝化作用的进行,灭菌效果良好。灭菌处理显著降低了土壤CO2释放量,但相比对照,施用氮肥也使CO2释放量增加了5.3%~17.8%,说明施用氮肥也促进了培养过程中土壤无机碳的释放。因此,应重视大量施用氮肥对石灰性土壤无机碳释放的影响。 相似文献
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4.
为提高玉米生产过程中的氮素利用,减少氮素损失,采用田间原位试验法,在农民习惯施用酰胺态尿素的基础上研究相同施氮量下不同形态氮素对玉米干物质积累量、氮素吸收利用、产量及土壤氮素的影响。设置不施氮肥(CK)、酰胺态氮肥(T1)、铵态氮肥(T2)、硝态氮肥(T3)和硝/铵态氮肥(T4)5个处理。结果表明:(1)成熟期各处理干物质和氮素积累量均为T4>T3>T1>T2>CK,T4的干物质累积量较其他施氮处理显著提高6.3%～15.0%,氮素累积量较其他施氮处理增加6.4%～30.1%;该处理延长了玉米干物质和氮素积累旺盛期,推迟了玉米干物质和氮素积累速率最大时间。(2)与T1、T2比较,T4的土壤氮素依存率、氮素表观损失分别显著减少10.9%～23.1%、12.8%～49.1%。整个生育期,各施氮处理的土壤硝态氮含量明显高于铵态氮,且各处理的土壤硝态氮含量降幅大于铵态氮。(3)T4的氮肥利用效率、氮肥生产效率、氮肥农学效率及玉米产量均较优,其氮肥利用效率、氮肥生产效率、氮肥农学效率分别较其他施氮处理提高6.8%～25.9%、7.3%～14.4%、21.3%～48.3%,产量显著增加7.3%～14.4%。因此,硝/铵态氮肥配施在河北黑龙港地区比农民习惯施用尿素更能促进玉米增产和氮素利用,有效减少氮素表观损失。 相似文献
5.
氮磷钾是农业生产中大量施用并且经常共同施用的肥料,三者在土壤中的相互作用对养分的迁移转化、吸收和代谢有着深远影响.本文模拟生产中氮磷钾肥料同施,研究了田间持水量条件下磷酸二氢钙、氯化钾对氯化铵处理土壤水溶性铵态氮和硝态氮的影响.结果表明,铵态氮施入土壤后,随着培养时间的延长,土壤中水溶性铵态氮含量下降,硝态氮含量升高,两者之间存在着显著相关性.磷酸二氢钙延缓了铵态氮向其他形态氮的转变,使培养中期土壤水溶性铵态氮显著高于氯化铵处理土壤,并对培养中后期硝态氮的增加有抑制作用.氯化钾增加了培养前中期氯化铵处理土壤铵态含量,但显著抑制了氯化铵处理土壤培养后期硝态氮的含量.因此,农业生产中氯化铵和氯化钾共施,氯化铵和磷酸二氢钙共施,氯化铵、氯化钾和磷酸二氢钙共施,对提高氮肥利用率,降低硝态氮淋失损失均有重要作用. 相似文献
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为明确氮素形态耦合及土壤氮转化过程调控措施对作物氮肥利用率的影响,在田间试验条件下研究了不同铵态氮肥用量(纯氮225.0、168.8和112.5 kg/hm2)±硝化抑制剂、不同硝态氮肥用量(纯氮225.0、168.8和112.5 kg/hm2)对马铃薯生长的影响。研究结果显示,与施用硝态氮肥相比,铵态氮肥的施用显著提高了马铃薯的产量和氮素吸收量;随铵态氮肥用量的提高,马铃薯产量具有增加的趋势,而不同硝态氮肥用量处理对马铃薯薯块产量无显著影响;铵态氮肥配施双氰胺(DCD)可以有效提高土壤铵态氮含量,增加马铃薯薯块产量(特别是大中薯产量)。马铃薯产量与土壤铵态氮含量呈显著正相关关系,与硝态氮含量没有明显关系。研究结果说明氮素形态耦合能够促进作物生长、提高作物氮肥利用率,对氮肥减量增效具有重要的指导意义。 相似文献
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《土壤通报》2010,(4)
试验以2个大豆品种,3种施氮肥水平(N0:0 kg hm-2、N75:75 kg hm-2、N150:150 kg hm-2),对大豆生育期间土壤无机态氮(铵态氮、硝态氮)与植株硝态氮含量及变化规律加以研究,结果表明,土壤中无机态氮与大豆植株中硝态氮含量均呈下降趋势,三种施氮肥水平相比,除土壤铵态氮含量表现为N150N75N0,土壤硝态氮与植株硝态氮含量在各氮肥水平处理间未表现出明显的差异,并且大豆茎、叶柄中硝态氮含量与土壤中硝态氮含量呈极显著正相关(r=0.9316**;r=0.9355**),土壤铵态氮与土壤硝态氮含量呈极显著正相关(r=0.8746**,)可以用茎、叶柄中硝态氮含量来表征土壤无机态氮营养状况。 相似文献
8.
