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1.
An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to determine the requirement of protein for large‐size grouper Epinephelus coioides (initial body weight: 275.07 ± 1.56 g). Six iso‐lipidic (124 g/kg) diets were formulated containing graded levels of protein (350, 400, 450, 500, 550 and 600 g/kg). Grouper was hand‐fed twice daily to apparent satiation with triplicate. The results showed that significantly high weight gain, specific growth rate and significantly low feed conversion ratio were observed in fish fed 450 g/kg protein group. High‐protein level diets significantly increased protein content and significantly decreased lipid content of fish body and muscle. Total protein and cholesterol content in serum of 600 g/kg group were significantly higher than those of 350 g/kg group. However, serum glucose and triglyceride contents of fish fed low‐protein diets were significantly higher than those of fish fed high‐protein diets. Meanwhile, liver glutamic‐pyruvic transaminase and glutamic‐oxaloacetic transaminase in high‐protein diet groups were significantly higher than those of low‐protein diet groups. The intestinal protease activity in high‐protein diet groups was significantly higher that of low‐protein diet groups, but lipase and amylase showed opposite trend. With the increasing of dietary protein level, the activities of alkaline phosphatase, superoxide dismutase and lysozyme in liver of grouper increased significantly compared with 350 g/kg group, while the activities of acid phosphatase decreased significantly. With specific growth rate as the evaluation index, the optimum dietary protein level of large‐size grouper Epinephelus coioides was 438.39 g/kg by fitting the broken‐line regression analysis.  相似文献   

2.
A 5 × 3 factorial growth trial was conducted to evaluate optimal dietary protein and lipid levels (dietary protein level, DP; dietary lipid level, DL) for juvenile Sillago sihama (S. sihama) (2.0 ± 0.02 g, initial weight). Fish were fed 15 diets containing 5 DPs (350, 400, 450, 500 and 550 g/kg) and 3 DLs (60, 90 and 120 g/kg) for 8 weeks. The interaction between proteins and lipids significantly influenced the feed conversion ratio, condition factor, body composition, antioxidant indices and lipase activity (p < .05). DP 450 g/kg showed the highest average final body weight. DPs 500 and 550 g/kg significantly decreased the protein efficiency ratio (p < .05). DL 120 g/kg showed the highest percentage weight gain. The low feed conversion ratio was found in diets P45L12, P55L9 and P55L12. Diet P45L12 showed high superoxide dismutase activities. DP 450 g/kg showed the lowest average malondialdehyde content. Lipase activity was increased by increasing DP (p < .05) with a fall at DP 550 g/kg. Under the present experimental conditions, the optimal DP for S. sihama was 450 g/kg under the DL 120 g/kg.  相似文献   

3.
The present study was conducted to investigate the protein requirement of grouper Epinephelus coioides at grow‐out stage (initial weight of 102.8 ± 1.02 g). Six iso‐lipidic diets were formulated using white fish meal and casein as protein sources with graded levels of protein (350, 400, 450, 500, 550 and 600 g/kg). Grouper was hand‐fed twice daily to apparent satiation in triplicates for 8 weeks. The results showed that lack of protein will lead to the declined of weight gain and specific growth rate and suitable protein not only improved growth, but also reduced feed coefficient rate. In addition, high‐protein level diet significantly decreased the morphological index of grouper. For the body proximate composition analysis, the high‐protein diets (500, 550, 600 g/kg) significantly increased the protein contents in the whole body and muscle which was contrary to as observed for the lipid content. High‐protein diets significantly improved the total protein levels of plasma which were contrast to as observed in triglyceride contents. Moreso, the cholesterol content was observed to be significantly decreased after high‐protein diet supplementation. The intestinal protease activity was observed to increase significantly with increasing protein supplementation whereas a decreasing trend was observed for the lipase and amylase activity with the highest going for the groups fed diets containing 350 g/kg protein as compared to the others. The liver alkaline phosphatase, superoxide dismutase and lysozyme activity increased with increasing protein level which later decreased. On the other hand, the acid phosphatase activity showed a significant downward trend. Based on SGR, the broken‐line regression analysis showed that the optimum dietary protein level and digestible protein level of the grouper Epinephelus coioides at grow‐out stage were 466.65 and 395.79 g/kg, respectively.  相似文献   

4.
An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the dietary protein requirement of juvenile mandarin fish, Siniperca scherzeri, a demersal freshwater piscivore with high commercial value in East Asia. Five isolipidic (100 g/kg) and isoenergetic (20 MJ/kg) practical diets were formulated to contain graded levels of 450, 500, 550, 600, and 650 g/kg crude protein, using mackerel fishmeal as the sole source of protein. Each of the five test diets was fed to visual satiety to triplicate groups of fish (initial mean body weight ± SE; 20.1 ± 0.2 g) reared in a recirculating freshwater system over the experimental period. Fish growth performance in terms of weight gain tended to improve with increasing dietary protein level, and the highest values were observed in those fish fed the 600–650 g/kg diets. Feed intake significantly declined as the protein content of the diet increased. Feed efficiency and protein retention tended to increase with increasing dietary protein levels, from 450 to 600 g/kg, and then declined when dietary protein content further increased to 650 g/kg. A similar trend was also found for the protein efficiency ratio, although the observed changes did not reach statistical significance. Whole‐body composition and plasma biochemical parameters were not significantly affected by the dietary protein content. Based on these findings and a broken‐line model of growth, 614.4 g/kg seems to be the proper amount of protein in a practical diet for >20 g mandarin fish.  相似文献   

5.
We evaluated the influence of different proportions of 5′‐inosine monophosphate (IMP) and 5′‐guanosine monophosphate (GMP) on growth, feed digestibility and activity of digestive enzymes of turbot Scophthalmus maximus. Weight gain and daily feed intake were significantly higher in S. maximus fed with IMP or GMP, in comparison with fish fed with neither IMP nor GMP. The growth of 0.05% IMP + 0.05% GMP group was the best, and the intestinal digestive function was improved. The addition of IMP and GMP to fish diets significantly increased the apparent feed digestibility coefficient of dry matter and protein, as well as intestinal protease activity. The highest intestinal protease activity was observed in fish fed with 1 g/kg IMP. However, the lipase activity in hepatopancreas decreased significantly after addition of nucleic acid. According to our results, the optimal level of dietary IMP is 1 g/kg, which is in line with most of the growth performance and feed digestibility.  相似文献   

6.
An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary carbohydrate to lipid ratio (CHO: L) on growth, feed utilization, body composition and digestive enzyme activities of golden pompano, Trachinotus ovatus. Five iso‐nitrogenous (450 g/kg protein) and iso‐energetic (19 MJ/kg gross energy) diets with varying CHO: L ratios of 0.68, 1.02, 1.62, 2.61 and 4.35, respectively, were fed to triplicate groups of 30 fish (average 13.8 ± 0.1 g). Results showed that dietary CHO: L ratios did not show any significant influence on survival of golden pompano (p > .05) but significantly affected its growth performance and feed utilization (p < .05). Fish fed diets with CHO: L ratios at 1.62 and 2.61 exhibited the highest final body weight, weight gain ratio, specific growth rate, feed efficiency ratio and protein efficiency ratio. Fish body lipid and liver glycogen contents were also significantly influenced by CHO: L ratio (p < .05). Hepatic amylase activity increased firstly and then decreased as the dietary CHO: L ratio increased, while lipases activity decreased with increasing dietary CHO:L level. The regression model analysis showed that the most suitable dietary CHO: L ratio (protein 450 g/kg) to reach the highest weight gain ratio is 2.38.  相似文献   