铵态氮肥和硝态氮肥施入时期对小麦增产的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
《水土保持学报》2014,(4)
在陕西永寿和河南洛阳进行2年大田试验,研究铵态和硝态氮肥在小麦不同播期施用和播前15~20天施用的效果。试验设不施氮、施铵态氮和硝态氮各100kg/hm2 3个处理;试验期间分别测定根际与非根际土壤铵、硝态氮和pH变化,以及不同时期植物体内铵态氮、硝态氮和酰胺态氮的含量。试验表明,在硝态氮含量低的土壤上,硝态氮肥效果一般优于铵态氮肥,但效果大小和播期早晚、施氮早晚有关。早期播种硝态氮对籽粒增产量比铵态氮高出0.68倍,晚期播种增产1.75倍;播前15天施氮,硝态氮和铵态氮的增产率分别为10.7%和8.8%,无显著差异,而晚期施氮,分别为10.5%和6.2%,差异显著。施用硝态氮,小麦根际土壤pH有上升而施用铵态氮有下降现象,升降幅度为0.1左右pH单位。非根际土壤向根际土壤的养分传输低于作物吸收速率,根际内土壤的硝态氮有耗竭现象,非根际土壤硝态氮平均浓度为11.7mg/kg,而根际土壤仅为4.4mg/kg,后者仅为前者的38%。硝态氮肥不但能使小麦吸收较多的硝态氮,而且能将吸收的硝态氮较快地转化为铵态氮和酰胺态氮,及时转送到茎叶生长部位,对保证作物氮素营养有更好效果。 相似文献
9.
减氮配施抑制剂及鸡粪提高尿素氮在稻田土壤中的转化及利用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
10.
土壤高残留氮条件下施氮对夏玉米氮素平衡、利用及产量的影响 总被引：16，自引：4，他引：12
土壤残留氮是不容忽视的土壤氮素资源.通过田间小区试验研究了土壤高残留氮下不同施氮量(0、80、160、240和320 kg/hm2)对夏玉米土壤硝态氮积累、氮素平衡、氮素利用及产量的影响,分析了夏玉米的经济效益.结果表明,土壤剖面硝态氮积累量随施氮量的增加而增加,且施氮处理硝态氮积累量显著高于不施氮处理;各施氮处理土壤硝态氮在0-60 cm土层含量最高,在0--180 cm剖面呈先减少后增加的变化趋势.不施氮处理夏玉米收获后土壤无机氮残留量高达378 kg/hm2,随施氮量的增加,无机氮残留和氮表观损失显著增加.作物吸氮量、氮表观损失量与总氮输入量呈显著正相关,总氮输入量每增加l kg作物吸氮量增加0.156 kg,而表观损失量增加0.369 kg,是作物吸氮量的2.4倍.高残留氮土壤应严格控制氮肥用量,以免造成氮素资源的大量浪费.夏玉米籽粒吸氮量随施氮量的增加呈增加的趋势,氮收获指数呈降低的趋势.氮肥农学效率、氮肥生理利用率、氮肥利用率和氮素利用率在施氮量80 kg/hm2时最高,随施氮量的增加降低;增施氮肥能降低高残留氮土壤中氮肥的增产效果和利用率.综合考虑产量、氮素利用和环境效应,N 80 kg/hm2是氮素高残留土壤上玉米的合理施氮量. 相似文献
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《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(6):367-375
Abstract Soil samples were obtained at 0–3, 3–6, 6–9 and 0–9 inch depths from experimental plots receiving five tillage treatments. Each of two samplers composited approximately six one‐inch cores from each plot. Soil samples were analyzed for acidity, P and K using routine analysis procedures in the University of Illinois Soil Testing Laboratory. Few significant differences were attributed to sampler and it was concluded that samplers using similar sampling techniques were obtaining soil samples from the same population. No significant differences in soil acidity at different depths were observed. The different tillage methods did significantly affect soil P at the 0–3 inch depth, but had no significant effect on soil P at deeper depths. Different tillage methods also significantly affected soil K values at different depths. 相似文献
12.