7.
A feeding trial with a duration of 12 weeks was conducted to determine the effects of various protein levels, in relation to diet digestibility and growth of the gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata L. Four experimental fish meal/wheat meal based diets (A,B,C,D) containing 400, 450, 500 and 550 g kg?1 protein, respectively, were tested. The increase of the fishmeal content of the diet led to an increment of dry matter digestibility. Apparent digestibility coefficients of protein and lipids were always very high (being near or even over 90%). Energy digestibility coefficients increased from diet A to diet D, which corresponds to a decrease in the wheat meal content of the diet. Voluntary feed intake increased with the decrease of protein content of the diet (from diet D to diet A). In the other sense, feed/gain ratio decreased regularly as protein percentage increased (from diet A to diet D). The most favourable feed/gain ratio, 1.07, was noted for the group receiving 55% protein (diet D). Fish on the lowest protein diet (Diet A) showed the highest protein efficiency ratio (PER) and the highest percentage retention of the digestible protein intake. Other than slight positive differences between fish fed diets with 500 and 550 g kg?1 protein, no significant differences were observed for growth when dietary protein exceeded 450 g kg?1. Beyond this level, no significant difference in final average individual weight was observed. Although it is generally considered that the dietary protein requirement for gilthead sea bream is 400 g kg?1, our experiment demonstrates that to obtain high growth rates (>2.3% per day), a minimum of 450 g kg?1 protein in the diet is necessary. However, the most favourable values for growth rates and feed/gain ratio are obtained with 550 g kg?1 protein in diet, considering that no significant differences were observed for PER among diets B, C and D.  相似文献   

8.
This study investigated the effects of coconut oil as a dietary supplement on the growth, lipid metabolism and related gene expressions of juvenile orange‐spotted grouper Epinephelus coioides. Coconut oil at concentrations of 0, 10, 30 and 50 g/kg was used to replace dietary lipids in a basal diet containing 150 g/kg lipids. The four experimental diets were, respectively, fed to triplicate groups of juvenile groupers (initial weight: 8.53 ± 0.13 g) in a recirculating system for 8 weeks. Fish fed the diet containing 50 g/kg coconut oil exhibited lower (p < .05) weight gain than did fish fed the diet containing 30 g/kg coconut oil; however, no significant differences in weight gain were observed between fish fed diets containing 0 and 10 g/kg coconut oil. Hepatic carnitine palmitoyltransferase‐1, fatty acid synthase, fatty acid elongase, fatty acid desaturase and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma gene expressions were all the highest in fish fed the diet containing 10 g/kg coconut oil. Fish fed the coconut oil‐free basal diet demonstrated upregulated gene expression of neuropeptide Y. The results suggest that dietary supplementation with 10 g/kg coconut oil exerted beneficial effects on lipid metabolism by E. coioides.  相似文献   

9.
An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to determine dietary lysine requirement of juvenile Pseudobagrus ussuriensis (initial body weight: 0.60 g). Six isonitrogenous (crude protein, 400 g/kg) and isolipidic (crude lipid, 50 g/kg) diets were formulated to contain graded levels of dietary lysine (12.8, 19.9, 26.5, 34.0, 40.8 and 44.1 g/kg dry diets, respectively). The results indicated that weight gain, specific growth rate, productive protein value and protein efficiency ratio increased, while feed conversion ratio decreased with increasing dietary lysine level up to 34.0 g/kg dry diet and then levelled off. Fish fed diet with 12.8 g/kg lysine had the lowest lysine content (58.6 g/kg dry matter) in muscle, while fish fed diet with 34.0 g/kg lysine had the highest value (61.6 g/kg dry matter; p < .05). Broken‐line analysis on the basis of weight gain showed that the optimal dietary lysine requirement for maximum growth of juvenile Pseudobagras ussuriensis is 33.5 g/kg dry diet (82.4 g/kg dietary protein). Quadratic regression analysis of protein efficiency ratio against dietary lysine levels indicated that the optimal dietary lysine requirement of juvenile Pseudobagras ussuriensis is 36.4 g/kg dry diet (89.5 g/kg dietary protein).  相似文献   