土壤含水率与土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响 总被引：11，自引：11，他引：11
土壤含水率和土壤碱度是表征土壤物理化学性质的两个重要参数。通过室内三轴不固结不排水试验，研究了土壤含水率和土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响。试验处理采用5种土壤碱度(土壤可交换钠百分比ESP=0、5、10、20、40)和4种土壤质量含水率(0.05、0.10、0.20以及饱和含水率0.34)水平。试验结果显示，土壤黏聚力随着土壤含水率的增加基本上呈先增大后减小之趋势；当土壤含水率在0.10附近时黏聚力达到其最大值。土壤内摩擦角随着土壤含水率的增加而线性减小。土壤碱度对土壤黏聚力的影响机理较为复杂，其影响效果随土壤含水率的增加而减小；但土壤碱度对土壤内摩擦角的影响较小。土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响程度明显地小于土壤含水率对其的影响程度。 相似文献
13.
E. A. Mikhailova C. J. Post M. A. Schlautman J. M. Galbraith H. A. Zurqani 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2018,49(15):1826-1834
Soil textural information is an important component underlying other soil health indicators. Soil texture analysis is a common procedure, but it can be labor intensive and expensive. Soil texture data typically are available from the Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) database, which may be an option for determining soil health texture groups (SHTG). The SSURGO database provides soil texture information in the soil map unit (SMU) name, taxonomic class category (family), and detailed values (≤ 2 mm soil fraction) of percent sand, silt and clay by soil horizon. The objective of this study was to examine the possibility of using SSURGO data for SHTG at the 147-ha Cornell University Willsboro Research Farm in New York state as an alternative for soil texture data determined manually on collected soil core samples. Comparative results revealed that representative values for soil texture from the SSURGO database generally matched measured mean values for all SMUs. 相似文献
14.
黑土区土壤侵蚀厚度对土地生产力的影响及其评价 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
为了研究黑土区土壤侵蚀厚度对土地生产力的影响,采用盆栽试验,人为剥离黑土表层0、5、10、15、20、25和30 cm土壤以模拟侵蚀厚度不同的耕层土壤,分析土壤侵蚀厚度对土壤理化性质、大豆生物性状和水分利用效率等指标的影响。并对TOPSIS(technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution)模型进行改进,用于评价侵蚀厚度不同的土壤的土地生产力。结果表明:土壤全N、碱解N、全P、速效P、有机质含量和土壤田间持水率均随侵蚀厚度的增加而递减,土壤容重随侵蚀厚度的增加而递增。土壤侵蚀厚度对大豆生长有显著影响,随着侵蚀厚度的增加,大豆减产率呈"S型"曲线递增,产量、耗水量呈"Z型"曲线递减,水分利用效率呈指数曲线关系递减。改进的TOPSIS模型对不同侵蚀厚度下土地生产力的评价结果较为理想,计算的土地生产力指数随土壤侵蚀厚度的变化呈"Z型"曲线,与大豆产量的变化趋势相同,且二者呈指数函数关系,决定系数达0.996,均方根误差为0.65。研究结果可为黑土区土壤侵蚀防治提供理论依据。 相似文献
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A. M. Globus 《Eurasian Soil Science》2009,42(2):147-150
The results of studies of thermal water transfer and the functional analysis of nonisothermal soil water exchange (summarizing the current concepts of its physical nature, value, relations to soil properties, contribution to heat conductivity, and use for determining other hydrophysical properties of soils) are presented without going into detail of the mathematical analysis. 相似文献
17.
The effects of short and long term acidification on a few Alberta soils were studied with respect to bacterial numbers and total soil respiration. Significant reductions in bacterial numbers were observed in both short and long term acidified soils. Total soil activity was severely affected in an acid soil (pH 3.0, longterm) adjacent to a S block. A soil (pH 6.8) 200 m away from this S block when artificially acidified to pH 2.9 significantly reduced soil activity but not as drastically as found in the long term pH 3.0 soil. A garden soil (pH 7.7) which was also acidified to pH 3.2 showed no significant reduction in total soil respiration rate as compared to its unacidified control soil. These acid soils when amended with organic substrates demonstrated that certain physiological groups of organisms were severely inhibited by this acid condition. The importance of examining more than one parameter when assessing the effect of a potential pollutant on soil activity is discussed. 相似文献
18.
The development of soil classification systems in Russia has been accompanied by certain changes in the attitude toward the
factors of soil formation as criteria for separating soil units at the high taxonomic levels. The works of N.N. Rozov supported
the traditional priority of the bioclimatic approach to the separation of soil types and subtypes in the classification systems
of 1967 and 1977. In the new classification of Russian soils, the factors of soil formation are taken into account in a “hidden”
form, through the diagnostic horizons and features reflecting the facial and zonal changes in the character of the pedogenesis
and through the separation of several high-level soil taxa developing under specific combinations of lithological and geomorphic
conditions. Ecological matrices illustrating the position of the soil types distinguished on the basis of substantive criteria
in the field of soil-forming factors are included in the latest version of the new Russian soil classification system. The
idea of these matrices fully corresponds to the logic of the factor-genetic soil classification system developed in the works
of N.N. Rozov. 相似文献
19.
黑土土壤水分反射光谱特征定量分析与预测 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
选择单一土类黑土作为研究对象, 并准确调配其不同含水量,实验室测定土壤高光谱反射率,利用光谱分析与统计方法,定量描述了不同含水量黑土反射光谱特征,并建立了黑土含水量反射光谱预测模型,结果表明,随土壤含水量的增加,达到一定阈值（300 g kg-1）,反射率存在过饱和现象,但其倒数对数微分可以有效去除饱和问题;土壤反射率倒数对数微分对土壤含水量的响应表现出三个变化阶段,导致1 870 nm波段的倒数对数微分也表现为非线性变化,需要利用分段函数进行土壤含水量的光谱精确速测。 相似文献
20.
Although the need for research into soil structural features responsible for water loss from soil is recognised, the research has been hampered by the lack of suitable techniques for measuring in situ soil macrostructure. Therefore, in a field experiment, structural parameters obtained from eight differently tilled (loam) soils in winter and spring were correlated with gravimetric soil water content (at 5 and 10-cm depths) and evaporative water loss during daylight hours. Percentage of voids and aggregates of different sizes, mean aggregate size, mean void size and macroporosity percentage were all calculated from structural data obtained from sectioned blocks of soil that were impregnated with paraffin wax in the field.Significant negative correlations were observed between soil water content, and percentage of 4–8 and 8–16-nm voids, mean aggregate size and macroporosity percentage, especially in winter when there are long periods without precipitation. However, inverse relationships were detected between evaporative water loss during daylight hours on selected days and mean aggregate size, mean void size and macroporosity percentage. But evaporative water loss during daylight hours apparently did not influence water content of bare soil with coarse structure at the surface. 相似文献