10.
Dietary thiamin requirement of fingerling Channa punctatus was quantified by feeding casein/gelatin‐based diets (450 g/kg CP; 18.39 kJ/g GE) with seven graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 5 mg/kg diet) to triplicate groups of fish (6.9 ± 0.93 cm; 4.91 ± 0.62 g) for 16 weeks. Fish fed diet with 2.5 mg/kg thiamin reflected highest absolute weight gain (AWG), protein gain (PG), RNA/DNA ratio and lowest feed conversion ratio. Similarly, highest liver thiamin concentration was also recorded in fish fed 2.5 mg/kg thiamin diet. Hepatic thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) concentration responded negatively with increasing concentrations of dietary thiamin up to 2.5 mg/kg, whereas superoxide dismutase and catalase activities were found to improve with the increasing levels of dietary thiamin from 0 to 2.5 mg/kg. Transketolase activity also improved as the thiamin concentrations increased up to 2.5 mg/kg. Broken‐line regression analysis of AWG, PG, RNA/DNA ratio, liver thiamin concentrations, transketolase and TBARS activities exhibited the thiamin requirement in the range of 2.34–2.59 mg/kg diet. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating thiamin‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.  相似文献   

11.
A 90‐day feeding trial was conducted on milkfish, Chanos chanos with an initial mean body weight of 3.07 ± 0.17 g (mean ± standard error of mean). Six treatment diets were formulated to contain 0 g/kg (Diet 1), 150 g/kg (Diet 2), 25 g/kg (Diet 3), 300 g/kg (Diet 4), 350 g/kg (Diet 5) and 450 g/kg (Diet 6) distiller's dried grain with soluble (DDGS). All the dietary treatments were isonitrogenous (350 g/kg crude protein) and isolipidic (6% crude lipid). Result of the feeding trial indicated that growth rates, feed intake and feed efficiency were not significantly (p > .05) affected by inclusion levels of DDGS by up to 450 g/kg in the feed. Proximate body composition (crude protein, crude lipid, ash, fibre) in fish fed the dietary treatments were not significantly (p > .05) affected as well. The DDGS when used as a milkfish ingredient has a protein digestibility of 910 g/kg, fat disgetsibility of 850 g/kg, carbohydrate digestibility of 750 g/kg and a dry matter digestibility of 520 g/kg Results from the intestinal morphology displayed no apparent pathological changes in the digestive tract of fish fed all dietary treatments. These results indicate that DDGS can be efficiently utilized by milkfish by up to 450 g/kg without negatively affecting performance parameters and intestinal morphology.  相似文献   

12.
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary protease on growth performance, feed utilization, whole‐body proximate composition, nutrient digestibility, intestinal and hepatopancreas structure of juvenile Gibel carp, Carassius auratus gibelio (mean weight 8.08 ± 0.18 g). Six diets were prepared, including a positive control diet (dietary protein 350 g/kg, PC), one negative control diet (dietary protein 33 g/kg, NC) and four protease supplementations diets, which were 75, 150, 300 and 600 mg/kg protease NC diet. After 12 weeks of diet feeding in indoor recycle aquarium tanks, no significant difference (p > .05) was found on growth performance between fish fed diet with 75–600 mg/kg protease and the PC group. Compared with the fish fed the NC diet, the specific growth rate of fish fed 300 mg/kg protease increased significantly (p < .05), as well as protein efficiency ratios (p < .05), while feed conversion was the opposite (p < .05). The nutrient digestibility of crude protein and lipid was higher (p < .05) in fish fed 150 mg/kg protease diet than the PC diet. Whole‐body proximate composition of fish was not affected (p > .05) by the dietary treatment. Serum alkaline phosphatase and albumin were significantly affected by dietary protease (p < .05), while the content of total protein, glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activities in serum was not affected (p > .05). Foregut muscular thickness was thinner (p < .05), when the fish fed diets supplementation of protease in 150 or 600 mg/kg diet than the NC diet. Protease activities in hepatopancreas and foregut were higher (p < .05), in the fish fed 150 or 300 mg/kg protease diet than the fish fed the PC diet, but those in the mid‐ and hindgut were not significantly affected (p > .05) by the dietary treatments. Based on the regression analysis of weight gain rate, the optimal dietary inclusion level of protease was 400 mg/kg in the diet for juvenile Carassius auratus gibelio.  相似文献   

13.
Vitamin C is an essential micronutrient for normal physiological and immune functions of fish. However, its requirements and effects in Chu's croaker (Nibea coibor) are currently unknown. A 56‐day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the optimal dietary vitamin C requirements based on its effects on growth performance, body composition and biochemical parameters in juvenile Chu's croaker (14.17 ± 0.1 g). Six isoproteic (450 g/kg crude protein) and isolipidic (100 g/kg crude lipid) diets were formulated to contain 2.24 (basal diet), 39.03, 85.01, 171.16, 356.49 and 715.46 mg/kg of vitamin C. The results showed that fish fed on 171.16 mg/kg vitamin C diet had the highest growth performance and feed utilization. Fish fed on the basal diet had higher malondialdehyde (MDA) content and lower activities of antioxidant enzymes in the serum and liver as compared with those fed on vitamin C diets. Polynomial analysis indicated that the optimal dietary vitamin C requirements of juvenile Chu's croaker were 102.28, 98.21, 150.26, 165.38, 71.46, 176.19, 84.84 and 103.78 mg/kg based on weight gain, specific growth rate, liver storage, muscle storage, liver MDA content, liver alanine aminotransferase activity, liver alkaline phosphatase activity and liver superoxide dismutase activity, respectively. We recommend an inclusion level in the range of 71.46–150.26 mg/kg vitamin C in the diets of juvenile Chu's croaker for optimum growth performance, liver function, antioxidant capacity and innate immunity functions.  相似文献   

14.
The effect of replacing fish meal (FM) with meat and bone meal (MBM) in diets for juvenile Pseudobagrus ussuriensis was evaluated in a 90‐day feeding trial. Six isonitrogenous (crude protein, 430 g/kg) and isolipidic (crude lipid, 74 g/kg) diets were formulated to contain MBM to replace FM at 0 (S0), 200 (S20), 400 (S40), 600 (S60), 800 (S80) and 1000 g/kg (S100), respectively. The results showed that there was no significant difference in weight gain (WG) among fish fed S0, S20 and S40 diets. However, a significant reduction in WG occurred when 600, 800 and 1000 g/kg FM protein was replaced by MBM (p < .05). Similar trends were observed in specific growth rate and protein efficiency ratio. Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of protein and dry matter of the diets S80 and S100 were significantly lower than those of the other diets. The ADC of phosphorus significantly reduced with the increase in dietary MBM level. Nitrogen and phosphorus excretion increased with the increasing dietary MBM level. Protease, lipase and amylase activities of the diets S80 and S100 were significantly lower than those of the other diets (p < .05). The results of this study showed that the optimum dietary MBM replacement level was 34.3% according to broken‐line model based on WG against dietary MBM replacement level.  相似文献   

15.
A 12‐week feeding trial was conducted to determine the dietary phosphorus requirement of Heteropneustes fossilis fingerlings (7.7 ± 0.04 g). Fish were fed casein–gelatine‐based purified diets in triplicate groups near satiation with seven different levels of dietary phosphorus (3.2, 5.2, 7.2, 9.2, 11.2, 13.2 and 15.2 g/kg dry diet). All diets were formulated to be isoproteic (400 g/kg) and isoenergetic (17.89 kJ/g). Highest absolute weight gain (68.38 g/fish), best feed conversion ratio (1.48), protein retention efficiency (30.74%), protein gain (12.44 g/fish), haemoglobin (11.19 g/dL), RBCs (3.12 x106/mm3), haematocrit (33.44%) and serum phosphate (2.82 mg/L) were found at 9.2 g/kg phosphorus. Hepatic superoxide dismutase and catalase activity were also significantly influenced by the dietary phosphorus levels. Whole body and vertebrae phosphorus concentrations increased significantly as the amount of dietary phosphorus increased from 3.2 to 11.2 g/kg dry diet and then plateaued. More accurate information on dietary phosphorus requirement was obtained by subjecting the AWG, FCR, vertebrae phosphorus and whole body phosphorus concentrations data against various levels of dietary phosphorus to broken‐line analysis, which yielded the requirement in the range of 9.0–11.0 g/kg for optimum growth and mineralization of H. fossilis.  相似文献   

16.
Immunostimulatory feed supplements have an increasingly interest in aquaculture management. Generally, an individual supplement was used in fish diets but it is expected that the use of multi‐supplements may show synergistic enhancements in fish performance, health, and immunity. Therefore, the present investigation was carried out to evaluate the use of dietary probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum and whey protein concentrate (WPC) in practical diets for Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Hence, probiotic L. plantarum, WPC and their mixture were incorporated into a basal fish diet (300 g/kg crude protein) as follows: T1 = a basal control diet, T2 = a basal diet containing L. plantarum, T3 = a basal diet containing 1.0 g WCP/kg diet and T4, T5 or T6 = basal diets containing probiotic L. plantarum + 1.0, 2.0 or 3.0 g WCP/kg diet, respectively. Fish (15.2 ± 0.6 g) were fed on one of the tested diets up to apparent satiation twice a day for 60 days. After that, fish were intraperitoneally injected with pathogenic bacteria Aeromonas sobria and fish mortality was observed for 10 days postchallenge. Fish growth and feed intake were significantly improved by dietary probiotic L. plantarum (T2) and/or WPC (T3) over the control group (T1), and highest fish performance was observed in T5–T6 fish groups. Similarly, highest values of haematocrit, glucose, total proteins, albumin, and globulin were significantly observed in T5–T6 fish groups. Likewise, fish fed dietary probiotic L. plantarum (T2), WPC (T3), and their mixture (T4–T6) showed antioxidants and immune‐stimulating activities better than the control group. Fish fed the control diet were more susceptible to A. sobria infection showing highest fish mortality (75.0%). Meanwhile, dietary probiotic L. plantarum (T2), WPC (T3), and their mixture (T4–T6) enhanced significantly the fish resistance to A. sobria infection resulting in maximum values of relative percent of fish survival (73.3%–80.0%) in T5–T6 groups. The present investigation recommended the use of probiotic L. plantarum with 2.0 g WPC/kg diet to improve the growth, antioxidant, immunity responses and tolerance of Nile tilapia to A. sobria infection.  相似文献   

17.
An experiment to determine the optimal protein requirement of grouper Epinephelus coioides juveniles was conducted in floating net cages (1.5 m × 1 m × 1.5 m). Six isoenergetic fishmeal–casein‐based experimental diets containing 350–600 g kg?1 crude protein (CP) were fed to triplicate groups of 20 fish (10.7 ± 0.2 g) for 56 days. Weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) increased with increasing dietary protein level from 350 to 450 g kg?1 and then plateaued above these levels. Feed intake (FI) showed no significant difference among fish fed more than 350 g kg?1 CP. Lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) was found for fish fed 500 g kg?1 CP but this was not significantly different from that of fish fed the 450 and 600 g kg?1 CP. Lowest protein efficiency ratio (PER) was found for fish fed 550 and 600 g kg?1 CP. Fish fed the 600 g kg?1 CP had the highest body protein and moisture contents but the lowest body lipid content. Body ash content was unaffected by protein level for fish fed >400 g kg?1 CP. Dietary protein level had no significant effect on hepatosomatic index (HSI). Fish fed the 350 g kg?1 CP had significantly lower condition factor (CF) and viscerosomatic index (VSI). Based on broken‐line regression analysis of SGR the optimal dietary protein requirement for E. coioides juveniles was determined to be close to 480 g kg?1.  相似文献   

18.
We evaluated the effect of different concentrations of 5′‐inosine monophosphate (IMP) and 5′‐guanosine monophosphate (GMP) on the growth, immunity and muscle composition of turbot Scophthalmus maximus. Eight diets (containing no IMP or GMP, or 0.5 g/kg IMP, 1.0 g/kg IMP, 2.0 g/kg IMP, 0.5 g/kg GMP, 1.0 g/kg GMP, 2.0 g/kg GMP, or 0.5 g/kg IMP plus 0.5 g/kg GMP) were prepared. A total of 360 fish (average body weight of 105 g) were randomly selected and placed in groups into 24 plastic aquaria (8 treatments × 3 replicates × 15 individuals per plastic aquaria). The tanks were maintained at the temperature of 15 ± 2°C. The experimental diets were fed for 60 days. The specific growth rate (SGR) was significantly higher in S. maximus fed with IMP or GMP compared with fish fed neither IMP nor GMP. The highest SGR was observed in fish fed with 1.0 g/kg IMP. Supplementation with these dietary nucleotides had a positive, but not significant effect on the activity of superoxide dismutase, alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase. There was a significant difference in the moisture and crude lipid content of muscle from S. maximus fed the different diets compared with control fish. The highest moisture content was 83.44 for a diet of 0.5 g/kg IMP plus 0.5 g/kg GMP, which was also significantly higher when compared to fish fed alternative diets. The crude lipid content of S. maximus fed diets containing either IMP or GMP was significantly higher than those fed diets without IMP or GMP. Thus, according to these results, the optimal level of dietary IMP is 1.0 g/kg, which correlates with the largest increase in growth performance of S. maximus.  相似文献   

19.
A six‐week feeding trial was conducted to determine the effect of butyric acid (BA) inclusion in diet on performance of Barramundi (Lates calcarifer). Fish (12.0 ± 0.2 g) were fed with four experimental diets contained 0.0 (control), 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 g BA/kg in triplicate. Fish fed on 5 and 10 g BA/kg diets had higher growth and total alkaline protease and lipase activities than the other treatments. Fillet protein content in BA‐supplemented groups was higher than the control. Liver catalase activity was highest in 2.5 g BA/kg group compared with the other groups. The values of liver superoxide dismutase activity and serum total protein concentration in 5 and 10 g BA/kg treatments were higher than those in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the highest and the lowest levels of serum lysozyme activity were noticed in the 10 g BA/kg and the control groups, respectively (p < .05). Also, the highest respiratory burst activity was observed in fish fed 5 g BA/kg feed. Supplementing diet with 2.5 or 5 g BA/kg resulted in higher serum haemolytic activity in fish compared with the other groups. The number of red and white blood cells increased in fish fed BA‐supplemented diets compared with the control (p < .05). In conclusion, the results of this study showed inclusion of BA at 5 g/kg diet in L. calcarifer juveniles improved growth and upgraded the general health condition by enhancing fish antioxidant enzyme activities and haemato‐immunological responses.  相似文献   

20.
The effects of dietary administration of inorganic zinc (zinc sulphate, ZnSO4) and nano zinc (zinc oxide nanoparticles, ZnO‐NP) were evaluated in rohu, Labeo rohita fingerlings. Fish were fed with a basal diet (Control) supplemented with ZnSO4 (T1, T2 and T3) and ZnO‐NP (T4, T5 and T6) at 10, 20 and 30 mg/kg, respectively, for a duration of 45 days. The results revealed that fish fed diet containing 20 mg ZnO‐NP per kg (T5) had the highest weight gain and specific growth rate (SGR, % per day), which was significantly different (p < .05) from the other experimental diets. Significantly (p < .05), higher activities of the digestive and metabolic enzymes were recorded in the fish fed ZnO‐NP containing diets as compared to the diets containing inorganic Zn or control diet. The maximum serum glucose and protein levels were noted in fish reared on diet T5. Both SGOT and SGPT activities were significantly increased in fish fed Zn‐supplemented diets (T1 to T6), as compared to the control group. Similarly, innate immune parameters were improved with feeding Zn incorporated diets. The highest phagocytic (40.74 ± 0.65%) and respiratory burst (0.33 ± 0.001, OD 630nm) activities were recorded in the fish fed diet containing ZnO‐NPs at 20 mg/kg (T5). The maximum superoxide production and serum peroxidase activity were detected in the fish fed T5 and T6 diets. Overall, results indicated that short‐duration feeding (≤45 days) of dietary ZnO‐NP (20 mg/kg) improved growth, enzyme activity, serum biochemical parameters and immune function in rohu fingerlings.  相似文献   

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